Experimental analysis of a novel ozone generator configuration for use in water treatment applications

Volume dielectric barrier discharge (VDBD) is considered to be the most effective method for ozone generation. This paper reports a comparison between a simple ‘classic’ VDBD cylindrical ozone generator and a ‘metallic-mesh-filled-air-gap cylindrical dielectric barrier discharge’ model. The obtained results show that although the majority of ozone generators are of the volume discharge type, the novel volume discharge model has provided better results in terms of ozone generation and energy efficiency. A skid was built by using eight proposed generators and was successfully used for wastewater treatment.     

Stabilized leachates: ozone-activated carbon treatment and kinetics

Ozone has been used as a pre-oxidation step for the treatment of stabilized leachates. Given the refractory nature of this type of effluents, the conversion of some wastewater quality parameters has been moderate after 1 h of ozonation (i.e. 30% chemical oxygen demand (COD) depletion). Ozone uptake was calculated in the interval 1.3–1.5 g of ozone per gram of COD degraded. An optimum dose of ozone has been experienced in terms of biodegradability of the processed effluent (60 min of treatment, 1×10⁻³ molL⁻¹ ozone inlet feeding concentration and 50 Lh⁻¹ gas flow-rate). pH and other typical hydroxyl radical generator systems exerted no influence on the efficiency of the process, suggesting the negligible role played by the indirect route of oxidation (generation of hydroxyl radicals). The ozonated effluent was thereafter treated in a second adsorption stage by using a commercial activated carbon. Removal levels up to 90% of COD in approximately 120 h were experienced for adsorbent dosages of 30 gL⁻¹. Both steps, the single ozonation and the adsorption stage have been modelled by using different pseudoempirical models.     

组合波信号发生器自动化测试系统

介绍了一种单片微机、工业控制计算机进行数据和波形管理的组合波信号发生器。采用由工控机、PLC、单片机、存储示波器、打印机等构成的全自动化测量系统。此系统可以产生 0 .5k A～ 1 0 k A的 8/ 2 0短路电流波形、 1 k V～ 2 0 k V的1 .2 / 50开路电压波形 ,用于对低压防雷器 (浪涌保护器 SPD)进行检测。系统可任意设置放电电压、触发相位与极性 ,实现工频电压 0～ 3 60°相位同步。采用了 Win-dows环境下的 VB语言开发专用软件 ,不仅可以在线显示试验示波图和组合波工作状态、记录峰值电压、放电电流和放电次数 ,还可实时存储测试数据与试验波形等。     

Effects of an ozone-generating air purifier on indoor secondary particles in three residential dwellings

The use of indoor ozone generators as air purifiers has steadily increased over the past decade. Many ozone generators are marketed to consumers for their ability to eliminate odors and microbial agents and to improve health. In addition to the harmful effects of ozone, recent studies have shown that heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions between ozone and some unsaturated hydrocarbons can be an important source of indoor secondary pollutants, including free radicals, carbonyls, carboxylic acids, and fine particles. Experiments were conducted in one apartment and two detached single-family dwellings in Austin, TX, to assess the effects of an ozone generator on indoor secondary organic aerosol concentrations in actual residential settings. Ozone was generated using a commercial ozone generator marketed as an air purifier, and particle measurements were recorded before, during, and after the release of terpenes from a pine oil-based cleaning product. Particle number concentration, ozone concentration, and air exchange rate were measured during each experiment. Particle number and mass concentrations increased when both terpenes and ozone were present at elevated levels. Experimental results indicate that ozone generators in the presence of terpene sources facilitate the growth of indoor fine particles in residential indoor atmospheres. Human exposure to secondary organic particles can be reduced by minimizing the intentional release of ozone, particularly in the presence of terpene sources. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Past studies have shown that ozone-initiated indoor chemistry can lead to elevated concentrations of fine particulate matter, but have generally been completed in controlled laboratory environments and office buildings. We explored the effects of an explicit ozone generator marketed as an air purifier on the formation of secondary organic aerosol mass in actual residential indoor settings. Results indicate significant increases in number and mass concentrations for particles <0.7 microns in diameter, particularly when an ozone generator is used in the presence of a terpene source such as a pine oil-based cleaner. These results add evidence to the potentially harmful effects of ozone generation in residential environments.     

