对集中供暖分户热计量几个问题的认识

集中供暖住宅的分户热计量 ,已进入具体实施阶段。虽然出台了一些规范、标准、规程和规定 ,并试点 ,观念上已经完整和技术上已经成熟 ,但正视各种难点并谨慎地加以处理 ,纠正对集中供暖分户热计量认识的一些误区 ,本文着重对若干问题进行了探讨     

分户热计量在建筑节能中的应用

介绍分户热计量的意义及在建筑节能中对系统提出的要求及在节能推广中的一些问题.     

集中供热系统热计量表的标定程序设计

随着人民生活水平提高，集中供热的收费已商品化，热计量表的使用正在普及，热计量表的准确性是关键，热计量表的标定程序设计是对热计量表进行标定的手段之一。     

对既有住宅楼实施分户热计量改造方案的探讨

本文从既有住宅楼采暖现状、分户热计量的重要性、改造的基本方法等方面入手,提出了几种既有住宅楼实施分户热计量的改造方案,同时对采暖系统相关材料、设备的选择及对既有住宅楼采暖改造中应注意的问题进行了论述。     

既有建筑采暖系统热计量方式的研究

本文针对既有建筑采暖系统的特点，根据电子式计量仪表的工作原理，分析了管道散热对测量结果的影响，探讨了如何在保证测量精度的条件下，减少温度传感器的问题，研究结果表明，利用较少的水温敏感元件，对单管顺流式采暖系统房间供热量计算，是完全可行的，无跨越管的单管顺流式采暖系统，进出水温敏感元件可减少40％，带跨越管的水平式采暖系统，温度传感器的数量可以减少30％，这不但减少设备投资，而且减少安装工程量。     

城镇住宅供暖、供冷系统改造与发展趋势分析

目前北方现有住宅采暖仍以单管顺流式的供暖系统为主,尚有较重的计量收费、节能的改造任务,本文给出了多种改造方案,分别指出了其优缺点和适用范围;在南方地区住宅供冷系统现采用房间电空调器和集中空调,本文对其优缺点加以分析;并指出今后城镇住宅供暖、供冷形式的未来趋势。     

分户热计量供暖住宅户间传热温差

采用数值求解方法，分析了在逐时室外气温条件下，北京地区外保温高层住宅典型房间在采用分室调节时，室温和户间传热温差随时间变化规律。为住宅分户热计量供暖系统设计热负荷的确定和供暖设备选择提供供了依据，也为分户热计量供暖收费和建筑保温及防治露措施研究提供参考依据。     

单户式供暖与热水供应共用系统的研究

分析现有的供暖和热水供应系统出现的问题；提出一种可以实现热计量和热调控、同时供暖和供应热水的新型供热系统型式，对其进行结构设计，并阐述其主要功能和特点。     

燃气锅炉集中供暖监控系统设计

采用了一种供热管网多点测控系统的设计原理和实现方法,针对用户可自我调节温度的集中供热要求进行了自动控制系统设计.该系统能够根据室外温度和用户热量进行自动控制.     

燃气锅炉集中供暖监控系统设计

采用了一种热管网多点测控系统的设计原理和实现方法,针对用户可自我调节温度的集中供热要求进行了自动控制系统设计。该系统能够根据室外温度和用户用热量进行自动控制。     

欧洲采暖热计量述评

本文从供暖热计量的供热收费法规,热费收缴机构和服务体系,热费分摊的方法,热费收缴信息传输管理系统四个方面介绍了欧洲的供暖热计量情况,这些成功经验对我国供暖收费制度的改革有很大的参考价值。     

Achievements and suggestions of heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit for existing residential buildings in northern heating regions of China

In order to promote energy efficiency and emission reduction, the importance of improving building energy efficiency received sufficient attention from Chinese Government. The heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit for existing residential buildings of 0.15 billion m² in northern heating regions of China was initiated in 2007 and completed successfully at the end of 2010. This article introduced the background and outline of the retrofit project during the period of 11th five-year plan. Numerous achievements that received by retrofit such as environmental protection effect, improvement of indoor environment, improvement of heating system, investment guidance effect, promotion of relevant industries and increasing chances of employment were concluded. Valuable experience that acquired from the retrofit project during the period of 11th five-year plan was also summarized in this article. By analyzing the main problems emerged in the past, pertinent suggestions were put forward to promote a larger scale and more efficient retrofit project in the period of 12th five-year plan.     

