清水冲刷不连续宽级配床面阻力特性及输沙规律试验研究(Ⅰ)——床面阻力特性

不连续宽级配床沙在天然河道中广泛存在,作为非均匀沙的特殊类型,其床面阻力与一般意义上的非均匀床面相比具有不同的特性。本文通过水槽试验对不连续宽级配床面阻力特性进行了探讨,引入峰度系数表征粗糙床面床沙粒径的非均匀性,将不连续宽级配床面与连续宽级配床面统一起来,根据试验数据拟合得到不连续宽级配床面阻力系数表达式,具有较好的精度。     

不同粒径泥沙共存对镉的平衡吸附模式研究

本文研究了不同粒径泥沙共存对镉的平衡吸附模式，得出了不同粒径泥沙共存吸附的兰格茂尔吸附等温式参数ｂ，ｋ的计算公式。     

河道及河口一维及二维嵌套泥沙数学模型

建立了一种河道及河口一、二维嵌套的泥沙数学模型，对基本的控制方程、方程的离散和求解方法、嵌套连接条件以及非均匀沙的处理等问题进行了研究。以非恒定非均匀不平衡输沙理论作为本文建模的基础，为方便处理，通过交界面的水位、流量和含沙量等的传递，在每一迭代内进行耦合计算。数值模拟结果与实测资料吻合较好，且计算省时，表明本文建立的嵌套模型是一种解决某些实际工程问题的可靠的和高效的工具。     

STUDY ON SORPTION OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTANTS BY SEDIMENT PARTICLES

Sorption of heavy metal on sediment particles is studied theoretically am experimentally. Sorption processes of heavy metal pollutants on sediment particles can b well described by Langmuir model. Parameters in the model b,,k and k1 depend on proper ties of sediment and water, and have nothing to do with sediment concentration. By com bining the sorption dynamic equation and the mass conservation equation, the variation c N(sorption content of heavy metal pollutant by specific weight of sediment) and c (con centration of heavy metal pollutant in water phase) with time can be deduced. Further more, formulas for calculating the equilibrium sorption content N and the equilibriur concentration of heavy metal pollutant in water phase c are established too. Experimenta data well coincide with theoretical formulas. These can be treated as the basis for furthe quantitative study of sediment sorption-desorption characteristics.     

平面二维有限元非均匀沙数学模型研究

建立了平面二维非均匀沙有限元数学模型 ,着重考虑对非均匀沙分组挟沙力及床面颗粒级配调整的处理 ,并通过一个具有代表性的算例 ,说明该模型能够合理地模拟出平面二维水流流场、河床的冲淤和泥沙级配的变化 ,从定性上检验了该模型的正确性。     

非均匀沙的运动机理及输沙率计算方法的研究

本文较为系统地研究了非均匀沙运动机理及输沙率的计算方法，在建立泥沙运动交换模式的基础上，指出现有非均匀泥沙动动流速公式存在的不足并对此作了修正，然后分别讨论了推移质分组输沙率、悬移南分组兵沙力和全沙输沙率的计算方法，得到的有关公式均用实测资料作了验证计算，结果表明它们是合理、可靠的，可在理论研究和生产实践中参考应用。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BED FORMS AND FLOW RESISTANCE OF LIGHT－WEIGHT MATERIALS WITH DIFFERENT DENSITIES

ＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＡＬＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＢＥＤＦＯＲＭＳＡＮＤＦＬＯＷＲＥＳＩＳＴＡＮＣＥＯＦＬＩＧＨＴ－ＷＥＩＧＨＴＭＡＴＥＲＩＡＬＳＷＩＴＨＤＩＦＦＥＲＥＮＴＤＥＮＳＩＴＩＥＳ￥ＤｕａｎＧｕｏ－ｈｏｎｇ；ＷａｎｇＧｕｉ－ｘｉａｎ（Ｄｅｐｔ．ｏｆＨｙ...     

