高取代度阳离子淀粉的制备及其乳化AKD性能研究

传统烷基烯酮使用阳离子淀粉作为乳化剂和稳定剂,存在纤维上留着低、与纤维反应较慢和施胶熟化时间长等缺点。作者研究了高取代度阳离子木薯淀粉的制备工艺、AKD乳液的乳化工艺和施胶性能。结果表明,以木薯淀粉为原料和3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵为醚化剂制备的淀粉阳电荷密度为0.5~3.5 meq/g,取代度大于0.1的阳离子淀粉,对AKD蜡粉具有良好乳化稳定作用和纸张施胶性能。     

阳离子淀粉作为表面施胶剂的研究

本文的研究目的是为了满足市场对增加纸张内部和表面强度,改善印刷性能和提高纸张强度的需求,采用将木薯淀粉阳离子化原纸进行表面施胶,然后测定纸张性能,探讨阳离子淀粉作为表面施胶剂的最佳应用条件。本文探讨了阳离子淀粉用作纸张表面施胶剂的作用机理,初步研究了制备阳离子淀粉的最优化条件,不同取代度的阳离子淀粉作为表面施胶剂的应用效果。通过对纸张性能（抗张强度、环压强度、吸水性）的测定,找出阳离子淀粉应用的优点。实验结果表明制备阳离子淀粉的最优化条件为木薯淀粉用量为50g,阳离子醚化剂用量为3.008g,n（NaOH）：n（CTA）=1.2：1,反应时间为2h,反应温度为40℃;阳离子淀粉作为表面施胶剂的最佳取代度和固含量分别为0.056和40%。     

瓜尔胶和阳离子醚化剂对AKD表面施胶增效作用研究

针对AKD施胶熟化时间长的缺点,研究了用瓜尔胶和一种阳离子醚化剂对AKD表面施胶的增效作用。结果表明：瓜尔胶和阳离子醚化剂均能促进AKD的熟化,从而缩短熟化时间,在120℃条件下,同时加入0.02%的瓜尔胶交联体和0.03%的阳离子醚化剂,与单独使用AKD相比,可提高纸页下机施胶率64%,提高最终施胶度44.7%,2h后可达到最终施胶度,缩短了AKD的熟化时间。     

防油剂阳离子淀粉对食品包装纸性能影响研究

采用自制含阳离子淀粉类防油剂对纸张进行表面施胶制备食品抗油脂包装纸张,以代替传统的制备方法(烯烃类涂布法和含氟类防油剂施胶法)。采用Oil Kit Test-TAPPI pm-96国际通用测试法研究了阳离子淀粉对纸张抗油脂性能的影响,并研究了自制防油剂中阳离子淀粉对抗油脂食品包装纸强度和光学性能等影响。结果表明,在取得良好抗油脂效果的条件下,含阳离子淀粉类防油剂纸张的抗张强度、耐折度和撕裂度都得到了提高,透气度下降。     

阳离子松香胶用于表面施胶的初步研究

利用实验室自制的阳离子分散松香胶对纸张进行表面施胶,研究了加入不同比例的阳离子松香胶/硫酸铝与阳离子淀粉、PAE、氧化淀粉和聚乙烯醇及pH和加入方式对纸张施胶的协同作用.结果表明,pH及硫酸铝的加入对施胶效果影响都比较大.阳离子分散松香胶中加入适当比例的阳离子淀粉可以明显改善其表面施胶效果,但硫酸铝的加入比例对施胶效果的影响更为重要,且在阳离子淀粉溶液冷却至65℃时加入松香胶可获得更好的施胶效果.     

