For each horse there exists a probability distribution over its possible rankings. In the paper, it is shown that a set of expected positions (and more generally, higher moments) for the horses induces this probability distribution.
The main contribution of the paper is a method, which extracts this induced probability distribution from a set of expected positions. An algorithm is proposed where the extraction of the induced distribution is given by the estimated expectations. MATLAB code is provided for the methodology.
This approach gives freedom to model the horses in many different ways without the restrictions imposed by for instance logistic regression. To illustrate this point, we employ a neural network and ordinary ridge regression.
The method is applied to predicting the distribution of the finishing positions for horses in harness racing. It outperforms both multinomial logistic regression and the market odds.
The ease of use combined with fine results from the suggested approach constitutes a relevant addition to the increasingly important field of ranked events. 相似文献
Practitioner summary: Individuals who develop low back pain in sitting or standing may benefit from hybrid sit-stand postures (perching), yet kinematic and kinetic changes associated with these postures have not been investigated. Perching can improve lumbar posture at a cost of increased lower limb demands, suggesting potential avenues for chair design improvement.
Abbreviations: A/P: anterior-posterior; M/L: medial-lateral; LBP: low back pain; EMG: electromyography; TES: thoracic erector spinae; LES: lumbar erector spinae; VMO: vastus medialis obliquus; MVC: maximum voluntary contraction; ASIS: anterior superior iliac spine; PSIS: posterior superior iliac spine; BW: body weight; RMSE: root mean square error; SD: standard deviation; ROM: range of motion 相似文献
Method: Convenience sample of 34 healthy participants wore Stro II, Philadelphia, Headmaster, and AspenVista® cervical orthoses for four-hour periods. Participants reported discomfort level (scale 0–6) and location.
Results: Participants reported mean discomfort for all orthoses over the four-hour test between ‘a little discomfort’ and ‘very uncomfortable’ (mean discomfort score = 1.64, SD = 1.50). Seven participants prematurely stopped tests due to pain and six reported maximum discomfort scores. Significant linear increase in discomfort with duration of wear was found for all orthoses. Significantly less discomfort was reported with Stro II than Headmaster and Philadelphia. Age correlated with greater perceived discomfort. Orthoses differed in the location discomfort was experienced.
Conclusion: Existing cervical orthoses cause discomfort influenced by design and duration of wear with orthoses’ design the more significant factor. This work informed the design of a new orthosis and future orthoses developments.
Practitioner Summary: The purpose of this study was to gain greater knowledge about the discomfort caused by wearing of existing neck orthoses in order to inform the design and development of a new neck orthosis. This study gathers empirical data from a surrogate population and concludes that orthosis design is more influential than the duration of wear. 相似文献
The priority of CWAVE_S1-IW development was an automatic, fast and robust raster processing independent of wave patterns, applicable even when only clutter is visible in the SAR images. The algorithm is based on the spectral analysis of subscenes in wavenumber space. The empirical function allows direct Hs estimation from image spectra without first converting them into wave spectra and uses integrated image spectra parameters as well as estimated local wind information. A texture analysis based on Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrices (GLCM) is also applied. In this way, also the parameters of short waves can be estimated, which are not visible in S1 IW images and are only represented by clutter.
The algorithm was tuned worldwide using in-situ collocated measurements of 92 buoys with more than 2500 acquisitions. The validated SSP allows automatic processing of worldwide S1 IW images in VV or HH polarization, including Atlantic storms, cyclones, and huge storms in the Gulf of Alaska with a root-mean-square (RMSE) error of 80 cm for Hs. For the closed seas like the North Sea, Baltic Seas and Black Sea the accuracy is higher with an RMSE = 55 cm. The algorithm is integrated into a demonstration service, used for further validation at the DLR ground station in Neustrelitz. The NRT processing has been tested by supporting a research ship cruise in the Antarctic Sea. 相似文献
We propose a new method to predict a car driver’s decision about taking a replacement car after a vehicle accident happens. We use feature engineering to create attributes of high significance. The generated attributes are related to time (e.g., school holidays), place of collision (e.g., distance from home), time and conditions (e.g., weather), vehicles (e.g., vehicle value), addresses of both the victim and the perpetrator. Feature engineering involves external sources of data.
