A virtual prototyping approach to product disassembly reasoning

An important aspect of Design for the Life Cycle is assessing the disassemblability of products. After an artifact has completed its useful life, it must be disassembled then recycled, remanufactured or scrapped. Disassemblability of a product can be evaluated by performing disassembly activities on prototypes. Virtual prototyping (VP) is an alternative to hardware prototyping in which analysis of designs can be done without manufacturing physical samples. In recent years, disassembly processes have been generated either by using interactive or automated approaches, but these approaches have limitations. Interactive approaches require extensive user input usually in the form of answering questions, whereas automated approaches can only be used to generate disassembly processes for products with simple component configuration and geometry. In this paper automated and interactive techniques are combined, using VP, to generate complete disassembly processes of a product design. To support generation of disassembly processes of a product, a virtual environment and VP method were developed that will support disassembly activities performed by a designer. The product model of the virtual prototype is generated from the CAD model. The disassembly process model for the prototype is generated using automated reasoning techniques and is completed by interactively disassembling the product in the virtual environment. Extensions to automatic reasoning techniques to compute ranges of feasible directions of component removal were developed to facilitate the generation of the disassembly process. A scheme to represent the disassembly process for disassemblability evaluation was developed and implemented. In this paper a Chrysler LHS center console has been used to illustrate our approach of generating disassembly processes via VP.     

A temporal blackboard for a multi-agent environment

The multi-agent system paradigm emerges as an interesting approach in the Knowledge Based System (KBS) field, when distributed problem-solving techniques are required for solving problems that can be represented as a collection of groups of cooperating intelligent individuals. A key concept in the multi-agent systems is the interaction between agents. On the other hand time plays a crucial role in a wide range of KBS applications. Temporal reasoning and representations consists of formalizing the notion of time and providing means to represent and reason about the temporal aspects of knowledge. This paper presents a framework for agent communication based on the blackboard paradigm which is able to manage temporal information, and it provides its multiple access and coherence management protocols.     

A model of argumentation and its application to legal reasoning

We present a computational model of dialectical argumentation that could serve as a basis for legal reasoning. The legal domain is an instance of a domain in which knowledge is incomplete, uncertain, and inconsistent. Argumentation is well suited for reasoning in such weak theory domains. We model argument both as information structure, i.e., argument units connecting claims with supporting data, and as dialectical process, i.e., an alternating series of moves by opposing sides. Our model includes burden of proof as a key element, indicating what level of support must be achieved by one side to win the argument. Burden of proof acts as move filter, turntaking mechanism, and termination criterion, eventually determining the winner of an argument. Our model has been implemented in a computer program. We demonstrate the model by considering program output for two examples previously discussed in the artificial intelligence and legal reasoning literature.     

基于模糊AHP和证据理论的混合决策模型

针对模糊层次分析法（Fuzzy AHP,FAHP）用于产品方案评价时存在的逆向排序问题和不确定信息处理问题,分析其原因后将不确定性推理的证据推理（Evidential Reasoning,ER）理论引入FAHP的层次结构进行底层方案评价值的计算,在此基础上提出了FAHP-ER混合决策模型,该模型由于ER的引入而大大提高了它在不确定信息处理方面的能力,从而克服了FAHP方法对不确定信息处理不足的问题。用一个轴承转子系统设计方案的评价实例对混合决策模型进行了验证,很好地处理了方案评价过程中决策者的各种主观不确定信息,在此基础上获得了最佳的转子设计方案。     

A model of a decision support system based on case-based reasoning for third-party logistics evaluation

The social demands for third‐party logistics (3PL) are further developing the model of supply chain management. The analysis of an effective approach for 3PL service supplier evaluation is given in terms of its direct relation to the operational efficiency and benefit of the service‐demanding enterprise as well as its supply chain management. An analysis of the traditional academic theoretical results and practical methods for 3PL supplier selection indicates the deficiencies of this approach. In this paper, a case‐based reasoning model framework is postulated for a 3PL evaluation and selection system. This work further expands upon the theoretical basis of this system and its reasoning process by discussing the advantages and practical value of this framework.     