淀粉在造纸工业中的应用

本文叙述了天然淀粉的性能及三种改性淀粉的改性方法和应用效果。三种改性淀粉是阳离子淀粉、氧化淀粉及磷酸酯淀粉。阳离子淀粉具有增强助滤作用。氧化淀粉用作纸张的表面施胶剂可提高纸的表面强度。磷酸酯淀粉用作施胶助剂，可以提高施胶度。     

低黏度阳离子淀粉的制备及其表面施胶性能研究

以玉米原淀粉为原料,经盐酸适度酸解后,通过3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵醚化制备低黏度阳离子淀粉。研究了盐酸的用量、反应温度和反应时间对酸解淀粉黏度的影响,探讨了阳离子醚化剂的用量对阳离子淀粉黏度的影响。在水介质中,盐酸用量5%,反应温度35℃,反应时间3h,阳离子醚化剂用量2.5%,制备的低黏度阳离子淀粉即可达到表面施胶的要求。表面施胶实验结果表明,低黏度阳离子淀粉比氧化淀粉和阳离子淀粉具有更好的表面施胶性能。     

机械活化固相化学反应制备木薯醋酸酯淀粉

为获得制备醋酸酯淀粉的新工艺,采用机械活化固相化学反应法制备木薯醋酸酯淀粉。以醋酸酯淀粉的取代度为评价指标,分别探讨醋酸酐用量、NaOH用量、球磨温度、球磨时间、搅拌速度、球磨介质的堆体积等因素对木薯淀粉醋酸酯反应的影响,并对影响因素进行了正交优化。结果表明:在醋酸酐质量分数60%、NaOH质量分数2.0%、球磨温度60℃、球磨时间60 min、搅拌速度380 r/min、球磨介质堆体积500 mL的反应条件下,制备得到的木薯醋酸酯淀粉的取代度为0.263 2,反应效率为25.57%。并采用红外光谱(FTIR)、X-射线衍射(XRD)对木薯醋酸酯淀粉的结构进行了表征。机械活化对淀粉发生酯反应有显著的强化作用。     

木薯阳离子淀粉的合成及其对脱墨浆增强和助留的效果

介绍合成木薯阳离子淀粉的影响因素,确定出合成阳离子淀粉的最佳工艺条件,表明木薯阳离子淀粉合成最佳条件是:阳离子醚化剂是淀粉用量的5%,反应温度50℃,反应时间6h;对取代度为0.03的木薯阳离子淀粉在脱墨浆中当用量为绝干浆料的0.8%时,浆料留着率和成纸强度的效果都是最好的。     

磷酸酯型两性淀粉结构性能及其对纸张的增强作用

以木薯原淀粉、3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵和混合磷酸盐为主要原料,用半干法工艺合成了磷酸酯型两性淀粉,用FT-IR、XRD、SEM等对产物结构性能进行了表征;研究了其作为纸张增强剂对废纸浆的增强作用.结果表明,改性剂与木薯原淀粉反应不仅发生在无定形区,而且发生在结晶区;不仅发生在颗粒的表面,也可进入其内部;在一定条件下,产物的阳离子取代度随着磷酸盐用量的增加而减小,阴离子取代度随淀粉阳离子取代度的提高而降低.实验合成的磷酸酯型两性淀粉对纸张的增强作用显著,当添加量为1.O%(对绝干浆)时,纸张的抗张指数、耐破指数和撕裂指数分别比空白样提高了23.5%、20.3%、29.4%.     

交联木薯淀粉的干法制备及其性能研究

为了提高交联淀粉的生产效率,以木薯淀粉为原料,三偏磷酸钠为交联剂,采用机械活化辅助干法制备了交联木薯淀粉。以沉降积为评价指标,考察了三偏磷酸钠用量、氢氧化钠用量、反应温度、反应时间、球磨介质堆体积、转速对交联反应的影响。在单因素实验基础上,采用正交试验优化了工艺条件,并对交联木薯淀粉的理化特性和结构进行了表征与分析。结果表明,干法制备交联木薯淀粉的最佳工艺条件为:三偏磷酸钠用量4%,氢氧化钠用量2.5%,反应温度40℃,反应时间60 min,转速380 r·min-1,球磨介质堆体积500 mL,在此条件下制备的交联木薯淀粉沉降积为1.52 mL;FTIR、XRD、SEM进一步证实木薯淀粉发生了交联反应。随着木薯淀粉交联度的增大,木薯交联淀粉较原淀粉透光率、膨胀度、溶解度下降,凝沉性增强,更适应食品工业的发展。     