Five machine learning methods of classification are considered: decision trees, multi-layer perceptrons, AdaBoost, logistic regression and gradient boosting. Algorithms are tested on real data from a Polish insurance company. Over 80% accuracy of prediction is achieved. Significance of the attributes is calculated using the linear vector quantization method.
Presented work shows the applicability of machine learning in the car insurance market. 相似文献
Practitioner summary: Older adults had higher passive spine stiffness and sat with less flexion during prolonged sitting. Discomfort was higher among older adults and occurred earlier in the simulation compared to younger participants, indicating that interventions, such as walking breaks may need to be implemented earlier during sitting for aged workers. 相似文献
Practitioner Summary: This study examined manual patient transfers performed by nursing aides. Worker grip strength (but not age or size) was associated with perceptions of maximum acceptable patient mass. Kinematic changes suggested more conservative strategies used by older workers. Workers emphasised that patient characteristics substantially influenced their decisions when performing transfer tasks. 相似文献
Practitioner summary: Objective and subjective evaluation of visual fatigue were not significantly different with the use of a head-mounted display for virtual reality (VR-HMD) and two-dimensional display. These results should be valuable not only to engineers developing VR content but also to researchers involved in the evaluation of visual fatigue using VR-HMD.
Abbreviations: VR: virtual reality; VR-HMD: head-mounted display for virtual reality; BFM: binocular fusion maintenance; BWFA: binocular open-view Shack–Hartmann wavefront aberrometer 相似文献
—formality of the modeling methodology
—ability to model static and dynamic aspects
—ability to pass between levels of differently rich structures by morphisms
—uniform representation of the communication process as
—an information process
—a decision process and
—a control process
—homogeneity of the representation and modeling methods
—ability to derive qualitative and quantitative statements.
The foundation is provided by a Discrete Event-Dynamic Net System which includes the axiomatic declaration of general Petri nets. In order to calculate the structural and dynamic aspects, so-called Petri net machines are developed. It is shown that this approach can even be used to treat the following aspects:
—use of time during the process
—increase of costs during the generation and transportation of information
—augmentation, evaluation and transformation of information objects.
Recursive formulas are derived and some examples calculated. 相似文献
Results showed that performance in visual attention peaked within three (for tasks in the central visual field) to seven (for tasks in the periphery) days subsequent to training. Intra-day training had no significant effect on performance. When attention training was administered after exposure to stress, improvement of attentional performance was more pronounced than when training was completed before the exposure. Our findings support the implementation of training in situ at work for more efficient results.
Practitioner Summary: Visual attention is important in an increasing number of workplaces, such as with surveillance, inspection, or driving. This study shows that it is possible to train visual attention efficiently within three to seven days. Because our study was executed in a naturalistic environment, training results are more likely to reflect the effects in the real workplace. 相似文献
Experiments, undertaken using actual L-band full-polarimetric SAR and Landsat data, show that (a) polarimetric information plays a key role in improving the classification accuracy with some polarimetric features performing better than single-polarization and optical ones, (b) classification performance of radar features is significantly affected by incidence angles, and (c) a joint use of different radar features is expected to increase classification accuracy. 相似文献
They center around the notion of computability.
In this paper we propose a new definition of computability which lays the foundations for a theory of cybernetic and intelligent machines in which the classical limits imposed by discrete algorithmic procedures are offset by the use of continuous operators on unlimited data. This data is supplied to the machine in a totally parallel mode, as a field or wave.
