Facile sonochemical synthesis of CePO(4):Tb/LaPO(4) core/shell nanorods with highly improved photoluminescent properties

A simple, efficient and quick method has been established for the synthesis of CePO(4):Tb nanorods and CePO(4):Tb/LaPO(4) core/shell nanorods via ultrasound irradiation of inorganic salt aqueous solution under ambient conditions for 2?h. The as-prepared products were characterized by means of powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence (PL) spectra and lifetimes. TEM micrographs show that all of the as-prepared cerium phosphate products have rod-like shape, and have a relatively high degree of crystallinity and uniformity. HRTEM micrographs and SAED results prove that these nanorods are single crystalline in nature. The emission intensity and lifetime of the CePO(4):Tb/LaPO(4) core/shell nanorods increased significantly with respect to those of CePO(4):Tb core nanorods under the same conditions. A substantial reduction in reaction time as well as reaction temperature is observed compared with the hydrothermal process.     

ZnAl_2O_4:Mn纳米晶的红-绿发光

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺杂1.5%锰离子的ZnAl2O4晶体,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)以及荧光光谱仪对样品的结构和光致发光(PL)性能进行测试分析。结果表明,随着烧结温度的升高,晶体的X射线衍射峰逐渐增强,晶体结构得以改善。当受到427nm的激光源激发时,晶体会发射出峰值为512nm的绿光和680nm的红光。绿光是由Mn2+的4 T1→6 A1跃迁引起的,而红光是源于4价锰离子。在还原气氛下,烧结温度由600℃上升到900℃时,红光发射峰强度降低并继而消失,而绿光发射峰的强度逐渐增强。     

Nanostructured CaWO4, CaWO4 : Pb2+ and CaWO4 : Tb3+ particles: polyol-mediated synthesis and luminescent properties

Nano-submicrostructured CaWO4, CaWO4 : Pb2+ and CaWO4 : Tb3+ particles were prepared by polyol method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), photoluminescence (PL), cathodo-luminescence (CL) spectra and PL lifetimes. The results of XRD indicate that the as-prepared samples are well crystallized with the scheelite structure of CaWO4. The FE-SEM images illustrate that CaWO4 and CaWO4 : Pb2+ and CaWO4 : Tb3+ powders are composed of spherical particles with sizes around 260, 290, and 190 nm respectively, which are the aggregates of smaller nanoparticles around 10-20 nm. Under the UV light or electron beam excitation, the CaWO4 powders exhibits a blue emission band with a maximum at about 440 nm. When the CaWO4 particles are doped with Pb2+, the intensity of luminescence is enhanced to some extent and the luminescence band maximum is red shifted to 460 nm. Tb(3+)-doped CaWO4 particles show the characteristic emission of Tb3+ 5D4-7FJ (J = 6 - 3) transitions due to an energy transfer from WO4(2-) groups to Tb3+.     

Dy3+掺杂CaWO4荧光粉体的制备及发光性能

采用固相陶瓷方法制备了Dy3+掺杂的CaWO4∶Dyx3+荧光粉体。采用XRD、SEM和FT-IR对制备粉体的微观结构进行了表征;采用荧光分析法研究了制备的荧光体的室温光致发光性能;探讨了掺杂剂Dy3+浓度对CaWO4∶Dyx3+荧光粉体的微结构和光致发光性能的影响。结果表明,制备的CaWO4∶Dyx3+荧光粉体为白钨矿结构,Dy3+的掺入会抑制CaWO4∶Dy3x+晶粒的生长。当Dy3+的掺入量为1%(摩尔分数)时,其在480nm(蓝)和575nm(黄)的发射强度达到最大;随着Dy3+浓度的增加,其特征发射峰(480nm和575nm)强度反而逐渐下降。     

Theoretical description of fiber Bragg reflectors prepared by Fresnel diffraction images

The theory of Fresnel diffraction images is applied to Bragg-grating formation in a germanium-doped silica fiber. Fresnel diffraction images arise from the near-field diffraction at a periodic mask. The diffraction images are calculated as a function of the propagation distance for several mask configurations. The average of the diffraction-image intensities is calculated for a single longitudinal repetitive interval, and it is shown that the period of the resulting average intensity field is twice that of the original mask period. In some cases the periodic mask can be predicted for a desired average intensity field by calculation of the magnitude of its Fourier coefficients.     

PNPMI-b-P4VP-ZnS纳米复合物的RAFT合成及其光学性质可控性

以N-苯基马来酰亚胺（NPMI）和4-乙烯基吡啶-醋酸锌配合物（4VP-Zn（Ac）2）为单体,用可逆断裂链转移聚合（RAFT）方法合成了两亲性聚（N-苯基马来酰亚胺）-b-聚（4-乙烯基吡啶）-ZnS（PNPMI-b-P4VP-ZnS）高分子纳米复合物（PNCs）,用核磁共振（NMR）、X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜...     

Low Temperature X-ray Diffraction Study of ZnCr2O4 and Ni0.5Zn0.5Cr2O4

Results of x-ray diffraction measurements are presented for ZnCr₂O₄ and Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Cr₂O₄. Splits of the x-ray diffraction spectrum are observed in ZnCr₂O₄ at 12 K. In Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Cr₂O₄ no clear split is observed, but a full width at half maximum (FWHM) shows a steep increase below about 20 K. It is found that the integrated intensity of the diffraction spectra shows a softening behavior at low temperatures in ZnCr₂O₄.     

Intensity profiles along the RHEED streaks for various thin film surface morphologies

Intensity distribution profiles of reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) along the (00) and (01) reciprocal rods are calculated as a function of the grain width, the height difference between neighbouring grains (intergrain roughness), and the surface roughness of the individual grain (intragrain roughness). The calculations include the refraction and the absorption of electron beams and the shadowing effect by the neighbouring grains. The calculations show that the major intensity moves from the three-dimensional (3D) Bragg diffraction to the specular beam as the grain width increases and that a remarkable change in the intensity profiles occurs when the grain width becomes comparable with the decay length of the electron beam in the film. Not only the growth of 3D Bragg peaks but also shifts of the peak positions, induced by the increase of the intra- and intergrain roughness, are simulated. The calculated spectra are compared with the experimental intensity profiles along the streaks measured together with a RHEED intensity oscillation during a homoepitaxy of Ag films.     

The role of the Si-suboxide structure at the interface: an angle-scanned photoelectron diffraction study

Photoelectron diffraction patterns of the different silicon sub-oxides have been recorded and compared with simulated patterns for various model structures. Each silicon sub-oxide is embedded in an ordered environment since individual diffraction patterns and differences among them were exhibited. In particular, the intensity maxima are located at different angles. In the simulation the silicon-oxide/silicon interface was assumed to be abrupt and within one atomic layer. Excellent agreement between experimental and calculated patterns was achieved. At the interface, horizontally compressed SiO₂ was found. Furthermore, the highest oxidation state of silicon, Si⁴⁺, displays a diffraction pattern indicating an ordered structure for this chemical state.     

Fraunhofer Diffraction at Apertures in the Form of Regular Polygons. II

In this second contribution the Fraunhofer diffraction patterns from apertures of the form of an equilateral triangle, a square, a regular pentagon, a hexagon and an octagon are compared with the calculated maps of the intensity distribution. For each shape of the aperture the first few maxima and minima of the intensity are tabulated and the formulae for the wave function are given characterizing the diffraction in the directions of the slowest and the steepest decrease of intensity.     

Microstructural characterization of field assisted sintered bulk nanostructured V-4Cr-4Ti alloys

This article deals with synthesis of single-phase bulk nanostructured V-4Cr-4Ti alloy by mechanical alloying and field assisted sintering. Mechanically alloyed powders were sintered at 1050 and 1100°C with different sintering time. Both powder and sintered samples were subjected to structural and morphological characterization using x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy studies. x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies of sintered samples confirm that field assisted sintering technique aids nanostructuring in V-4Cr-4Ti alloy. Microstructural parameters of sintered samples were calculated from x-ray diffraction patterns. Role of sintering variables on the microstrain evolution and subsequent domain size reduction in bulk V-4Cr-4Ti alloy are briefly discussed. Optimal sintering parameters to achieve nanostructured V-4Cr-4Ti alloy by field assisted sintering were deduced. Micro-hardness and relative density of sintered V-4Cr-4Ti alloy are found to increase with sintering temperature and sintering time.     

Magnetic properties of NiSb2O4

The magnetic transition of the antimony oxide NiSb₂O₄ has been studied using heat capacity measurements and magnetic susceptibility data. The Néel temperature previously evaluated from neutron diffraction is confirmed: T_N = 45 ± 1 K. The entropy excess ΔS(20 – 60 K) associated with the transition is calculated and compared with the theoretical value. The susceptibility data are interpreted in terms of a Curie-Weiss law (θ_p = − 98K, M_eff = 3.98 μ_ß). Exchange integrals are evaluated.     

A study on the hot corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The titanium alloys are potential materials for high temperature applications in turbine components due to their very high temperature strength and lightweight properties. However, hot corrosion is a life-limiting factor when Ti alloys are exposed to different chemical environments at high temperature. In the present paper, hot corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4V (Ti-31) alloy in different salt environments viz. air, Na₂SO₄-60% V₂O₅ and Na₂SO₄-50% NaCl at 750 °C was studied. The parabolic rate constants were calculated for different environments from the thermo-gravimetric data obtained for the samples and they show that corrosion rate is minimum in air when compared to chemical environment. The scale formed on the samples upon hot corrosion was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, and EDAX analysis to understand the degradation mechanisms.     