臭氧催化氧化去除水中MTBE的连续流试验

通过连续流试验,考察了流速、臭氧初始浓度、臭氧分解以及甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)在催化剂上的吸附对高硅沸石、氧化镁、活性氧化铝催化臭氧氧化分解水中MTBE的影响。结果表明,高硅沸石对臭氧和MTBE有很强的吸附能力,经高硅沸石吸附后,出水臭氧浓度0.2 mg/L,而氧化镁、活性氧化铝对MTBE几乎没有吸附能力;高硅沸石与氧化镁都具有一定的催化臭氧氧化分解MTBE的能力,且高硅沸石和氧化镁催化臭氧氧化分解MTBE的效果均随臭氧初始浓度的增加而提高,随流速的增大而降低。     

Experimental studies on air entrainment and oxygen content downstream of sharp-crested weirs

The concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) is an important indicator of water quality because aquatic life survives on the DO in water. A free overfall jet from a weir plunging into downstream water causes entrainment of air bubbles if the free overfall jet velocity exceeds a certain critical value and hence aeration occurs. This paper investigates the free overfall jets from sharp‐crested weirs and their effect on air entrainment and aeration efficiency. The results indicate that the air entrainment and aeration efficiency of triangular sharp‐crested weirs are significantly better than those for the other sharp‐crested weir types. Therefore, the triangular sharp‐crested weirs can be used as highly effective aerators in streams, rivers, constructed channels, fish hatcheries, water treatment plants, etc. Regression equations were obtained for the triangular sharp‐crested weirs relating air entrainment rate and aeration efficiency to drop height, discharge and angle in the triangular sharp‐crested weir. There was good agreement between the measured values and the values computed from the predictive equations.     

The <Emphasis Type="Italic">E. coli</Emphasis> dying kinetics under the effect of ozone

The article has investigated the inactivation kinetics of E. coli under the effect of ozone at its different concentrations, pH values, and temperature of a model solution. We have calculated the rate constants of the pseudofirst order and the activation energy of contamination of test organisms with ozone. We have studied the role of free radicals in contamination processes in the presence of traps for radicals: tert-Butanol alcohol and sodium bicarbonate. It has been shown that in the water free of organic matter, contamination takes place mainly by the molecular mechanism of an ozone effect on microorganisms.     

Photocatalytic promoted oxidation of phenolic mixtures: an insight into the operating and mechanistic aspects

The photocatalytic oxidation of a phenolic mixture (gallic acid, tyrosol and syringic acid) has been carried out in the presence of titanium dioxide and a selected inorganic peroxide, namely persulphate, monopersulphate or hydrogen peroxide. The results obtained in UVA irradiated solutions reveal that hydrogen peroxide is the most effective option. The influence of some relevant operating parameters (i.e. initial concentration of phenols, hydrogen peroxide or titanium dioxide) has been investigated. In all cases a saturation-like behaviour has been observed. Thus, an increase in oxidation efficiency is observed when raising, up to a certain value, the initial amounts of reagents/catalyst added to the reactor. Nevertheless, a further increase of any of the previous parameters does not lead to the expected enhancement of the process. From the concave shape of the parent compounds’ depletion profiles, it is suggested that the system proceeds through an autocatalytic route, likely involving the action of organic radicals. A pseudoempirical model has been used to acceptably model the experimental data obtained.     

Field analysis of PSA O2–ozone production process for water recycling

The use of an oxygen generator based on pressure swing adsorption technology (PSA) has been investigated as an alternative method for supplying oxygen for onsite ozone production. During the investigation period of 1040 h, the oxygen purity from the PSA process fluctuated within a range of 90.5–93 O₂% (v/v). Using the working ratio of 2.8 mol of O₂ to 1 m³ of raw water, the PSA process in series with a corona discharge ozone generator yielded an oxidation–reduction potential of ca. 200 mV and a concentration of 22.8 mg/L dissolved oxygen. The average efficiency of the raw water treatment was as follows: 47% chemical oxygen demand removal, 78% biological oxygen demand removal, 36% sulphide removal and 34% colour removal. The operating cost of the PSA O₂ generation was reduced 3 times compared with the cost of high‐pressure oxygen cylinders.     

臭氧氧化去除水中致嗅物质的研究

以典型的致嗅物质二甲基异茨醇(2-MIB)为代表,考察了臭氧氧化工艺去除水体嗅味的效能.试验结果表明:臭氧投量为1.5 mg/L时,蒸馏水和自来水中2-MIB的氧化降解率分别为57.3%和54.2%.水中臭氧浓度和pH值的升高可以明显提高工艺对2-MIB的去除率,臭氧投量从1.0 mg/L提高至2.0 mg/L后,2-MIB的去除率由43.9%上升至72.8%;当溶液分别由弱酸性(pH=4.0)升高至中性偏酸(pH=6.5)以及由中性偏碱(pH=7.5)升高至弱碱性(pH=9.0)时,2-MIB的去除率分别提高了24.9和21.8个百分点.水中腐殖酸的浓度不同时对反应体系的影响不同,促进与抑制作用并存.     