木薯羧甲基淀粉的机械活化固相化学法制备、表征及其特性

以木薯淀粉为原料,氯乙酸钠为醚化剂,氢氧化钠为催化剂,采用机械活化固相化学反应法制备羧甲基淀粉。以取代度为评价指标,通过单因素和正交试验设计优化确定最佳制备工艺,采用傅里叶红外光谱（Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR）、X-射线衍射（x-ray diffraction,XRD）、扫描电镜（scanning electron microscope,SEM）对羧甲基淀粉的结构进行表征,并考察羧甲基淀粉的理化特性。结果表明,最佳工艺参数为淀粉与氯乙酸钠物质的量比1∶1、反应温度50?℃、反应时间1.5?h、氢氧化钠溶液质量分数18.8%、搅拌速率380?r/min、球磨介质堆体积500?mL,在此条件下制备的羧甲基淀粉取代度为0.540?1。FTIR、XRD、SEM检测进一步证实木薯淀粉发生了羧甲基化反应。理化特性结果显示,羧甲基淀粉的黏度升高,溶解度增大,吸水性、保水性、冻融稳定性、抗酸碱性、抗酶解性等均得到较好的提高。     

Effects of high energy milling on some functional properties of jicama starch (Pachyrrhizus erosus L. Urban) and cassava starch (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

In this study, the effect of high energy milling using a Spex ball mixer mill on some functional properties of cassava starch (Manihot utilissima) and jicama starch (Pachyrrisus erosus) were investigated. The properties of individual granules were strongly influenced by the high moisture of ball milling (friction and heat) and physicochemical properties of their amorphous and crystalline zones. High energy milling resulted in a partial fragmentation of the starch granules, increasing the water absorption index (WAI) and the water solubility index (WSI). Increasing moisture content the viscosity was decreased, attributable to the fragmentation of starch granules produced by the milling and favored by the increase of moisture content.The crystallinity of cassava and jicama starches milled with high moisture contents and longer milling times was decreased. Thermal properties of both ball-milled starches were modified. The enthalpies were lower than native starch indicating that ball milling destroys the crystallinity and double helical order arrangements. Also, the resolution of the peaks was slightly decreased. Ball-milled jicama and cassava starches showed some functional characteristics of gelatinization that possibility their use in food systems as stabilizing, additives, moisture retainers and thickeners.     

机械活化木薯淀粉制备交联淀粉研究

采用搅拌球磨机对木薯淀粉进行机械活化,以活化60 min木薯淀粉为原料、环氧氯丙烷为交联剂制备交联淀粉;探讨机械活化时间、反应时间、反应温度、交联剂用量、体系pH值对木薯淀粉交联反应影响,通过正交实验优化制备条件。结果表明,机械活化对木薯淀粉交联反应有显著强化作用;最优制备条件为:反应时间80 min、反应温度35℃、pH=10、环氧氯丙烷用量0.10 ml;在此条件下,制得交联淀粉沉降积为0.226 ml。     

机械活化木薯淀粉羧甲基化产物的结构表征

采用搅拌球磨机对木薯淀粉进行机械活化,以活化60min 的木薯淀粉为原料,氢氧化钠为催化剂,一氯乙酸为醚化剂干法合成羧甲基淀粉,利用红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、X 射线衍射等手段对产物的结构进行表征分析,并与原木薯淀粉合成的羧甲基淀粉进行比较。结果表明：机械活化对木薯羧甲基淀粉的结构有显著影响;原木薯淀粉的羧甲基化反应受表面控制,主要发生在无定形区,部分发生在结晶区,产物含有结晶结构并保留着淀粉的颗粒形态;活化淀粉的羧甲基化反应在淀粉团粒表面及内部均匀进行,产物呈无规则黏连形态,是无定形的聚集状态结构。     

机械活化对木薯淀粉冻融稳定性的影响

采用搅拌球磨机对木薯淀粉进行机械活化,以析水率作为评价指标,研究了机械活化时间、冷冻时间、冷冻方式及糊化温度对其糊冻融稳定性的影响。结果表明,机械活化作用对木薯淀粉的冻融稳定性有显著的影响,机械活化时间越长,析水率越大,冻融稳定性越差;采用冻融循环方式比连续冷冻更容易引起淀粉的老化,析水率高;糊化温度的影响则是糊化温度越高,机械活化淀粉的析水率反而略有下降。     

