基于双通道事件触发机制的水面无人艇同时故障检测与控制

本文研究双通道事件触发通讯机制下水面无人艇(USV)的同时故障检测和控制(SFDC)问题.考虑执行器故障和外部扰动,建立了SFDC框架以同时实现控制和故障检测目标.为了节约有限的通信资源和系统能源,在传感器–控制器通道和控制器–执行器通道分别部署了积分型事件触发器.在事件触发的通讯机制下,提出了故障检测器和控制器的联合设计准则.最后, USV的仿真结果验证了提出的基于事件触发的SFDC方法的有效性.     

水下机器人的神经网络自适应控制

研究了水下机器人神经网络直接自适应控制方法,采用Lyapunov稳定性理论,证明了存在有界外界干扰和有界神经网络逼近误差条件下,水下机器人控制系统的跟踪误差一致稳定有界.为了进一步验证该水控制方法的正确性和稳定性,利用水下机器人实验平台进行了动力定位实验、单自由度跟踪实验和水平面跟踪实验等验证实验.     

Using parallel program specifications for reactive control of underwater vehicles

This paper describes a situated reasoning architecture and a programming implementation for controlling robots in naturally changing environments. The reactive portion of the architecture produces reaction plans that exploit low-level competences as operators. The low-level competences include both obstacle avoidance heuristics and control-theoretic algorithms for generating and following a velocity/acceleration trajectory. Implemented in the GAPPS/REX situated automata programming language, robot goals can be specified logically and can be compiled into runtime virtual circuits that map sensor information into actuator commands in a fashion that allows for parallel execution. Detailed programs are described for controlling underwater vehicles being developed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, specifically the Remotely Piloted Vehicle (RPV), its successor, the Hylas, and eventually the Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE). Experiments with the RPV in a test tank are described in detail and will be duplicated with the Hylas. The experiments show that the robot performed both pilotaided and autonomous exploration tasks while accommodating normal changes in the task environment. ABE programs are described to illustrate how the reaction plans can be used in tasks more complex than those in the RPV experiments. The ABE is required to gather scientific data from deep ocean phenomena (e.g., thermal vents) which occur sporadically over long periods of time. A test tank simulation is described wherein the architecture is shown to easily generate robust vehicle control schemes which gather the required thermal vent data for a variety of vents of varying positions, velocities and extents.     

无人艇全分布式动态事件触发编队控制

针对通信资源受限的多无人艇(USV)编队控制问题, 本文提出了一种动态事件触发数据传输机制以降低通信频率, 减少控制算法对系统带宽的占用. 首先, 基于滑模和自适应控制算法设计一种全分布式编队控制器, 使得所有编队成员在保持预设队形的同时能够完成对期望轨迹的跟踪. 与现有编队控制器相比, 该控制器不需要通信网络的全局信息. 然后, 基于Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了编队跟踪误差以及所有闭环信号都能达到稳定状态. 此外,该算法能够保证触发时间序列不表现出Zeno行为. 最后, 通过数值仿真验证了全分布式编队控制器的有效性     

动态事件触发的无人机非线性系统故障检测

本文在Hi/H1优化框架下, 研究基于动态事件触发的无人机非线性系统故障检测问题. 高空、长航时无人 机需要通过通信网络与地面站进行数据交互, 以实现故障检测等复杂功能. 为了充分利用有限的通信资源, 采用动 态事件触发机制决定是否将测量输入输出数据传送给故障检测模块, 若传输数据不满足触发条件则被丢弃, 因此, 故障检测性能不仅受到干扰和故障影响, 还受到非事件触发时刻数据与实际系统数据误差影响, 即事件触发传输误 差影响. 为此, 针对无人机非线性系统, 提出一种新的动态事件触发Hi/H1故障检测方法. 该方法可以在动态事件触 发条件下, 实现故障检测滤波器残差与事件传输误差完全解耦, 能够避免连续通信和Zeno现象. 在Hi/H1优化框架 下, 通过Riccati方程递归计算, 得到动态事件触发故障检测滤波器的最优解. 最后, 以无人机非线性姿态控制系统为 例, 验证所提方法的有效性和可行性.     

