均相共沉淀法制备钇铝石榴石(YAG)纳米粉末

以Y2O3、Al(NO3)3·9H2O、(NH4)2SO4为原料,尿素为沉淀剂,正硅酸乙酯作为添加剂,采用均相共沉淀法制备出YAG前驱体粉末,在沉淀过程中采用静电稳定、聚合物位阻以及共沸方法相结合有效地防止了纳米颗粒硬团聚的形成,前驱体颗粒尺寸小于100nm.采用DTA/TG、IR、XRD和TEM测试手段对粉末材料进行了表征,根据Scherrer公式计算出晶粒大小,研究了晶粒尺寸分布及其变化情况.研究结果表明前驱体粉末经过1200℃温度烧结后,全部转化YAG相,其晶粒尺寸小于50nm,随着烧结温度提高,晶粒平均尺寸增大.     

柠檬酸-凝胶燃烧法制备钇铝石榴石(Y3A15O12)纳米粉体的研究

透明YAG多晶陶瓷具有优良的光学、力学与化学性能,逐渐成为新一代固体激光基质材料.分散均匀、团聚轻的纳米粉体有利于制备出高度透明的激光陶瓷.以Y2O3、Al(NO3)3·9H2O和柠檬酸为原料,采用柠檬酸-凝胶燃烧法制备出黑色粉体,经1100℃烧结出尺寸小于50nm的YAG粉体.采用TG-DTA、XRD、FT-IR和TEM测试手段对YAG纳米粉体进行表征,采用谢莱公式计算出不同烧结温度下的晶粒尺寸.研究结果表明:YAG的析晶温度范围为850～900℃,烧结过程中出现赝YAG相物质,1050℃转变成纯YAG相,随着热处理温度的升高,晶粒呈线性增长,纳米粉体的TEM尺寸和采用谢莱公式计算的结果相一致.     

柠檬酸-凝胶燃烧法制备钇铝石榴石(Y_3Al_5O_(12))纳米粉体的研究

透明YAG多晶陶瓷具有优良的光学、力学与化学性能,逐渐成为新一代固体激光基质材料。分散均匀、团聚轻的纳米粉体有利于制备出高度透明的激光陶瓷。以Y2O3、Al(NO3)3·9H2O和柠檬酸为原料,采用柠檬酸凝胶燃烧法制备出黑色粉体,经1100℃烧结出尺寸小于50nm的YAG粉体。采用TG-DTA、XRD、FT-IR和TEM测试手段对YAG纳米粉体进行表征,采用谢莱公式计算出不同烧结温度下的晶粒尺寸。研究结果表明:YAG的析晶温度范围为850～900℃,烧结过程中出现赝YAG相物质,1050℃转变成纯YAG相,随着热处理温度的升高,晶粒呈线性增长,纳米粉体的TEM尺寸和采用谢莱公式计算的结果相一致。     

高能球磨Al-Y203粉体固相反应制备YAG陶瓷的研究

用高纯Al粉体和Y2O3粉体(Al-Y2O3粉体)为原料采用固相反应法制备了YAG陶瓷. Al-Y2O3粉体高能经过球磨,煅烧生成YAG粉体,再真空烧结制备高致密YAG陶瓷.采用DTA-TG对球磨Al-Y2O3粉体进行分析,采用XRD、SEM对球磨的Al-Y2O3粉体、YAG粉体及YAG陶瓷进行了表征.实验表明:Al-Y2O3粉体在～569℃时,Al粉强烈氧化,并与Y2O3粉反应,600℃煅烧出现YAM相,随煅烧温度升高出现YAP相,1200℃煅烧生成YAG粉体.成型YAG素坯在1750℃保温2h真空烧结出YAG相陶瓷,YAG陶瓷相对密度可达98.6%,晶粒生长均匀,晶粒尺寸为8～10μm.     

以碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂制备纳米钇铝石榴石粉体

以碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂,硝酸盐为原料,采用沉淀法,通过仔细控制沉淀过程的工艺参数,得到了煅烧后可直接生成纯相YAG的前驱体沉淀物,前驱体经过900℃煅烧即可获得纳米YAG粉体.BET,TEM和XRD的测试结果表明纳米YAG粉体的晶粒尺寸为67～175nm,晶粒形态为球形,分散性良好.粉体达到完全致密化的最低烧结温度为1450℃.所获得的粉体经过1700℃真空烧结3h,烧结体具有一定的透明度.研究表明,这种纳米YAG粉体所具有的良好烧结活性与粉体的纳米晶粒尺寸,球形晶粒形态及极佳的分散性有关.     