证据的层次推理技术及其应用

应用证据理论实现对评价结果的不确定推理,提出证据的层次推理模型,明确证据对结论的支持关系,当证据发生变化时,只需调整相关层次上的综合参数,使得模型更加实用,通过算例,对该模型在综合评价中的应用进行了讨论并证明其合理有效。     

改进证据推理的联合防空作战效能评估模型

根据证据理论在处理不确定性推理问题时的优势,运用证据理论对联合防空作战效能进行评估。首先建立基于证据推理的基本模型,然后引入模糊数学方法来处理具有模糊概念或推理关系的复杂问题,并且还考虑了实际问题中可能出现的加权证据或者相关证据的情况,提出了利用改进的证据模型进行联合防空作战效能评估的方法。通过实例分析,证明了改进证据推理模型在联合防空作战效能评估中的实用性与有效性。     

A theory of legal reasoning and a logic to match

This paper describes a model of legal reasoning and a logic for reasoning with rules, principles and goals that is especially suited to this model of legal reasoning. The paper consists of three parts. The first part describes a model of legal reasoning based on a two-layered view of the law. The first layer consists of principles and goals that express fundamental ideas of a legal system. The second layer contains legal rules which in a sense summarise the outcome of the interaction of the principles and goals for a number of case types. Both principles, goals and rules can be used in legal arguments, but their logical roles are different. One characteristic of the model of legal reasoning described in the first part of the paper is that it takes these logical differences into account. Another characteristic is that it pays serious attention to the phenomena of reasoning about the validity and acceptance of rules, respectively principles and goals, and about the application of legal rules, and the implications of these arguments for the use of rules, principles and goals in deriving legal conclusions for concrete cases.The second part of the paper first describes a logic (Reason-Based Logic) that is especially suited to deal with legal arguments as described in terms of the previously discussed model. The facilities of the logic are illustrated by means of examples that correspond to the several aspects of the model.The third part of the paper deals with a number of logico-philosophical reflections on Reason-Based Logic. The occasion is also used to compare these presuppositions with theories of defeasible reasoning based on the comparison of arguments.The ideas developed in this paper are based on the draft of my book Reasoning with rules which will be published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in the Law and Philosophy Series. The book offers not only more elaborate and sometimes different treatments of the topics of this paper, but also pays more attention to the philosophical background of this work.     

Diverse reasoning in automated model formulation

Diverse reasoning supports a dynamic integration of various reasoning methods in a computerized system. This paper describes a control blackboard approach to simulate the control features observed in the expert's model formulation protocols. The diverse reasoning concept is incorporated so that the model formulation process is dynamically in a plan-directed, action-directed, or data-directed fashion. The diverse reasoning concept facilitates the control features simulation. By analyzing the diverse reasoning behavior in the proposed system, this paper contributes to a better understanding of and support to the modeling process for the design of intelligent decision support systems. The usefulness of the prototype system is also evaluated using an empirical experiment.     

基于模糊推理的软件质量评价模型

通过成立由开发商、用户和评价方组成的专家组,在国际通用的软件质量评价标准和模糊综合评价的基础上,建立的模糊规则,利用模糊推理技术,寻求不同评价空间之间的映射,构建了基于模糊推理的软件质量评价模型。该模型符合人们在处理复杂问题的逻辑思维方式,有利于合理准确地评价软件质量。     

A causal model for diagnostic reasoning

Up to now,there have many methods for knowledge representation and reasoning in causal networks,but few of them include the research on the coactions of nodes.In practice,ignoring these coactions may influence the accureacy of reasoning and even give rise to incorrect reasoning.In this paper,based on multilayer causal networks.the definitions on coaction nodes are given to construct a new causal network called Coaction Causal Network,which serves to construct a model of nerual network for diagnosis followed by fuzzy reasoning,and then the activation rules are given and neural computing methods are used to finish the diagnostic reasoning,These methods are proved in theory and a method of computing the number of solutions for the diagnostic reasoning is given.Finally,the experiments and the conclusions are presented.     

基于证据推理的多指标评价系统设计与实现

针对具有不确定性的混合多指标评价问题,介绍了定性指标和定量指标的数据提取方法,结合证据推理法的基本理论,采用混合编程技术,开发了证据推理评价系统。系统设计了指标体系管理、数据管理、评价分析三大模块,实现了定性指标与定量指标相结合的多指标综合评价。最后,以船舶保障性为示例验证了系统具有稳定性和实用性,该系统能够多角度分析评价结果,为决策者提供辅助决策。     

A model of legal reasoning with cases incorporating theories and values

Reasoning with cases has been a primary focus of those working in AI and law who have attempted to model legal reasoning. In this paper we put forward a formal model of reasoning with cases which captures many of the insights from that previous work. We begin by stating our view of reasoning with cases as a process of constructing, evaluating and applying a theory. Central to our model is a view of the relationship between cases, rules based on cases, and the social values which justify those rules. Having given our view of these relationships, we present our formal model of them, and explain how theories can be constructed, compared and evaluated. We then show how previous work can be described in terms of our model, and discuss extensions to the basic model to accommodate particular features of previous work. We conclude by identifying some directions for future work.     