The bio-inspired model based hybrid sliding-mode tracking control for unmanned underwater vehicles

In this paper a novel hybrid control strategy is developed for trajectory tracking control of unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV). The proposed hybrid control strategy consists of two subsystems: a virtual velocity controller and a sliding-mode controller. The tracking errors are shown to asymptotically converge to zero by Lyapunov stability theory using the new approach, whereas in the traditional backstepping method, speed jump occurs if the tracking error changes suddenly. The biologically inspired model is designed to smooth the virtual velocity controller output, avoid speed jumps of underwater vehicles and satisfy the thruster control constraint. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed control strategy are demonstrated through simulations and comparison studies.     

Cooperative actuator fault accommodation in formation flight of unmanned vehicles using relative measurements

In this article, the cooperative fault accommodation in formation flight of unmanned vehicles is investigated through a hierarchical framework. Three levels are envisaged, namely a low-level fault recovery (LLFR), a formation-level fault recovery (FLFR) and a high-level (HL). In the LLFR module, a recovery controller is designed by using an estimate of the actuator fault. A performance monitoring module is introduced at the HL hierarchy to identify a partially low-level (LL) recovered vehicle due to inaccuracy in the fault estimate which results in violating the error specification of the formation mission. The HL supervisor then activates the FLFR module to compensate for the performance degradations of the partially LL recovered vehicle at the expense of the other healthy vehicles. Both centralised and decentralised control approaches are developed for our proposed cooperative fault recovery technique. A robust H _∞ controller is designed in which the parameters of the controller are adjusted to accommodate for the partially LL-recovered vehicle by enforcing that the other healthy vehicles allocate more control effort to compensate for the performance degradations of the faulty vehicle. Numerical simulations for a formation flight of five satellites are provided in the deep space, which do indeed confirm the validity and effectiveness of our proposed analytical work.     

小型无人直升机的模型预测控制算法研究

针对无人直升机在阵风干扰环境中的姿态控制精度低的问题.本文将非线性刚体动力学模型在悬停点应用小扰动理论得到了线性化数学模型.考虑系统输入输出和控制量约束,采用模型预测控制将控制器的设计问题转化为每个采样时刻求解一个带不等式和等式约束的凸二次规划问题.通过设计终端状态约束解决了有限时域模型预测控制(model predictive control, MPC)算法的稳定性问题,并通过引入松弛变量使得约束优化问题更容易求解.随机和常值阵风干扰下无人机悬停仿真验证了本文MPC预测控制器具有幅度不超过0.25 m/s的良好干扰抑制能力,性能明显优于线性二次型调节器(linear-quadratic regulator, LQR).     

Flocking control of a fleet of unmanned aerial vehicles

Current applications using single unmanned vehicle have been gradually extended to multiple ones due to their increased efficiency in mission accomplishment, expanded coverage areas and ranges, as well as enhanced system reliability. This paper presents a flocking control method with application to a fleet of unmanned quadrotor helicopters (UQHs). Three critical characteristics of formation keeping, collision avoidance, and velocity matching have been taken into account in the algorithm development to make it capable of accomplishing the desired objectives (like forest/pipeline surveillance) by safely and efficiently operating a group of UQHs. To achieve these, three layered system design philosophy is considered in this study. The first layer is the flocking controller which is designed based on the kinematics of UQH. The modified Cucker and Smale model is used for guaranteeing the convergence of UQHs to flocking, while a repelling force between each two UQHs is also added for ensuring a specified safety distance. The second layer is the motion controller which is devised based on the kinetics of UQH by employing the augmented state-feedback control approach to greatly minimize the steady-state error. The last layer is the UQH system along with its actuators. Two primary contributions have been made in this work: first, different from most of the existing works conducted on agents with double integrator dynamics, a new flocking control algorithm has been designed and implemented on a group of UQHs with nonlinear dynamics. Furthermore, the constraint of fixed neighbouring distance in formation has been relaxed expecting to significantly reduce the complexity caused by the increase of agents number and provide more flexibility to the formation control. Extensive numerical simulations on a group of UQH nonlinear models have been carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