Effect of acid‐ethanol treatment followed by ball milling on structural and physicochemical characteristics of cassava starch

Structural and physicochemical characteristics of cassava starch treated with 0.36% HCl in anhydrous ethanol during 1 and 12 h at 30, 40, and 50°C followed by ball milling for 1 h were analyzed. Average yield of acid‐ethanol starches reached 98% independent of the treatment conditions. Solubility of acid‐ethanol starches increased with reaction temperature and time, but it did not change after ball milling. Granule average size reduced with chemical treatment from 25.2 to 20.0 µm after 12 h at 50°C. Ball milling decreased the granule average diameter of the native starch and those chemically treated at 30°C/1 h or 40°C/1 h, but it did not alter the starches treated for 12 h, independent of temperature. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM), starch granules presented round shape and after modification at 50°C/12 h, before and after ball milling, showed a rough and exfoliated surface. Some granules were deformed, suggesting partial gelatinization that was more intense after milling. Starch crystallinity increased as temperature and time of chemical treatment were increased, while amylose content, intrinsic, and pasting viscosities decreased. Gelatinization temperatures increased for all chemical starches. The findings can be related to the preferential destruction of amorphous areas in the granules, which are composed of amylose and amylopectin. After ball milling, the starch crystallinity decreased, amylose content, intrinsic, and pasting viscosities kept unchanged and gelatinization temperatures and enthalpy reduced. Ball milling on native and chemical starches caused the increase of amorphous areas with consequent weakening and decreasing of crystalline areas by breaking of hydrogen bonds within the granules.     

球磨条件对水溶性大米淀粉理化特性的影响

用球磨法粉碎大米淀粉研究球磨条件对大米淀粉理化特性的影响,并以淀粉的最大溶解率为目标优化球磨工艺,制备水溶性大米淀粉。结果表明,机械力对淀粉的溶解率、碘蓝值和还原糖含量有影响,随着转速或球料比的增大,淀粉的溶解率和还原糖含量增大,碘蓝值减小。适宜的球磨条件为采用含水量为5.10%的淀粉于480r/min转速、球料比3.13的条件下研磨80h,此时所得淀粉的溶解率为85.98%,用二次模型描述溶解率和还原糖含量与转速、球料比和淀粉含水量的关系有较高的拟合精度。     

机械活化预处理对木薯淀粉氧化产物理化性质的影响

研究机械活化预处理对木薯淀粉氧化产物理化性质的影响。采用搅拌球磨机对木薯淀粉进行机械活化,以不同活化时间的木薯淀粉为原料,CuSO4为催化剂,H2O2为氧化剂干法制备氧化淀粉,对由不同活化时间木薯淀粉制备的氧化淀粉的溶解度、表观黏度、透明度、冻融稳定性、凝沉性等性质进行研究。试验结果表明：机械活化预处理对木薯淀粉氧化产物的理化性质产生显著的影响,随着机械活化时间的延长,氧化淀粉的溶解度、透明度增大,表观黏度降低,冻融稳定性减弱,凝沉性增强。     

Preparation and structural properties of small‐particle cassava starch

Acid and enzyme hydrolyses followed by ball milling were applied to fracture cassava starch granules. Microscopic and chromatographic evidence suggested different mechanisms of the two hydrolyses. Using the enzyme process, granules with a sponge‐like structure and shells with the interior hydrolysed were produced. Amylose and amylopectin were subjected equally to multiple attacks by enzymes, with no significant change in granule crystallinity. The hydrolysed residues could not be effectively broken down by ball milling, although the crystallinity was destroyed. In contrast, the acid treatment caused superficial external corrosion, mainly at the amorphous lamellae, ie the branch points of amylopectin. Acid‐lintnerised starch granules were mostly of Degree of polymerization, DP 10–15 and exhibited increased crystallinity and brittleness, making them more susceptible to breakdown upon milling. Ball milling, although destroying some degree of crystallinity, could effectively reduce the size of acid‐hydrolysed starch, with no further degradation of amylodextrin molecules. By a combination of lintnerisation and ball milling, smaller particle starch (3–8 µm compared with 3–30 µm for native starch) could be produced. It is clear that removal of the amorphous phase prior to milling is critical for effective rupture of the granules. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry