含碘水折点加氯过程中消毒副产物的生成影响机制

文中重点考察含碘水折点加氯过程中消毒副产物(DBPs)的生成特性,包括常规含碳类DBPs(C-DBPs)和新型含氮类DBPs(N-DBPs)。旨在通过探索不同碘离子浓度(I^-)、溴碘摩尔比(Br^-/I^-)、天然有机物(NOM)浓度以及pH条件下C-DBPs和N-DBPs的生成趋势,寻求一种最佳的氯投加方式,从而减少消毒副产物的生成。试验研究结果表明,当水中只存在I^-时,沿折点加氯曲线生成的C-DBPs和N-DBPs主要是三氯甲烷(TCM)和二氯乙腈(DCAN),且随着加氯量的增加,TCM和DCAN生成浓度均逐渐增加,折点以后浓度增加更明显。当加氯量一定时,随着I^-浓度的升高,TCM和DCAN生成量反而略有下降。而当水中同时含有Br^-、I^-时,折点加氯过程中会额外产生多种具有更高细胞毒性的溴代C-DBPs[二溴一氯甲烷(DBCM)、一氯二溴甲烷(CDBM)和三溴甲烷(TBM)]和溴代N-DBPs[一溴一氯乙腈(BCAN)和二溴乙腈(DBAN)]。随着Br^-/I^-增加,TBM和DBAN浓度逐渐升高并成为主要DBPs。随着NOM浓度升高,TCM和DCAN生成量增大并逐渐饱和。pH不仅会影响折点加氯过程中氯形态变化,还会影响DBPs的生成,其中pH值=6.0时TCM生成量最少,pH值=8.0时DCAN生成量最少。     

顺序氯化消毒对微污染原水消毒副产物控制研究

针对某市备用微污染水源水,研究了在短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序氯化消毒工艺下的消毒副产物生成特性,并探究了消毒方式、加氨转化时间、氯胺比和p H对消毒副产物(DBPs)生成量的影响。结果表明,顺序氯化组合工艺能够大大降低消毒过程中目标含碳消毒副产物(C-DBPs)和含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)的生成量,优化的加氨转化时间应控制在30 min内,适宜的氯氮质量比在1/5~1/3;组合工艺中产生的C-DBPs和N-DBPs受p H的影响较复杂,由短时游离氯和转氨后氯胺消毒两部分组成,前者DBPs生成量随p H的升高而增加,后者随p H的升高而降低,整体工艺随p H的升高由前10 min自由氯对DBPs生成量的贡献越大。     

紫外-高级氧化法处理天然有机物的研究进展

水环境中的天然有机物(NOM)含量约为总有机碳含量的一半,含有大量的醌基、羧基、羰基、氨基等基团,导致水体可生化性很差.NOM能够与氯和金属离子结合生成消毒副产物(DBPs)及其它毒性更大的污染物,对环境产生巨大威胁.紫外-高级氧化法(UV-AOPs)能有效去除NOM,减少DBPs的生成,对控制水处理过程中NOM造成的...     

青草沙原水不同亲疏水组分氯化过程中的有机氯胺生成与转化特性

有机氯胺是由水中溶解性有机氮类物质经氯(胺)化消毒后,其氨基上的H被Cl取代后生成的一类消毒衍生物。有机氯胺是一种氯(胺)化消毒过程中的中间产物,是其它毒性更大的消毒副产物(DBPs)的前体物。本研究通过对比青草沙原水中不同亲疏水组分氯化过程中有机氯胺的生成情况,探明了有机氯胺的前体物组成特性,同时明晰了各组分产生的有机氯胺与后续产生的新兴含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)的转化关系。研究发现青草沙原水中弱疏水性物质最易生成有机氯胺,最大浓度为1.18 mg/L;随氯化反应进行,有机氯胺浓度与N-DBPs生成浓度总体成反比;强疏水性物质生成N-DBPs最多,主要为二溴一氯硝基甲烷(DBCNM),最大浓度为87.22μg/L。     

饮用水新型N-DBPs类别及毒理学评价

基于国外最新文献,系统划分了新近发现的饮用水含氮消毒副产物(N一DBPs).包括卤代乙腈(HANs)、亚硝胺(以亚硝基二甲胺为代表,简称NDMA)和卤代硝基甲烷(HNMs)三大类物质.详细归纳了各N-DBPs的毒理性质,并将N-DBPs的慢性细胞毒性、急性遗传毒性以及致癌性与三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤乙酸(HAAs)等饮用水常见DBPs进行对比,发现HANs和HNMs的慢性细胞毒性以及急性遗传毒性均远高于HAAs,NDMA的致癌性也远高于THMs和HAAs,饮用水N-DBPs亟待进一步研究.最后展望了今后的研究方向.     

