Determination of the Optimum Conditions for Leaching of Malachite Ore in H2SO4 Solutions

The Taguchi method has been used to determine the optimum conditions for the dissolution of malachite ore in H₂SO₄ solutions. The chosen experimental parameters and their range were (i) reaction temperature: 15 to 45 °C, (ii) solid‐to‐liquid ratio: 1/10 to 1/3 g cm^–3, (iii) acid concentration (in weight): 2 % to 10 %, (iv) particle size: –40 to –3.5 mesh, (v) stirring speed: 240 to 720 rpm, and (vi) reaction time: 5 to 45 minutes. The optimum conditions were found to be reaction temperature: 40 °C, solid‐to‐liquid ratio: 1/3 g cm^–3, acid concentration (in weight): 10 %, particle size: –30 mesh, stirring speed: 480 rpm, and reaction time: 45 minutes. Under these optimum working conditions, the dissolution of copper and iron in malachite ore was 100 % and 58 %, respectively. Besides, alternative working conditions reducing the total cost and dissolution of iron were found.     

OPTIMIZATION OF LEACHING OF COPPER FROM OXIDIZED COPPER ORE IN NH3-(NH4)2SO4 MEDIUM

Studies were carried out for selective leaching of Cu with simultaneous avoidance of iron dissolution during leaching of oxidized copper ore in an aqueous NH₃-(NH₄)₂SO₄ system. The effects of leaching parameters, such as ammonia concentration, ammonium sulphate concentration, leaching time, and solid-to-liquid ratio, were investigated on leaching of copper. A 2ⁿ factorial experimental design method in the dissolution experiments was used. In addition, the “Steepest Ascent” method was also applied to determine the optimum leaching conditions. It was observed that the most effective parameters on the leaching of copper were ammonia concentration and leaching time. Only 0.17% of iron in ore was dissolved in ammonia and ammonium sulphate medium. The optimum conditions established for maximum copper recovery were: ammonia concentration 2.824 mol L^-1, ammonium sulphate concentration 0.236 mol L^-1, solid-to-liquid ratio 0.167 g mL^-1, leaching time 2 h. Fixed parameters chosen in the experiments were: room temperature, average particle size 2.8 mm, stirring speed 500 rpm. Under the optimum conditions established for maximum copper recovery, the percentage of leached copper was 98.87.     

OPTIMIZATION OF LEACHING OF COPPER FROM OXIDIZED COPPER ORE IN NH3-(NH4)2SO4 MEDIUM

Studies were carried out for selective leaching of Cu with simultaneous avoidance of iron dissolution during leaching of oxidized copper ore in an aqueous NH₃-(NH₄)₂SO₄ system. The effects of leaching parameters, such as ammonia concentration, ammonium sulphate concentration, leaching time, and solid-to-liquid ratio, were investigated on leaching of copper. A 2ⁿ factorial experimental design method in the dissolution experiments was used. In addition, the “Steepest Ascent” method was also applied to determine the optimum leaching conditions. It was observed that the most effective parameters on the leaching of copper were ammonia concentration and leaching time. Only 0.17% of iron in ore was dissolved in ammonia and ammonium sulphate medium. The optimum conditions established for maximum copper recovery were: ammonia concentration 2.824 mol L^?1, ammonium sulphate concentration 0.236 mol L^?1, solid-to-liquid ratio 0.167 g mL^?1, leaching time 2 h. Fixed parameters chosen in the experiments were: room temperature, average particle size 2.8 mm, stirring speed 500 rpm. Under the optimum conditions established for maximum copper recovery, the percentage of leached copper was 98.87.     