泥沙粒径对重金属污染物吸附影响的研究

本文系统研究了不同粒径泥沙颗粒对重金属污染物的吸附作用，粗细不同的泥沙对重金属污染物的吸附能力差异很大，因此研究天然河流泥沙吸附能力必须考虑泥沙组成的非均匀性和各级泥少的含量，度量泥少量粒吸附能力的标准主要是吸附活性组分的含量，而不仅是粒径大小。     

广州市地表堆积物中重金属含量分析研究

以地表堆积物中的Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd作为重点研究对象,在广州市分三个功能区(工业区、商业区、住宅区)进行地表堆积物样品的采集,从总含量、不同粒径级含量来分析堆积物中重金属的总体特性,并以研究结论为广州城市非点源的防治与管理提供理论依据。     

泥沙代表粒径对冲刷深度计算结果的影响

泥沙粒径是泥沙运动力学研究中的一个重要物理量,不同的代表粒径对泥沙输移运动的计算结果会产生不同的影响。文章对比了中值粒径和平均粒径的不同,分析了泥沙粒径和均匀性对冲刷深度的影响,结合铁路工程中常用的桥墩局部冲刷计算公式,对比分析了不同代表粒径条件下的冲刷深度计算结果。提出了代表粒径的选用应结合公式制定时所依据基础资料,同时也要考虑泥沙均匀性的影响,提高计算结果的可靠性和精度。     

Adsorption of Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions in batch system by using the Eichhornia crassipes

In this work, the displacement effects on the sorption capacities of zinc and cadmium ions of the Eichornia crassipes-type biosorbent in batch binary system has been studied. Preliminary single metal sorption experiments were carried out. An improvement on the Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions removal was achieved by working at 30 °C temperature and with non-uniform biosorbent grain sizes. A 60 min equilibrium time was achieved for both Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions. Furthermore, it was found that the overall kinetic data were best described by the pseudo second-order kinetic model. Classical multi-component adsorption isotherms have been tested as well as a modified extended Langmuir isotherm model, showing good agreement with the equilibrium binary data. Around 0.65 mequiv./g maximum metal uptake associated with the E. crassipes biosorbent was attained and the E. crassipes biosorbent has shown higher adsorption affinity for the zinc ions than for the cadmium ones in the binary system.     

平面二维河床变形的数值模拟

为了研究河道平面二维的河床变形问题，及由此而引起的对防洪、航运等造成的影响，本文给出出非均匀沙的平面二维全沙动床数学模型方程组，并考虑了移质不和饱和输移、非均匀沙推移质输移及床沙级配的调整。在求解水流泥沙运动方程时，采用控制体和只法及动边界技术，对水流速度场、悬移质浓度场及河床变形进行了数值模拟。该模型采用正交曲线网格来克服天然河道边界形状复杂、长度尺度相差悬殊以及由于水位波动引起计算边变化等等困     

航道整治工程泥沙数学模型的构造及计算方法

建立了正交曲线坐标系下二维紊流全沙数学模型，水流模型采用紊动动能和紊动耗散率闭合雷诺方程，把悬移质输沙概化为单纯淤积、单纯冲刷和淤粗冲细三种情况，依据悬沙与床沙交换机理建立了挟沙能力和非均匀沙分组挟沙能力的表达式．在水流输运及分组含沙量输运方程的离散过程中，采用守衡性较好的控制体积法和SIMPLEC计算程式，以提高计算稳定性和加快收敛．本模型对复杂条件的河床适应性较强，为平面二维长河段的河床变形计算进一步创造了条件．     

引黄灌区非均匀沙运动数学模型研究

泥沙问题是制约引黄灌区可持续发展的重要因素，灌渠的规划设计阶段和日常的运行管理中都需要掌握渠道的泥沙冲淤情况。本文根据一维水流非均匀沙运动方程，结合灌区灌溉特点和测量资料情况作了概化处理，建立了适合于灌区的非均匀沙冲淤计算的数学模型。模型中考虑渠系沿程的分水分沙和冲淤交换，将断面流量按渠段划分并计算，悬移质泥沙按粒径分组计算，根据分组水流挟沙力和非均匀悬移质不平衡输沙公式计算泥沙含沙量。模型采用山东簸箕李灌区的实测资料进行验证，表明模型可用于预测不同来水来沙条件下非均匀沙在渠道内的运动淤积分布情况。     

泥沙起动流速的随机分析

泥沙起动流速是河流泥沙动力学基本概念之一,对泥沙运动及河床冲淤变形研究有着重要意义.天然河流中的泥沙运动多处在紊流状态下,其影响因素极其复杂,具有显著的随机性.本文在总结前人研究成果的基础上,从流体力学层面论述了以作用于泥沙颗粒上的局部流速表示泥沙起动流速的合理性,进一步拓展分析,指出了以往公式的不足,给出了以局部点流速表示的包括散粒体与粘性颗粒在内的全沙起动流速公式,继而与各家公式作了对比;基于随机理论,给出了泥沙普遍动、少量动、个别动的判据,并将均值流速概率化,扩展了泥沙颗粒起动的范围与认知.     