饮用水消毒副产物生物毒性与调控策略的研究

饮用水消毒可以有效除去病毒、细菌等有害微生物,但消毒剂会与水中的有机物反应生成多种消毒副产物(DBPs),危害人类健康。基于对消毒副产物种类、生成及污染现状的探讨,归纳总结了DBPs的典型生物毒性及其毒性作用机制。为有效防控DBPs环境风险,深入探讨了针对去除DBPs前体物、优化消毒剂及消毒过程、DBPs毒性的调控策略。最后对DBPs生物毒性作用机制及调控策略的研究进行了展望,为DBPs污染防治提供理论与技术支持。     

原水天然有机物化学特性与消毒副产物关系

原水氯消毒过程中,氯会与水中的天然有机物(NOM)反应,生成三卤甲烷、卤乙酸等消毒副产物(DBPs).为了选择有效的饮用水净化工艺,控制消毒副产物的生成,研究天然有机物的化学特性及与消毒副产物的关系,是十分必要的.在总结NOM相似组分化学分离方法的基础上,概括了不同水源中NOM及各组分溶解性有机砌(DOC)的含量,对消毒副产物的贡献,化学组成以及可能生成DBPs的化学结构.不同水源中NOM及各组分DOC含量不同,相同组分对消毒副产物的贡献也有很大的差别,且NOM各组分的化学组成有一定的重叠,对生成DBPs的化学结构需继续研究.     

巢湖水中溶解性有机物分子大小分布、亲疏水性与消毒副产物的生成势

以微污染巢湖原水为研究对象,考察了原水中溶解性有机物(DOM)的分子大小分布模式和亲疏水性分子组成规律,并对其氯化消毒副产物(DBPs)的生成潜能进行了系统研究。巢湖原水中的DOM主要以小分子的形式存在。亲疏水性组分的分布为:强疏水组分占43.48%,弱疏水组分占17.39%,亲水组分占39.13%。在微污染巢湖原水有机物中,分子大小(MS)1 kDa和10~30kDa的组分具有最大的三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤代酮(HKs)等含碳消毒副产物(C-DBPs)生成潜能;同时,MS为5~10 kDa的有机物具有较高的二氯乙腈(DCAN)和三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)等含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)生成潜能。不同亲疏水性组分的THMs和HKs生成潜能从大到小依次均为强疏水组分亲水组分弱疏水组分。同时,强疏水组分生成最多的N-DBPS,弱疏水组分次之,而亲水组分最少。     

臭氧-上向流生物活性炭工艺运行参数的优化

以典型含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)——二氯乙腈(DCAN)和二氯乙酰胺(DCAM)前体物的去除为目标,综合考虑浑浊度、CODMn、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、溶解性有机氮(DON)等指标的去除效果.通过调整臭氧投加量、上升流速、反冲洗周期、反冲洗时间4个因素,研究臭氧-上向流生物活性炭(O3-UBAC)工艺对典型N-DB...     

微污染水库原水的消毒副产物控制

上海市南汇自来水厂从青草沙水库取水,原水加氯后在输送途中反应生成的消毒副产物(DBPs)使得原有处理技术和工艺难以达到上海市的新版地方标准DB31/T 1091—2018,为此,需要进行研究改进DBPs的控制方法和工艺。试验以水厂原水为研究对象,分析活性炭的吸附、多点加氯等工艺对消毒副产物生成的影响,同时研究了温度与消毒副产物产生的关系。研究发现,投加粉末活性炭15~20 mg/L后,三卤甲烷(THMs)的控制效果明显,即使加氯量达到3 mg/L,THMs也不超过0.15mg/L。多点加氯可以有效降低前期加氯造成的消毒副产物生成量,水温升高使得余氯量明显降低,从而影响消毒副产物的生成量。消毒后的水样中三氯甲烷浓度约为其他组分的一倍,控制三氯甲烷的生成是控制THMs的关键。本研究推荐采用添加粉末活性炭、控制水温夏天方法来削减南汇自来水厂出水中THMs的总量,研究也为自来水厂消毒副产物的控制提供了实操性的建议和技术依据。     