Ground level ozone concentrations at a rural location in northern Spain

A systematic analysis of surface ozone observations at a rural area of the upper Spanish plateau is presented. A near four-year study of ozone concentrations was carried out between February 2000 and October 2003. Diurnal and monthly variations of ozone are studied. The peak concentration levels are obtained between 13:00 and 15:00 GMT and the lowest levels at 4:00 and 5:00 GMT. The highest values together with a slight increase in data variability are found from April to August, when spring and summer maxima are appreciated. The relationship between synoptic-scale atmospheric transport patterns and the maximum ozone concentrations was also examined. Analysis of the 500-hPa synoptic weather patterns revealed that the highest values occur during continental and Atlantic ridges in summer and, to a lesser extent, during troughs in the east-northeast of the Iberian Peninsula in spring. Our approach entailed calculating 3-day isobaric backward air mass trajectories at the observational site sorted on the following main origins: European continent, African continent, Atlantic Ocean and local. The assessment of the results showed the influence of local conditions on the daily maximum ozone concentrations. Moreover, continental air masses provide certain evidence of long-range transport added to the local or regional contribution of the main cities affecting the sampling site. Conversely, Atlantic trajectories show the least contribution to ozone levels.     

Large-eddy simulation of the flow around a triangular prism with moderate aspect ratio

The flow around a triangular prism with moderate aspect ratio placed vertically on a plane is studied numerically using the large-eddy simulation approach. The results are compared with available and new experimental data in order to obtain clues on the physical origin of the velocity fluctuations inside and around the wake. Both the numerical and the experimental velocity signals are analysed through time-frequency techniques based on the wavelet and Hilbert transforms in order to characterize the time variation of the amplitude and frequency of the different detectable fluctuating components. It is shown that the numerical simulation, even if relating to a Reynolds number that is one order of magnitude lower than in the experiments, provides values of the rms wake fluctuations that are in good agreement with those obtained from the hot-wire measurements. Furthermore, it allows the shape of the upper near wake to be defined, and gives useful indications on the dynamics of the vorticity structures originating from the free end of the body and on their possible connection with the wake fluctuating flow field.     

Oxidation of chlorfenvinphos in ultrapure and natural waters by ozonation and photochemical processes

The chemical oxidation of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorfenvinphos, a priority pollutant in aquatic environments, has been conducted in ultrapure water, by means of single degradation agents (ozone and UV radiation), and by the Advanced Oxidation Processes constituted by combinations of these oxidants (O(3)/H(2)O(2) and UV/H(2)O(2)). The influence of the operating variables was discussed, and the degradation rates were evaluated by determining the rate constants for the reactions with ozone ( [Formula: see text] =3.7+/-0.2 L mol(-1)s(-1)) and OH radicals (k(OH)=(3.2+/-0.2)x10(9) L mol(-1)s(-1)), as well as the quantum yield for the photodegradation (around 0.1 mol E(-1), depending on the pH). Additionally, the ozonation of chlorfenvinphos in a natural water system (a surface water from a reservoir) was studied. The influence of the operating conditions on the insecticide removal efficiency was established, and the R(ct) parameter was evaluated. A kinetic model was proposed for the prediction of the elimination rate of chlorfenvinphos in the ozonation process and the results obtained reveal a good agreement between experimental results and predicted values.     

Experimental investigation of a PV solar generator for supplying water treatment process

The paper describes a photovoltaic solar generator to supply a dielectric barrier discharge ozone generator employed for water treatment. This paper reports trials of the equipment and modelling the solar power generation system’s efficiency. The design methodology was used to obtain the optimal set point for the orientation of the solar panel during the passage of clouds which causes the decrease of sunlight and thus reduced ozone production. In Algeria, autumn is characterized by the passage of clouds almost every day which negatively affects the performance of the solar panel. The objective of this paper is to identify the set point and to set the robustness of the process in cloudy weather, by determining the optimal values of the orientation angles (north-south and east-west), in order to maximize the power produced by the solar system. Three ‘centred face-composite’ designs were performed on a laboratory experimental set-up and an optimal point was determined.     