地源热泵结合地板辐射供暖系统在东北地区的应用前景

将地源热泵与地板辐射采暖相结合用于东北地区供暖,末端实行分户热计量。该系统不仅节能环保,而且有利于加快供热体制改革的步伐。     

Heat prices for public buildings in Tianjin

Energy-saving awareness of heat users and heating enterprises can be stimulated by implementing heat metering for public buildings and by establishing scientific and reasonable policies for heat prices in China. In this paper, a two-part heat price for public buildings in Tianjin is introduced, which divides the heat price into a basic part and a metering part. According to the statistical analysis of information collected from two pilot heating enterprises, the specific heat load for public buildings in Tianjin is calculated, and three candidate schemes of heat price are proposed. A simulation of heat cost is also conducted, and the benefits for both heat users and heating enterprises are balanced. Finally, the two-part heat price for public buildings in Tianjin is determined: the basic heat price is recommended to be 20 CNY/m², and the metering heat price is recommended to be 76.10 CNY/GJ. Such a price could be implemented in the initial stage of heat metering for public buildings in Tianjin.     

Optimisation of a Swedish district heating system with reduced heat demand due to energy efficiency measures in residential buildings

The development towards more energy efficient buildings, as well as the expansion of district heating (DH) networks, is generally considered to reduce environmental impact. But the combined effect of these two progressions is more controversial. A reduced heat demand (HD) due to higher energy efficiency in buildings might hamper co-production of electricity and DH. In Sweden, co-produced electricity is normally considered to displace electricity from less efficient European condensing power plants. In this study, a potential HD reduction due to energy efficiency measures in the existing building stock in the Swedish city Linköping is calculated. The impact of HD reduction on heat and electricity production in the Linköping DH system is investigated by using the energy system optimisation model MODEST. Energy efficiency measures in buildings reduce seasonal HD variations. Model results show that HD reductions primarily decrease heat-only production. The electricity-to-heat output ratio for the system is increased for HD reductions up to 30%. Local and global CO₂ emissions are reduced. If co-produced electricity replaces electricity from coal-fired condensing power plants, a 20% HD reduction is optimal for decreasing global CO₂ emissions in the analysed DH system.     

分户计量改造后散热器流量对散热量影响变化分析

以烟台市三高校小区节能改造工程为例,阐述了既有住宅建筑供暖分户计量节能的改造过程,通过增加旁通管和温控阀,采暖系统由改造前的单管顺流式变为单管跨越式,随着进入散热器的流量发生变化,散热量有所增加。通过一个供暖期的运行证明,该系统能够有效地调节室内温度,节能效果达到预期的目标。     

Technology line and case analysis of heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit of existing residential buildings in Northern heating areas of China

The building area in northern heating areas accounting for 70% of the total land area in China is 6,500,000,000 m². The average heating energy consumption in northern China is 100–200% times more than developed countries in the same latitude. This paper introduced firstly the heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit background of existing residential buildings in northern heating areas of China organized by mohurd and MOF, and then put forward the total principle and contents of retrofit. Through analyzing some retrofit cases in Germany, Poland and China, some technological experiences were summarized and finally a technology line suitable for heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit of existing residential buildings in northern heating areas of China which involved retrofit for heat metering and temperature regulation of heating systems, heat balance of heat source and network, and building envelope was described to provide a systematic, scientific, technological guide for the retrofit projects of 0.15 billion m² in “the Eleventh Five-Year Plan” period.     

集中供热直供式热网存在的问题和建议

热电厂低真空运行直接向热网供热，效益最好，但随着热网负荷增大，会影响供热的稳定性。因此提出适时向间接供热的转换问题。     

Check and evaluation system on heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit of existing residential buildings in northern heating areas of china based on multi-index comprehensive evaluation method

Heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit of existing residential buildings in northern heating areas of China is organized and implemented in a large scale by local government in 15 provinces of North China with the unified guidance and control of central government. Firstly, this paper introduced the target of energy-saving reformation of existing residential buildings in North China and the importance of check and evaluation on this target, then pointed out the necessity of building up an evaluation system for energy-saving retrofit. According to the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), three-grade evaluation system was built up for heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit of existing residential buildings in northern heating areas of China. Also, based on multi-index comprehensive evaluation method combined with life cycle assessment (LCA) theory, post-evaluation thought and successful degree evaluation method, a mathematical model was established. Finally, a set of scientific method for evaluating heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit of existing residential buildings in northern heating areas of China systematically, scientifically, comprehensively and objectively was created.     

热管技术与建筑节能(Ⅰ)--热管节能应用

考察建筑能流特征，热管换热技术在建筑热回收及节能中具有较好的技术适用性；对暖通空调、太阳能利用、地热能利用、低品位废热利用等热管节能的途径和形式作了系统分析，为实际工程应用提供方法论指导。