Quantification of Phospholipids Classes in Human Milk

Phospholipids are integral constituents of the milk fat globule membranes and they play a central role in infants’ immune and inflammatory responses. A methodology employing liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detector has been optimized and validated to quantify the major phospholipids classes in human milk. Phospholipids were extracted using chloroform and methanol and separated on C18 column. Repeatability, intermediate reproducibility, and recovery values were calculated and a large sample set of human milk analyzed. In human milk, phospholipid classes were quantified at concentrations of 0.6 mg/100 g for phosphatidylinositol; 4.2 mg/100 g for phosphatidylethanolamine, 0.4 mg/100 g for phosphatidylserine, 2.8 mg/100 g for phosphatidylcholine, and 4.6 mg/100 g for sphingomyelin. Their relative standard deviation of repeatability and intermediate reproducibility values ranging between 0.8 and 13.4 % and between 2.4 and 25.7 %, respectively. The recovery values ranged between 67 and 112 %. Finally, the validated method was used to quantify phospholipid classes in human milk collected from 50 volunteers 4 weeks postpartum providing absolute content of these lipids in a relatively large cohort. The average content of total phospholipids was 23.8 mg/100 g that corresponds to an estimated mean intake of 140 mg phospholipids/day in a 4-week old infant when exclusively breast-fed.     

The hydration of reactive cement-in-polymer dispersions studied by nuclear magnetic resonance

The behaviour of two novel cement-in-polymer (c/p) dispersions, namely cement-in-poly(vinyl acetate) and cement-in-poly(vinyl alcohol) upon exposure to water at room temperature was investigated by a combination of various NMR methods. The swelling, cracking, and the water ingress were monitored non-destructively using ¹H single point imaging. The hydration of the cement matrix was investigated using ²⁹Si NMR whilst ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra allowed the quantification of the kinetics of the hydrolysis reaction of poly(vinyl acetate) into poly(vinyl alcohol). The polymer controls the rate of water ingress and swelling which in turn determines the behaviour of the c/p dispersions upon exposure to water. For the cement-in-poly(vinyl alcohol), the rates of water ingress and swelling are much faster than the hydration of the clinker whilst for the cement-in-poly(vinyl acetate) the slow rates of the two processes allow the formation of a cementious matrix which assures the stability of the sample.     

Design and function of novel superplasticizers for more durable high performance concrete (superplast project)

In this article we shall describe our quest and ultimate success in furthering our understanding of the action of superplasticizers on the rheology of cement and concrete. By specifically producing superplasticizers with varied architectures, we have been able to show the important structural features of the macromolecules that lead to a successful superplasticizer or water reducing agent. Both polycarboxylate and lignosulfonate polymers have been investigated. Using both non-reactive model MgO powders, three different types of cement blends, the adsorption behaviour and the effect on the rheological properties of these two important superplasticizer families have been used to further develop a conceptual model for superplasticizer — cement behaviour. This paper will deal mainly with the conceptual model, the materials and methods used to asses the polymer adsorption behaviour and rheological properties of the systems studied. We shall briefly describe the adsorption of the polymers onto the different surfaces and their influence on surface charge and rheology and the influence of the various ionic species found in cement pore solutions that may influence polymer-cement affinity. The key factors are shown to be the effective adsorbed polymer thickness and the induced surface charge which can be influenced by the polymer architecture, the pore solution composition and the initial particle surface charge.     

Interactions between shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRA) and cement paste's pore solution

Shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRA) have been developed to combat shrinkage cracking in concrete elements. While SRA has been shown to have significant benefits in reducing the magnitude of drying and autogenous shrinkage, it has been reported that SRA may cause a negative side effect as it reduces the rate of cement hydration and strength development in concrete. To examine the influence of SRA on cement hydration, this study explores the interactions between SRA and cement paste's pore solution. It is described that SRA is mainly composed of amphiphilic (i.e., surfactant) molecules that when added to an aqueous solution, accumulate at the solution-air interface and can significantly reduce the interfacial tension. However, these surfactants can also self-aggregate in the bulk solution (i.e., micellation) and this may limit the surface tension reduction capacity of SRA. In synthetic pore solutions, SRA is observed to form an oil-water-surfactant emulsion that may or may not be stable. Specifically, at concentrations above a critical threshold, the mixture of SRA and pore fluid is unstable and can separate into two distinct phases (an SRA-rich phase and an SRA-dilute phase). Further, chemical analysis of extracted pore solutions shows that addition of SRA to the mixing water depresses the dissolution of alkalis in the pore fluid. This results in a pore fluid with lower alkalinity which causes a reduction in the rate of cement hydration. This may explain why concrete containing SRA shows a delayed setting and a slower strength development.     