硫铁矿烧渣酸浸铜反应动力学研究

研究了硫酸烧渣的硫酸浸铜过程中,搅拌速率、浸出剂初始质量浓度、固液比、浸出温度和矿物粒径对浸出率的影响,并对硫铁矿烧渣浸取铜过程动力学进行了分析。研究结果表明,该浸出过程符合收缩芯模型,与化学反应控制动力学方程式相吻合,浸出反应的表观活化能为39.19 kJ/mol,浸出过程控制步骤为化学反应控制。     

钒铅锌矿硫酸浸出提取钒锌

钒铅锌矿含有多种有价金属,V品位高,具有较高的经济价值。本工作采用硫酸浸出法从该矿中提取钒锌,对浸出过程热力学进行分析,通过条件实验研究硫酸浓度、液固比、浸出时间、搅拌速率、浸出温度等条件对钒、铅、锌等主要有价金属浸出率的影响。结果表明,在较高pH值及较高温度下,浸出液中V会出现水解,含V的水解产物留在浸出渣中影响V浸出率。得到最优浸出条件为：硫酸浓度200 g/L,液固比3:1,浸出时间30 min,搅拌速率200 r/min,浸出温度为30℃。最优条件下V浸出率可达97.90%,Zn浸出率为97.11%,Fe浸出率<1%,Pb浸出率<0.01%。动力学分析结果表明,浸出过程的反应速率受扩散过程控制。酸浸过程使V和Zn进入浸出液,Pb和Fe留在浸出渣中,所得浸出液可使用离子交换或萃取法分离V和Zn。浸出渣中含钒0.41wt%、锌0.61wt%、铁15.50wt%、铅47.70wt%,主要成分为PbSO₄和FeO(OH),可返回火法炼铅系统。     

Kinetic Investigation of Reaction Between Metallic Silver and Nitric Acid Solutions

In this study, the reaction kinetics between metallic silver and nitric acid solutions was investigated by taking into consideration the parameters of temperature, solid‐to‐liquid ratio, stirring speed, nitric acid concentration, particle size and addition of sodium nitrite. It was determined that the dissolution rate of the process increased with decreasing particle size and solid‐to‐liquid ratio, and increasing nitric acid concentration, reaction temperature and the amount of the sodium nitrite in the solution. In addition, it was observed that the stirring speed had more effect on the dissolution rate at low stirring speeds than at high stirring speeds. In the present study, the examination of shrinking core models of fluid‐solid systems showed that the dissolution of metallic silver in the nitric acid solutions was controlled by the reaction on the surface. A semiempirical model, which represented well the process, was developed by statistical methods. The activation energy of the process was found to be 57.66 kJ mol^–1.     

低冰镍转炉渣中钴的氧压酸浸行为及其动力学

研究了转炉渣中钴氧压硫酸体系选择性浸出过程的行为及其动力学。通过改变搅拌速度、反应温度、硫酸浓度、氧分压、物料粒度以及反应时间等浸出条件,考察钴浸出率的变化及影响,获得转炉渣中钴的浸出动力学规律。结果表明,钴的浸出率随着温度、酸度、氧分压的增加而增加;硫酸质量浓度大于0.4 mol·L^-1会导致铁大量溶出;浸出过程符合未反应芯收缩核模型,前期受化学反应控制,然后转变为混合控制,后期受固体产物层扩散控制。化学反应控制和固体产物层扩散控制过程的活化能分别为43.19 kJ·mol^-1 和10.49 kJ·mol^-1。化学反应控制过程对硫酸浓度、氧分压及粒度的反应级数分别为0.79、0.85和 -0.95。     

硫铁矿尾矿中铜的硫酸浸出

采用酸浸法提取硫铁矿尾矿中有价元素铜。研究了硫酸质量分数、浸出时间、矿石粒度、矿石投加量、浸出温度和转速对铜浸出的影响。在单因素实验的基础上,采用正交实验法对浸出工艺条件进行优化。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对酸浸前后尾矿表面的微观形貌进行了分析,初步探讨了酸浸反应后期抑制Cu浸出的影响机制。结果表明,酸浸铜的最佳工艺条件为：硫酸质量分数30%、浸出时间6 h、矿石粒度150 ?m、矿石用量5 g、浸出温度108℃、转速440 r/min,在此条件下,铜的浸出率为50.68%。扫描电镜和能谱分析表明,浸出残渣表面被微米级的二氧化硅颗粒紧密包裹,钝化了后期的浸出反应。     

Dissolution of ulexite in ammonium carbonate solutions

The dissolution of ulexite in ammonium carbonate solutions is investigated. The effect of concentration, particle size, stirring speed, and reaction temperature is examined. It is found that the dissolution rate increases with increasing concentration and reaction temperature, and with decreasing particle size. No effect of stirring speed was observed on the conversion. It is determined that the dissolution rate fits to the first order pseudo-homogeneous reaction model.     