水下航行器执行机构的故障诊断与容错控制

为了解决水下航行器执行机构的故障,提出低依赖性和高普适性的故障诊断与容错控制算法.故障诊断由检测、隔离和辨识3个阶段组成.首先,定义比例式、偏差式和常量式3种故障类型,设计相应故障观测器,在满足指数收敛性的前提下检测出故障.其次,基于故障估计与其微分的指数收敛性,建立故障函数,以方差最小为条件隔离出实际故障;然后,联立控制输入方程和故障估计,辨识出故障执行机构.在故障诊断和反馈控制的基础上,通过修正期望控制输入,实现满足闭环稳定性的容错控制.经水下航行器回坞仿真实验验证,所提故障诊断和容错控制算法可行且有效.     

欠驱动无人水下航行器三维轨迹跟踪的反步控制

针对欠驱动无人水下航行器(underactuated unmanned underwater vehicles,UUVs)三维轨迹跟踪控制问题,本文有别于传统反步法中基于视线法设计姿态角误差变量的思路,提出了一种定义虚拟速度误差变量的反步控制器设计方法,能够有效避免传统反步法控制律设计时存在的奇异值问题,简化了传统反步法复杂的计算过程;设计了欠驱动UUV的三维轨迹跟踪控制器,给出了系统的误差方程,基于Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了系统在定常外界扰动下的鲁棒性和稳定性;仿真结果表明本文提出的UUV三维轨迹跟踪反步控制方法收敛、有效,能够实现欠驱动UUV对时变三维轨迹的精确跟踪控制.     

A survey on tracking control of unmanned underwater vehicles: Experiments-based approach

This paper aims to provide a review of the conceptual design and theoretical framework of the main control schemes proposed in the literature for unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). Additionally, the objective of the paper is not only to present an overview of the recent control architectures validated on UUVs but also to give detailed experimental-based comparative studies of the proposed control schemes. To this end, the main control schemes, including proportional–integral–derivative (PID) based, sliding mode control (SMC) based, adaptive based, observation-based, model predictive control (MPC) based, combined control techniques, are revisited in order to consolidate the principal efforts made in the last two decades by the automatic control community in the field. Besides implementing some key tracking control schemes from the classification mentioned above on Leonard UUV, several real-time experimental scenarios are tested, under different operating conditions, to evaluate and compare the efficiency of the selected tracking control schemes. Furthermore, we point out potential investigation gaps and future research trends at the end of this survey.     

A two‐step control approach for docking of autonomous underwater vehicles

This paper presents a novel integrated guidance and control strategy for docking of autonomous underwater vehicles. The approach to the base, and hence the control design, is divided in two steps: (i) in the first, at higher speed, the vehicle dynamics is assumed to be underactuated, and an appropriate control law is derived to steer the vehicle towards the final docking path, achieving convergence to zero of the appropriate error variables for almost all initial conditions; (ii) in the second stage, at low speed, the vehicle is assumed to be fully actuated, and a robust control law is designed that achieves convergence to zero of the appropriate error variables for all initial conditions, in the presence of parametric model uncertainty. Simulations are presented illustrating the performance of the proposed controllers, including model uncertainty and sensor noise. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fuzzy adaptive nonlinear sensor‐fault tolerant control for a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle

In this paper, a novel fuzzy adaptive nonlinear fault tolerant control design scheme is proposed for attitude dynamics of quadrotor UAV subjected to four sensor faults (bias, drift, loss of accuracy, loss of effectiveness). The sensor faults in Euler angle loop are transformed equivalently into a mismatched uncertainty vector, and other unknown items involving faults, uncertain parameters and external disturbances in angular velocity loop are lumped into an unknown nonlinear function vector. Fuzzy logic systems with adaptive parameters are used to approximate the mismatched uncertainty and lumped nonlinear function vectors. Dynamic surface control is applied to design the fault tolerant controller, and sliding mode control is introduced to improve the control accuracy. All signals of the closed‐loop control system are proved to be semi‐global uniformly ultimately bounded. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for sensor faults.     