The influence of water removal techniques on the composition and microstructure of hardened cement pastes

The removal of water from hardened cement paste for analysis or to arrest ongoing hydration has been reported to affect the composition of hydrated phases and microstructure. The effect that arresting the hydration of hardened cement paste by replacing the pore water with acetone before drying, and by removing the water by freeze, vacuum and oven drying has on the hardened cement paste has been investigated. Two pastes were studied, a cemented iron hydroxide floc where a high proportion of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) had been replaced by pulverised fuel ash, and a pure hydrated OPC. The results showed that none of the water removal techniques caused any major deterioration in the composition and microstructure of the hardened cement pastes studied, but the pores appeared better preserved after arresting hydration using acetone quenching. Freeze drying appeared to cause more cracking of the microstructure than the other water removal techniques.     

Study of the hydration of CaO powder by gas–solid reaction

Hydration of CaO powders by reaction with water vapor has been studied in isothermal and isobaric conditions. Experimental tests were performed within the temperature range of 70 °C–420 °C and with a water vapor pressure from 5 to 160 hPa by means of a thermogravimetric device. Two powders, exhibiting slight differences in their physical properties, were studied. However, for one of the powders and under some temperature and pressure conditions, the reaction is not complete. The difference of behavior between both CaO powders was interpreted by considering the effect of the morphological properties on the mechanism of growth of Ca(OH)₂.     

2-(2'-咪唑偶氮)萘酚-4-磺酸的合成及其分析性质的研究

合成了新显色剂咪唑偶氮－２－萘酚－４－磺酸（ＩＡＮ－４Ｓ）,研究了试剂的离解常数及其与金属离子的显色反应。     

Influence of bleed water reabsorption on cement paste autogenous deformation

The effects of bleed water reabsorption and subsequent early age expansion on observed autogenous deformation are investigated in this research. Bleeding was induced by varying superplasticizer and shrinkage-reducing admixture dosages and by increasing the water-to-cement ratio. This research revealed that significant early age expansion occurs with increasing chemical admixture dosages and higher water-to-cement ratios, as expected, due to increasing bleeding of those samples. When samples were rotated, negligible early age expansion was observed. Thus, bleed water reabsorption is shown to be the primary mechanism causing initial expansion in sealed autogenous deformation samples. Thermal dilation and ettringite growth appear to have a minimal influence on the observed expansion. Rotating the samples during setting eliminates the potential for bleed water reabsorption and is recommended for all autogenous deformation testing.     

Comparison between surface and bulk hydrophobic treatment against corrosion of galvanized reinforcing steel in concrete

The effectiveness of bulk hydrophobic treatment against corrosion of galvanized steel reinforcement in concrete specimens with w/c = 0.45 and w/c = 0.75 was compared with that of surface treatment, even in the presence of cracks 0.5 and 1 mm wide in the concrete cover. In this case surface hydrophobic treatments were applied both before and after cracking as a preventive and a restorative method against reinforced concrete deterioration, respectively. The obtained results in terms of water absorption, electrochemical measurements, chlorides penetration, and visual observations carried out on reinforced concrete specimens during the exposure to wet–dry cycles in 10% NaCl solution showed that bulk hydrophobization is the most effective treatment in improving the corrosion resistance of galvanized steel reinforcements in concrete also in the presence of cracks. Surface hydrophobization is very effective just in the first few exposure cycles to the aggressive environment and when used as a restorative method which is able to cancel the deleterious effect of cracks only 0.5 mm wide.     

Effect of plasma treatment of polymeric tape carriers on wetting behaviour of aqueous ceramic tape casting slurry

Due to environmental and health aspects, aqueous ceramic slurries are preferred to traditional organic solvent systems in tape casting. An important obstacle associated with the high surface energy of water is poor wetting of aqueous ceramic slurries on polymeric tape carriers. Therefore, we measured the contact angles of an aqueous epoxy-based ceramic slurry on polyethylene terephtalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and aluminium-coated polyethylene terephtalate (PET-Al) films and investigated approaches to improving their wetting. We evaluated the effect of plasma treatment of the tape carrier surface on the wetting behaviour and compared it with the effect of adding non-ionic amphiphilic surfactants to the ceramic slurry. The treatment of the tape carrier surface by low-temperature plasma substantially improved the wetting behaviour of aqueous ceramic slurry. The lowest contact angle of 31° was obtained on the PET film. Although the addition of non-ionic surfactants improved both the wetting behaviour of the slurry and the detachment of the polymeric carrier from the ceramic tape even better than the plasma treatment of the carrier surface did, the plasma-treated carriers still present a useful alternative to the surfactants. In the case of the plasma-treated PET carrier the surfactants could be fully eliminated and potential drawbacks related to the use of surfactants could be prevented.