共沉淀法制备Nd:YAG纳米粉体与机理探讨

以碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂采用共沉淀法和添加分散剂的方式．获得具有高烧结活性的碳酸盐前驱体,这种前驱体在较低的温度下烧结即可转变成相。同时借助DTA-TG、IR、XRD和TEM等测试手段对前驱体和YAG粉体进行表征。结果表明：在分散剂存在的情况下,此800℃左右煅烧2h前驱物直接转变为纯的YAG相,而无其它的杂质相,所得的YAG粉体的颗粒尺寸约20nm．是单分散的形貌近似球形的。此外不同温度下粉体的荧光性质表明,随着烧结温度的提高发光强度有所增加。     

SPS制备纳米晶Bi_(0.75)Er_(0.25)O_(1.5)固体电解质

以分析纯Bi2O3和Er2O3为原料,采用反向滴定共沉淀法合成Bi和Er的氢氧化物前驱体,并对共沉淀的pH值条件进行了分析。将该前驱体在500℃焙烧3h后得到Bi0.75Er0.25O1.5的纳米粉体,高温XRD结果表明该粉体主要为β相,谢乐公式计算平均晶粒尺寸为10nm,并且随温度升高在650℃转变为δ相。通过热力学计算,确定了SPS下烧结Bi0.75Er0.25O1.5陶瓷适宜的温度和氧分压条件,最后在测试温度为500℃保温1min得到了相对密度达到96%的δ相纳米晶的Bi0.75Er0.25O1.5陶瓷,平均晶粒尺寸为18nm。     

机械合金化和放电等离子烧结制备Y3Al5O12陶瓷

采用机械合金化和放电等离子烧结制备YAG陶瓷,研究了球磨时间对原料颗粒大小和烧结合成YAG纯度的影响,并利用x射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等手段对反应过程及产物形貌和物相进行了分析.研究结果表明,机械合金化Y2O3和Al2O3粉体,可明显细化氧化物颗粒,球磨20h后,Y2O3和Al2O3晶粒大小约为34nm和32nm.球磨处理的Y2O3和Al2O3粉体具有很高的活性,促进放电等离子烧结低温反应合成和获得致密的YAG.对球磨20h的粉体在不同温度进行放电等离子烧结,在1200℃即可获得纯YAG陶瓷,在1500℃烧结,可得到相对密度为99.5%的YAG陶瓷.1500℃烧结的块体在可见光范围内透过率为13.8%.     

高温超高压烧结纳米 SiC的研究

采用高温超高压(HT-HP)技术在4.5GPa/1250°C/20min工艺条件下制备了添加2wt%Al2O3助烧结剂的纳米SiC陶瓷.采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、X光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDX)、纳米压痕(Nano indenter)研究了烧结SiC陶瓷的物相组成、晶粒大小、化学成分、微观结构、纳米压痕力学性能等.结果表明:采用超高压烧结,可以在较低温度(1250±50°C)、较少烧结助剂用量下实现纳米SiC的致密烧结.烧结体未发生相转变,结构致密,无孔隙,晶粒尺寸为22nm,晶格常数为4.355A;显微硬度为33.7GPa,弹性模量为407GPa.     

共沉淀法合成NdAlO3陶瓷粉末

以氨水为沉淀剂、采用共沉淀法合成了NdAlO3陶瓷超细粉末,并研究了NdAlO3粉末的合成过程及沉淀剂与硝酸盐溶液的混合顺序、硝酸盐溶液浓度对粉末相组成和粉末形貌的影响。合成过程是由非晶态的前驱体分解为非晶态的氧化物,在700℃～750℃之间生成NdAlO3相,随着热处理温度升高,结晶程度增加。采用氨水与0.25mol/L～1mol/L的硝酸盐溶液逐渐按比例混合的混合工艺、在800℃得到了NdAlO3单相,所得粉末颗粒呈球状,分散性良好,平均粒径尺寸随浓度增加略有减小,浓度为1mol/L时大约为60nm。而采用氨水滴入硝酸盐溶液的混合工艺、于800℃合成的NdAlO3粉末含有微量的Nd4Al2O9第二相,平均晶粒尺寸100nm左右。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.