氨法浸出锌冶金渣尘提锌工艺及动力学研究

锌冶金渣尘作为一种重要的锌二次资源,来源广、储量大、具有较高的综合回收利用价值。以NH₃-CH₃COONH₄-H₂O为浸出体系,考察粒度、反应时间、搅拌速度、液固比、总氨浓度、NH₃与NH₄⁺物质的量比和温度对锌浸出率的影响,结果表明：控制浸出温度为25 ℃、总氨浓度为5 mol/L、液固体积质量比为5 mL/g、n（NH₃）/n（NH₄⁺）=1:1、搅拌速度为300 r/min、浸出时间为60 min,在此条件下锌的浸出率可达84%。含锌冶金渣尘浸出动力学分析显示,浸出反应表观活化能为22.66 kJ/mol,锌浸出过程的浸出速率受固体膜层扩散及界面化学反应共同控制,并获得了浸出锌的动力学速率方程。     

铬盐无钙焙烧渣加压硫酸浸出

对铬盐无钙焙烧渣进行加压硫酸浸出,考察了硫酸浓度、反应温度、铬酸酐加入量、反应时间、铬渣粒度对铬渣硫酸浸出效果的影响. 结果表明,焙烧渣主要物相组成为：铬铁矿(FeCr2O4)和镁铁矿[Mg(Fe,Al)2O4]等尖晶石类矿物含量为73.11%,赤铁矿(a-氧化铁)为12.42%,钠霞石(NaAlSiO4)为10.02%. 铬高效溶出的最佳工艺条件为：硫酸浓度65%(w),反应温度120℃,铬酸酐加入量为铬渣质量的10%,反应时间2 h,搅拌转速500 r/min,该条件下溶出率可达97.93%. 尾渣以硅物相为主,SiO2含量为80.8%. 浸出过程符合收缩未反应核模型,反应表观活化能为16.38 kJ/mol,反应速率为外扩散和化学反应混合控制.     

Production of pure phosphoric acid from El-Sebaeya low-grade phosphate ore

The extraction of phosphoric acid by tributyl phosphate (TBP) in kerosene from hydrochloric acid leach liquor of El-Sebaeya low-grade phosphate ore was carried out. The influence of various factors affecting the leaching process such as particle size, reaction time, acid concentration, liquid/solid mass ratio, reaction temperature and stirring speed were thoroughly studied to estimate the favor phosphate ore dissolution in relation to impurity. Thereafter, the effects controlling the extraction step, including shaking time, solvent concentration, aqueous/organic phase ratio, and reaction temperature, have been studied in terms of the maximum P₂O₅ extraction efficiency and the minimum impurities extraction efficiency. The obtained loaded organic solvent was subjected to the stripping stage using double-distilled water. The outlet stripping liquor was concentrated by evaporation up to 62% P₂O₅.     

混合铜矿酸浸动力学实验与计算

以混酸(H2SO4+HNO3)为浸取剂研究了混合铜矿浸出动力学,详细考查了温度、粒度以及浸取剂的浓度对反应速率的影响.结果表明:浸出过程的控制步骤为化学反应过程,浸出过程的表观活化能为45.73 kJ/ml,根据研究结果建立了反应的动力学方程.     

低品位铌钽矿高浓碱性介质浸出过程动力学研究

The leaching kinetics of niobium from a low-gr~te niobium-tantalum ore by concentrated KOH solution under atmospheric pressure has been studied. Significant effects of reaction temperature, KOH concentration,stirring speed, particle size and mass ratio of alkali-to-ore on the dissolution rate of niobium were examined. The experimental data of the leaching rates and the observed effects of the relevant operating variables were well interpreted with a shrinking core model under diffusion control. By using the Arrhenius expression, the apparent activation energy for the dissolution of niobium was evaluated. Finally, on the base of the shrinking core model, the rate equation was established.     