砂岩单轴压缩破坏全过程声发射主频特征分析

通过单轴压缩声发射实验获得红砂岩受压破坏全过程的声发射低频、高频信号及力学特征,对获得的信号波形采取小波阈值去噪后提取其主频,基于频谱分析理论,分析了砂岩破坏全过程的主频变化特征和频带能量占比规律。研究结果表明:声发射信号主频值分为10~25 kHz、45~60 kHz、120~135 kHz、140~155 kHz、160~175 kHz密集度明显的5个特征频段,其中45~60 kHz的频段对应着岩石试样发生破坏时的主要破坏模式,高于45~60 kHz的频段和低于45~60 kHz的频段分别对应着微小裂纹的萌生和较大裂隙的形成;主频频率变化特征在岩石变形破坏各阶段表现不同,压密至弹性变形阶段内,较为集中,主要存在于特征频段内,进入微裂隙稳定发展阶段后,分布范围由较为集中朝复杂离散方向转变,裂隙扩展至破坏阶段,在更加离散化的同时又相对集中;岩石临近破裂时,声发射信号主频段更加离散化;声发射信号频带能量主要集中在0~250 kHz,其中46.875~62.5 kHz和234.375~250 kHz频带的能量占比随荷载的增加,分别减小与增大。     

杂散参数对冲击电流波形影响的数学分析

在冲击电流试验回路中,输出波形必须满足IEC标准规定的要求。已有研究表明,杂散参数对陡波冲击电流发生回路的影响尤为严重,而且避雷器等试品具有非线性U-I特性,在冲击电流发生回路的设计中必须考虑。针对此问题,首先研究了回路的剩余电感对输出波形的影响。对于波前时间小于1μs的陡波冲击电流发生器,回路需要的总电感在1μH左右,所以要尽量减小回路的剩余电感,否则会使波前时间增大,超出IEC标准要求。然后在线性回路情况下推导了考虑杂散电容时回路输出电流的表达式,进而研究杂散电容对输出波形的影响。研究表明,随着杂散电容的增大,波前时间和波尾时间增大,回路效率降低。但只要杂散电容小于0.1μF,其对冲击电流波形参数引起的误差都在IEC标准规定的误差容限之内。实际回路杂散电容以pF计,因此可以忽略不计。最后,同时考虑试品的非线性特性和杂散电容,分析了杂散电容对输出波形的影响,结论与在线性回路情况下一致。另外避雷器试品有助于提高波头陡度,这是陡波冲击试验中的有利因素。     

Water purification of manganes compounds by a sorbent-catalyst at diferent pH and salt content

The effect of the salt background of sodium chloride on the efficiency of the sorbent-catalyst has been analyzed under the static conditions. It has been found out that the salt content and pH of the solution influence the residual concentration of manganese compounds in the purified water. An equation describing the influence of the above specified factors was also obtained. The treatment of water with high salt content should be performed at enhanced pH values acceptable for drinking water.     

Scaling of free convection heat transfer in a triangular cavity for Pr > 1

Unsteady natural convection inside a triangular cavity subject to a non-instantaneous heating on the inclined walls in the form of an imposed temperature which increases linearly up to a prescribed steady value over a prescribed time is reported. The development of the flow from start-up to a steady-state has been described based on scaling analyses and direct numerical simulations. The ramp temperature has been chosen in such a way that the boundary layer is reached a quasi-steady mode before the growth of the temperature is completed. In this mode the thermal boundary layer at first grows in thickness, then contracts with increasing time. However, if the imposed wall temperature growth period is sufficiently short, the boundary layer develops differently. It is seen that the shape of many houses are isosceles triangular cross-section. The heat transfer process through the roof of the attic-shaped space should be well understood. Because, in the building energy, one of the most important objectives for design and construction of houses is to provide thermal comfort for occupants. Moreover, in the present energy-conscious society it is also a requirement for houses to be energy efficient, i.e. the energy consumption for heating or air-conditioning houses must be minimized.     

Equilibrium adsorption of fulvic acids on activated carbon and its dependance on preozonization of solutions

The impact of ozonization on the equilibrium adsorption of fulvic acids (FA) on activated carbon has been studied. The possibility of multicomponent approach to describe the adsorption equilibrium by using two hypothetical components: weakly and strongly adsorbable fractions of FA was examined. The ozone treatment was shown to equalize the ability of FA fractions to adsorption as compared with the unozonized solution. It was established that the variation of the free energy of adsorption of FA destruction products correlated with changes of the share of organic carbon, subjected to biological impact, in the total organic carbon. The efficiency prediction of the ozone treatment of solutions of natural organic compounds prior to their filtration through the biologically activated carbon can be expediently performed by determining the variation of the free energy of adsorption.     

Unilateral buckling of point-restrained triangular plates

In this paper the unilateral buckling behavior of point restrained triangular plates is studied. Firstly, the energy functional of a general triangular plate with elastic foundation is calculated. The Rayleigh–Ritz method for investigating the local buckling of unilaterally restrained triangular plates is applied. The displacement functions and restraining medium are modeled as polynomials and tensionless foundation respectively. The results are obtained for different boundary conditions, aspect ratios and various in-plane compressive and shear loadings. Confirming the validity of this investigation, convergence and comparison studies are undertaken. The comparisons show the efficiency and accuracy of the presented method.