用于清洗绝缘子的四旋翼无人机抗回冲力控制

本文主要针对利用四旋翼无人机清洗绝缘子时受到的回冲力干扰及姿态控制问题,提出了一种用于清洗绝缘子的无人机抗回冲力控制方法.对于无人机系统,本文运用非线性控制方法中的反步法来设计姿态控制器,使其达到输入状态稳定,并对外部扰动具有鲁棒性.本文首先根据无人机运动模型建立了其动力学方程.之后,运用动量定理和流体力学中的伯努利方...     

小型四旋翼无人机双闭环轨迹跟踪与控制

近年来, 无人飞行器控制繁荣发展对控制精度与品质要求日益增高. 为了应对这一挑战, 本文基于奇异摄 动的思想设计了四旋翼无人机非线性轨迹跟踪控制器. 首先, 基于牛顿欧拉定律建立了四旋翼无人飞行器非线性 奇异摄动形式的数学模型. 然后, 引入奇异摄动理论, 通过时间尺度分解的方法将系统解耦成内环快子系统和外环 慢子系统. 再者, 根据非线性动态逆的思想分别建立快、慢伪线性子系统, 并基于此分别设计外环轨迹跟踪、内环稳 定子控制器, 综合子控制器生成应用于原系统的全阶控制器以兼顾跟踪精度和鲁棒特性. 针对内环快系统, 采用线 性二次调节控制器以实现稳定快速地控制飞行器旋转动态; 针对外环慢系统, 运用经典的比例–微分–积分控制器 以跟踪所给定的轨迹. 最后给出了仿真实例说明本文结论的有效性.     

一种水下机器人传感器故障诊断与容错控制方法

采用自适应滤波器ＦＩＲ 对水下机器人进行在线自适应建模,并利用ＬＭＳ算法来调节滤波器的权系数．通过对滤波器权系数和误差信号平方的分析,实时检测出传感器的故障,并应用ＦＩＲ 滤波器输出替代故障传感器信号,实现传感器故障情形下水下机器人容错控制．应用该方法对Ｏｕｔｌａｎｄ１０００水下机器人传感器的故障进行检测和容错,实验结果表明所提故障检测方法准确可靠,具有较好的容错效果．     

自主水下航行器的回坞导引和入坞控制算法

针对军事侦察和海洋环境监测领域中对自主水下航行器（AUV）水下自主回收能力的需求,研究了AUV自主回收过程中回坞和入坞的导引和控制问题。将水下自主回收过程分为回坞导引和入坞控制两个连续的阶段,其中回坞阶段采用经典的视线（LOS）导引法,使AUV到达回收器正前方的回坞航路点;入坞阶段则采用非线性横向跟踪控制方法,使AUV精确跟踪沿回收器中轴线的入坞直线航路航行并最终进入回收器。采用REMUS AUV的模型参数对水下回收进行了仿真研究,结果表明该方法是有效的,具有良好的工程应用前景。     

水下机器人广义预测控制算法及能耗问题研究

对水下机器人,本文把输出量的变化作为系统优化目标,提出了一种广义预测控制算法,使其能够抑制各种噪声引起的输出波动,从而减少了系统的能量消耗.水下机器人艏向速度在线控制水池实验的结果验证了在满足设定控制指标的条件下能够抑制水下机器人艏向速度波动和减少能量消耗.