氯化铁浸出废金属回收海绵铜的工艺研究

采用氯化铁选择性浸出工艺对废金属进行综合利用,制备氯化铁及海绵铜。主要考察了废金属浸出、海绵铜洗涤工艺的可行性,并确定浸出工艺的最佳条件。结果表明:在搅拌速度150 r/min、氯化铁溶液质量分数29.91%、浸出剂量为理论量105%、反应温度60℃、反应时间1.0 h的条件下,铁浸出率为94.86%,铜浸出率为3.57%。浸出渣经盐酸溶液洗涤,能有效提高海绵铜的品质。     

选择性还原氨浸从高硅低品位铜钴矿中提取铜、钴 的工艺及其浸出动力学

研究了非洲高硅低品位铜钴矿氨浸体系下的浸出工艺与动力学。首先采用控制变量法,通过单因素实验,系统研究了浸出剂浓度、添加剂用量、反应温度、反应时间及液固比对铜钴浸出率的影响,其次通过X射线衍射(XRD)、电感耦合等离子体(ICP)和扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)对高硅低品位铜钴矿和浸出渣的物相及化学成分进行了分析对比。最后,对高硅低品位铜钴矿氨浸提取铜的动力学模型进行分析。结果表明,用硫酸铵作为浸取剂,在硫酸铵浓度为300 g/L、还原剂用量为0.7 g、浸出温度为353 K、反应时间为240 min、液固比为6:1的工艺条件下,铜的浸出率可达97.29%,钴的浸出率可达95.18%。高硅低品位铜钴矿氨浸提取铜的活化能、硫酸铵浓度的反应级数及粒度的反应级数分别为76.06 kJ/mol, 1.50和0.25,表明其应遵循界面化学反应控制,并建立了相应的动力学方程。     

Leaching kinetics of copper flotation tailings in aqueous ammonia/ammonium carbonate solution

The experiments of agitation leaching were carried out in aqueous ammonia/ammonium carbonate solution, to recover copper from the flotation tailings of waste copper oxide residue. The main copper minerals contained in the flotation tailings are chrysocolla, malachite, and cuprite, with the copper grade of 1.12%. Effects of lixiviant concentration, solid‐to‐liquid ratio, stirring speed, and reaction temperature on copper leaching ratios at various time were investigated. It is found that the leaching ratio almost cannot be affected by time after 90 min of leaching. The optimised processing conditions have been determined, under which the leaching ratio of 70.6% is obtained. Kinetics analysis indicates that the copper leaching ratio is controlled by diffusion through the product layer in the initial 60 min of leaching, and corresponding measures to strengthen the copper extraction is proposed, with the activation energy of 32.3 kJ/mol. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

硫酸亚铁还原硫酸浸取软锰矿动力学研究

以硫酸亚铁作为还原剂,研究硫酸浸取软锰矿过程的动力学。考察了搅拌速率、浸出温度、硫酸初始浓度、硫酸亚铁初始浓度、矿粉初始粒度对锰浸出率的影响。结果表明：锰浸出速率随搅拌速率的增大、浸出温度的升高、硫酸浓度的增大、硫酸亚铁浓度的增大、矿粉初始粒径的减小而增大,其中矿粉粒度对锰浸出率的影响最大,硫酸浓度次之,硫酸亚铁浓度影响较小。硫酸亚铁作为还原剂,在硫酸环境下浸出软锰矿的过程受内扩散控制,浸出过程的宏观动力学方程为：1-2/3x-（1-x）2/3=1.95（1/d02）c■c■exp［-29 680/（RT）］t,其表观活化能为29.68 kJ/mol。     

EVALUATION OF LEACHING CONDITIONS FOR DISSOLUTION OF PYRITE IN CHLORINE-SATURATED WATER

The optimum leaching conditions for the dissolution of pyrite in water saturated with chlorine gas were investigated. Reaction temperature, solid-to-liquid ratio, reaction time, and particle size were selected as the leaching parameters. 2ⁿ factorial experimental design and orthogonal central-composite design methods were used. A mechanical stirring speed of 500 rpm and chlorine gas-flow rate of 1379 mL/minute were chosen as the fixed parameters in all experiments. The degrees of effectiveness from high to low were found to be, in respective order, the particle size, the reaction temperature, the solid-to-liquid ratio, and leaching time. A reaction temperature of 30°C, solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.167 g/mL, particle size of 150–212 μm, and reaction time of 360 minutes were found to be the optimum leaching conditions. The dissolution yield of iron from pyrite was 98.4% under optimal leaching conditions.