Development of an object-oriented blackboard model for stamping process planning in progressive die design

This paper reports preliminary work to investigate the suitability of using a blackboard framework as a problem-solving model for stamping process planning in progressive die design. The model is described at two levels: knowledge level and computational level. The knowledge level describes how the stamping process planning domain is represented in a blackboard architecture. The computational level describes how the blackboard architecture is modeled and implemented using object technology. A software prototype has been developed using CLIPS and C++ interfaced with Solid Edge CAD system. An example is presented to illustrate the feasibility and practicality of the proposed approach.     

基于模糊推理误差模型的传感器数据分析

利用模糊推理的基本原理 ,在传感器最小二乘拟合模型的基础上建立了测量误差的校正模型 ,并应用于车轮力传感器测量数据的分析 ,结果表明这种方法可以大大提高传感器的测量精度     

Computers and legal reasoning: Developments in Germany

The importance of reasoning in law is pointed out. Law and jurisprudence belong to the reasoning-conscious disciplines. Accordingly, there is a long tradition of logic in law. The specific methods of professional work in law are to be seen in close connection with legal reasoning. The advent of computers at first did not touch upon legal reasoning (or the professional work in law). At first computers could be used only for general auxiliary functions (e.g., numerical calculations in tax law). Gradually, the use of computers for auxiliary functions in law has become more specific and more sophisticated (e.g., legal information retrieval), touching more closely upon professional legal work. Moreover, renewed interest in AI has also fostered interest in AI in law, especially for legal expert systems. AI techniques can be used in support of legal reasoning. Yet until now legal expert systems have remained in the research and development stage and have hardly succeeded in becoming a profitable tool for the profession. Therefore it is hoped that the two lines of computer support, for auxiliary functions in law and for immediate support of legal reasoning, may unite in the future.Herbert Fiedler is professor of Legal Informatics, general theory of law and penal law in the Department of Economics and Law at the University of Bonn.     

Real-time model based geometric reasoning for vision-guided navigation

This paper describes results of a real-time model based geometric reasoning module for autonomous vision-guided road following. Vision-guided road following requires extracting road boundaries from images in real time to guide the navigation of autonomous vehicles on a roadway. The detected road region boundary is error prone due to imperfect image segmentation. To achieve robust system performance, a geometric reasoning module that uses spatial and temporal constraints to perform model based reasoning is used. Local geometric supports for each road edge segment are collected and recorded and a global consistency checking is performed to obtain a consistent interpretation of the raw data. Cases involving incomplete sensor data, curved roads where only one side of the road is visible, and incorrect segmentation due to shadows, road patches, or unusual road conditions, can usually be detected and corrected. The image segmentation results are what the vision system sees. The geometric reasoning results are what the vision system perceives. This reasoning module has been integrated into a road following system which is capable of supporting autonomous robot road following at 24 km/hr.     

基于本体的案例推理模型研究*

提出了基于本体的案例检索及相似性评估方法和基于本体的案例适配模型,使得CBR(case-based reasoning)系统的开发可在语义层次上进行相似性评估和案例适配,这样得到的结果更能反映用户的真实需求;并且CBR所需要的领域知识可从本体中获取,大大降低了传统CBR系统中知识获取的瓶颈。最后在此基础上,提出了基于本体的CBR系统模型框架,从软件复用的角度提高了CBR系统的开发效率。     

基于.NET的特大型航空产品质量评估系统的设计与实现

产品复杂性的增加,对质量评估提出了更高的要求。针对特大型航空产品,综合现有的理论研究成果,提出了一种面向特大型航空产品的质量评估体系和模型。在此基础上,对特大型航空产品质量评估系统的流程和功能进行了设计。最后,对基于.NET的特大型航空产品的质量评估系统的实现技术和关键功能实现作了具体介绍。     

A case-based reasoning approach for building a decision model

A methodology based on case-based reasoning is proposed to build a topological-level influence diagram. It is then applied to a project proposal review process. The formulation of decision problems requires much time and effort, and the resulting model, such as an influence diagram, is applicable only to one specific problem. However, some prior knowledge from the experience in modeling influence diagrams can be utilized to resolve other similar decision problems. The basic idea of case-based reasoning is that humans reuse the problem-solving experience to solve new problems.
In this paper, we suggest case-based decision class analysis (CB-DCA), a methodology based on case-based reasoning, to build an influence diagram. CB-DCA is composed of a case retrieval procedure and an adaptation procedure. Two measures are suggested for the retrieval procedure, one a fitting ratio and the other a garbage ratio. The adaptation procedure is based on decision-analytic knowledge and decision participants' domain-specific knowledge. Our proposed methodology has been applied to an environmental review process in which decision-makers need decision models to decide whether a project proposal is accepted or not. Experimental results show that our methodology for decision class analysis provides decision-makers with robust knowledge-based support.