Luminescence of er doped ZnS quantum dots excited by infrared lasers

ZnS:Er quantum dots were prepared in aqueous medium from readily available precursors. The construction, morphology and luminescence properties of the ZnS:Er quantum dots were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and photoluminescence spectra. The average particle size was calculated using the Scherrer formula to be 4 nm, which is also observed from high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image. Different laser wavelengths at 976 +/- 2 nm and 1480 nm were utilized as the excitation source. ZnS:Er quantum dots had a fluorescence spectrum in 1550 nm region through the 4I13/2 --> 4I15/2 transition. Furthermore, intensity increased with increasing excitation intensity and dopant concentration. The reason for the photoluminescence spectra broadening is discussed. It is because the energy levels of Er3+ are split by a coulombic interaction between electrons, including spin correction and spin-orbit coupling, and eventually by the Stark effect due to ZnS QDs crystal field and local coordination.     

Calculation and evaluation of narcissus for diffractive surfaces in infrared systems

In infrared optical systems, the narcissus effect for diffractive surfaces should be calculated with specific diffraction orders based on the diffraction efficiency. It is shown in this work that the diffraction order of maximum diffraction efficiency varies with the change of the incident angle and wavelength of the backward-traced narcissus flux. Meanwhile, yni, which is the paraxial evaluation criterion of narcissus intensity for a refractive surface, is modified considering diffraction when a ray passes through diffractive surfaces, and a practical example has been given. The analysis can be used to calculate and control the narcissus intensity in infrared optical systems with diffractive surfaces.     

Crystal structure of Cr4AlB4: A new MAB phase compound discovered in Cr-Al-B system

In this communication, the crystal structure of Cr_4AlB_4, a new MAB phase compound(where M is a transition metal, A is Al or Si, B is boron) discovered in Cr-Al-B system is reported. This new MAB phase was synthesized from a mixture of CrB and Al powders at 1000?C and its crystal structure was determined by a combination of X-ray diffraction, first-principles calculations and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS). Cr_4AlB_4 crystallizes in an orthorhombic structure with Immm space group. The lattice constants are a = 2.9343(6) ?, b = 18.8911(0) ?, c = 2.9733(7) ?, and the atomic positions are Cr1 at 4 g(0, 0.2936(5),0), Cr2 at 4 h(0.5, 0.5859(7), 0), Al at 2 b(0, 0.5, 0.5), B1 at 4 h(0, 0.3839(8), 0.5) and B2 at 4 g(0.5, 0.6646(2),0.5).     

Microwave hydrothermal synthesis and upconversion properties of NaYF4:Yb, Tm with microtube morphology

Efficient upconversion Yb³⁺ and Tm³⁺ codoped β-NaYF₄ is firstly synthesized via a novel and rapid microwave hydrothermal process. The as-prepared sample is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The sample shows a microtube morphology, which may be formed by the curliness of flakes. It is found that NaYF₄:Yb³⁺, Tm³⁺ microtubes can be synthesized using microwave hydrothermal method in a much shorter reaction time compared with conventional hydrothermal method, and the upconversion fluorescent intensity is also greatly enhanced under 976 nm laser excitation. The energy transfer upconversion mechanisms and the possible reason for the enhancement of the fluorescent intensity are also proposed.     

Diffraction efficiency of a grating coupler for an array illuminator

The diffraction efficiency of a grating coupler having a surface-relief grating is calculated by the use of coupled-wave theory. The grating couplers are fabricated to examine the validity of the calculated result. The dependence of the measured diffraction efficiency on the groove depth of the grating coupler agrees well with the calculated results. The array illuminator, which emits 10 and 20 beams with equal intensity, is designed and fabricated through the use of these numerical results. The uniformity error of the output beam caused by the error of the diffraction efficiency is also discussed.     

Effect of Al ions on fluorescence properties of YPO4: Eu phosphors

Different concentrations of Al³⁺-doped YPO₄:Eu_0.05 powder phosphors have been synthesized by the conventional solid state reaction method and are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electronic microscopy (FESEM), photoluminescence excitation (PLE) and emission (PL) investigations. The influence of Al³⁺-doping on crystallinity, grain size and PL intensity of the YPO₄:Eu phosphors has been investigated. These characteristics are found improved with increase in concentration of Al³⁺ ions from 0.00 to 0.10 mol and then decreased for higher concentrations. The results are discussed in comparison with earlier reported similar works.