This theory of machines draws its concepts from category theory, Lie algebras, and general systems theory. It permits the incorporation of intelligent control into the design of the machine as a virtual element. The incorporated control can be realized in many (machine) configurations of which we give three:
a) a quantum mechanical realization appropriate to a possible understanding of the quantum computer and other models of the physical microworld,
b) a stochastic realization based on Kolmogorov-Gabor theory leading to a possible understanding of generalised models of the physical or thermodynamic macroworld, and lastly
c) a classical mechanical realization appropriate lo the study of a new class of robots.
Particular applications at a fundamental level are cited in geometry, mathematics, biology, acoustics, aeronautics, quantum mechanics, general relativity and. Markov chains. The proposed theory therefore opens a new way towards understanding the processes that underlie intelligence. 相似文献
Practitioner Summary: This study provides evidence for the potential of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for the evaluation of the mental workload of urban rail transit drivers under simulated driving conditions. The first fNIRS application to mental workload evaluation in the field of urban rail transportation helps companies develop reasonable shiftwork schedule and ensure operation safety.
Abbreviations: fNIRS: functional near-infrared spectroscopy; oxy-Hb: Oxy-hemoglobin; NASA-TLX: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index; EEG: electroencephalogram; ECG: electrocardiogram; HRV: variability; LF: low-frequency power; HF: high-frequency power; PFC: prefrontal cortex; NIRS: near-infrared spectroscopy; DWT: discrete wavelet transform; EMG: electromyography; DT: determination test; TP: total power; LFnorm: standardized LF; HFnorm: standardized HF; VLF: very low frequency; deoxy-Hb: deoxy-hemoglobin. 相似文献
Practitioner summary: Statistical shape modelling is a technique to map out the variability of (body) shapes. This variability is often polluted by variations in posture. In this paper, we propose a framework to build a posture invariant statistical shape model.
Abbreviations: SSM: statistical shape model; 1D: one-dimensional; 3D: three-dimensional; DHM: digital human model; LBS: linear blend skinning; PCA: princial component analysis; PC: principal component; TTR: thumb tip reach. 相似文献
Of Authors and Origins: essays on copyright law Brad Sherman & Alain Strowel (Eds) Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1994 xiv + 313 pp., £30.00 (hardback)
Future Air Navigation Systems Werner Guldimann & Stefan Kaiser Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff, 1993 Utrecht Studies in Air and Space Law, Vol. 13 viii + 281 pp., £76.50 (hardback)
The Law of Copyright Terence Prime London, Fourmat Publishing, 1992, xxiv + 313 pp., £30.00 (paperback) 相似文献
Relevance to industry 相似文献
Internet of Things (IoT) is providing new services and insights by sensing contextual data but there are growing concerns of privacy risks from users that need immediate attention.
The Reason
The IoT devices and smart services can capture Personally Identifiable Information (PII) without user knowledge or consent. The IoT technology has not reached the desired level of maturity to standardize security and privacy requirements.
The Solution
IoT Privacy by Design is a user-centric approach for enabling privacy with security and safety as a ‘win-win’ positive outcome of IoT offerings, irrespective of business domain. The Proactive and Preventive Privacy (3P) Framework proposed in this paper should be adopted by the IoT stakeholders for building trust and confidence in end users about IoT devices and smart services. 相似文献
Practitioner Summary: The research indicates that when a target identity disguises or changes hair, this can lead to a witness (or victim) constructing a composite that is less readily identified. We assess a practical method to overcome this forensic issue.
Abbreviation: GEE: Generalized Estimating Equations 相似文献
Then we solve the transformed problem by the newly introduced minimal rank weakly stabilising solution of the most general discrete-time algebraic Riccati system (DARS), associated with the system given by matrix quadruple (A, B, C, D), with unstabilisable matrix pair (A, B).
We show and illustrate by examples that there is a class of LQ tracking problems in the presence of disturbances, which cannot be solved by the existing methods, but can be solved by the introduced minimal rank weakly stabilising solution of the DARS. 相似文献