长江源曲麻莱段河床沉积物分布特征

基于长江源通天河曲麻莱河段河床沉积物测量和分析,通过各参数的统计及对比,探讨沉积物粒度的基本特性及时空分布规律。结果表明:取样河段沉积物以沙砾石为主,由跃移质和悬移质成分组成,无滚动沉积,粒度参数和频率分布曲线特征显示长江源曲麻莱段河床沉积物分选较差,自然分布频率曲线多为双峰,是较典型的河流动力沉积物。而阶地沉积物则为多峰,分选差,应为河流与冰川共同作用的结果;同一断面河槽附近沉积物粒径较粗,与水流动力分布一致;洲滩沉积物粒径的垂向分布呈现粗细交替的基本规律,可反映不同历史时期河道水文节律以及青藏高原气候的定性变化。沉积物粒度的垂向分布可以为河流历史形态复原和水力反演提供基本数据。     

基于二维泥沙颗粒的相对隐蔽度初步研究

绝对隐蔽度和相对隐蔽度是泥沙颗粒隐蔽度研究中的2大派别。针对韩其为定义的二维泥沙颗粒相对隐蔽度,给出了统计意义上的宽级配非均匀沙颗粒相对隐蔽度的计算式,对该式的物理意义进行了讨论,并提出了基于泥沙相对隐蔽度的宽级配非均匀沙中“大颗粒”、“小颗粒”、“中等颗粒”的概念。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ABSORPTION OF OIL BY SEDIMENT IN WATER

The absorption behaviour of emulsified oil by sediment (include loess) is studied by experiment. The absorption equation and the relations of absorption capacity with sediment concentration, grain size, salt concentration and temperature are analyzed. The absorbing reaction kinetics process is also studied. The absorption of emulsified oil by sediment in rivers is agreed with the Langmuir-Freundlich absorption equation. Experimental data shows that the larger the equilibrium oil concentration and the salt concentration , the more the absorption capacity. The absorption capacity increases immensely with grain size and temperature reduction.     

A physical,movable-bed model for non-uniform sediment transport,fluvial erosion and bank failure in rivers

Sediment transport processes in rivers continue to pose a challenge when designing movable-bed physical models, particularly for reproducing the grain sorting and bank erosion (fluvial erosion and mass failure). This paper presents and discusses scale effects of a specific scaling approach for multi-grain size mixtures that preserves similarity of initial motion for each grain size class and of the bank stability coefficient between the model and the prototype, but relaxes strict similarity of the Shields and particle Reynolds numbers. This approach is appropriate when bed load transport near incipient motion conditions is being studied, and allows for larger grain size scales than when full Shields parameter similarity is enforced. As part of an environmental project to rehabilitate sediment transport through bank erosion, this method has been applied to scale a Froude number criterion physical model of a reach of the Old Rhine (France). This has resulted in an undistorted scale of 40, and the use of sand as the model bank material. Each grain size has a different geometrical scale. The time scale for sediment motion is grain size and flow discharge dependent. An average time scale of 6 has therefore been used (four model hours = one prototype day). A strategy devised for the field case consists of two higher, larger island groynes that replace the three existing groynes, producing bank erosion for flow rates below the mean annual flow rate. Extrapolation of model behaviour to the prototype is not a major problem, but the volume of eroded bank material may be underestimated, mainly because of the relaxation of the Shields number similarity and the apparent cohesive properties of the model bank material.     

巴家嘴水库来水来沙特性与水库泥沙数学模型设计

巴家嘴水库位于高含沙的蒲河上,来水来沙具有山区河流、黄土高原的双重特性.洪水暴涨暴落,峰高、量小、历时短,洪水含沙量高,小洪水带大沙是巴家嘴水库入库洪水的显著特点.在建立水库泥沙冲淤计算数学模型时应给予充分考虑.本文通过对巴家嘴水库来水来沙特性的认真剖析,终结以往巴家嘴水库设计中教训,提出建立水库泥沙冲淤计算数学模型时,时间步长对计算结果又较大的影响,不同的来水来沙特性对时间步长的要求是不同的,山区高含沙河流,洪峰尖瘦,洪水期含沙量高,数学模型设计时,时间步长应采用洪水期实测时同步长.