驱油用表面活性剂的研究进展

介绍了表面活性剂驱提高采收率机理,以及驱油用表面活性剂研究现状。重点介绍了改性碱木质素、石油磺酸盐、烷基苯磺酸盐、混合羧酸盐等油田应用最广泛的几种表面活性剂,指出表面活性剂驱面临的问题及发展趋势。     

辽河油田欢50块表面活性剂／碱驱油研究

辽河油田欢５０ 块为低渗透油藏,孔隙度小,岩性致密,地层温度高,原油含蜡量高,凝固点高,导致生产时产量下降快,产能低,采出程度低。针对生产中的问题,进行了碱／ 表面活性剂复合驱提高原油采收率的研究。通过研究复合体系溶液与欢５０ 块原油的界面张力、复合体系溶液的长期热稳定性,从７ 种表面活性剂中筛选出既能降低油水界面张力,又能适应该油藏９９℃高温的表面活性剂,并研究了该表面活性剂和碱形成的复合体系在欢５０ 块油砂上的吸附以及复合体系溶液驱油效率。该体系在９９ ℃时能大幅度降低欢５０块原油的油水界面张力（达０．０１ ｍＮ／ｍ 以下） , 并具有很高的驱替效率,水驱后注入复合体系段塞,平均采收率达６５．２４ ％ ,相对于水驱,提高采收率平均为１８．４％ 。并运用核磁共振成像技术研究复合体系溶液的驱油机理,复合体系注入前后核磁共振成像结果表明,复合驱能提高驱替效率,在复合体系前缘形成富集油带,对进一步采出水驱剩余油明显有效。     

表面活性剂增效碱驱中表面活性剂之间的协同效应

本文考虑了在碱（Ｎａ２ＣＯ３）性条件下表面活性剂之间在界面张力性质、耐盐性及驱油效率等方面的协同效应。实验结果表明，阴离子表面活性剂（石油磺酸盐）与非离子表面活性剂之间的复配，除在界面张力性质方面显现出比石油磺酸盐之间更好的协同效应外，石油磺酸盐在较高矿化度下的溶解性也获得根本改善，能够顺利通过孔隙介质并获得较高的驱油效率，长期放置亦无沉淀发生，为热力学稳定体系。     

前苏联的表面活性剂稀体系驱油

本文介绍了前苏联非离子型表面活性剂稀体系驱油的历史、现状、使用药剂、室内研究的课题、矿场试验情况和效果,讨论了一些典型实例。     

表面活性剂驱的驱油机理与应用

通过对表面活性剂分子在油水界面的作用特征、水驱后残余油的受力情况以及表面活性剂对残余油受力状况影响的分析,对表面活性剂的驱油机理进行了评述。根据对国内驱油用表面活性剂研究现状的分析,结合目前开展的研究工作,认为开发研制廉价、高效表面活性剂是开展表面活性剂驱油及其相关驱油技术的关键,并对表面活性剂及其相关驱油技术的应用前景进行了展望。     

混合表面活性剂在化学驱油中的性质研究

1．1混合表面活性剂胶束生成的理论模型 （1）Clint的理想溶液模型。经推导有如下常用公式：     

驱油用表面活性剂

一、前言 表面活性剂是一类具有两亲结构的特殊化学物质，它们能够吸附在表（界）面上，在加入量很少时即可显著改变表（界）面的物理化学性质，从而产生一系列的应用功能。表面活性剂分子结构由亲水基和疏水基（也称亲油基）两部分组成。其中，亲油基一般由长链烃基构成，结构上差异较小，以碳氢基团为主，碳原子在8～20之间；亲水基部分的基团种类繁多，差别较大，一般为带电的离子基团和不带电的极性基团。表面活性剂被称作“工业味精”，可以用于洗涤、润滑、食品、化妆品、农业、采油等多个行业，多个领域。在油田作业中，表面活性剂可用于油田钻井、采油和集输环节。用于采油时，能够做驱油剂、堵水剂、酸化用添加剂、降粘剂和降凝剂以及油井的清蜡和防蜡。目前，表面活性剂驱油主要是用于各种化学驱油方法中。     

新型驱油用表面活性剂天然混合羧酸盐

本文是一篇专论,介绍了天然混合羧酸盐的原料（油脂下脚料）界面活性及抗二价离子的能力,简述了ＡＳＰ三元复合驱油体系配方筛选方法,介绍了针对我国不同酸值原油研制的含天然混合羧酸盐的３个ＡＳＰ曲型配方。     

碱—表面活性剂—聚合物驱油技术提高原油采收率

碱、表面活性剂和聚合物都是高效的驱油剂，复配的优势在于既发挥单一驱油剂的长处，又可使其产生协同效应，获得更好的驱油效果。现场试验证明：碱－表面活性剂－聚合物（ＡＳＰ）驱油技术能采出部分剩余油，并大幅度提高采油采收率。文章讨论ＡＳＰ驱油技术的工作原理，先导试验和现场应用情况及其经济效益分析。     

表面活性剂／聚合物驱油的基本原理

自从1950年以来，对表面活性剂／聚合物驱油提高采收率工艺进行了大量研究工作，至六十年代中期才对此首次加以披露。根据特定应用的细微区别，该工艺从广义上来讲系指微乳状液、胶束、低张力或表面活性溶液驱油。最近的研究和矿场试验清楚地表明，聚合物溶液应作为流度缓冲液加注到表面活性溶液段塞之后，所说的表面活性溶液／聚合物驱油工艺是该技术的一种比较通用的描述性名称。本文论述相态特性、表面活性溶液段塞稳定性、前置液、表面吸附、界面张力、流度设计和控制等概念。     

三元复合驱中乳化作用对提高采收率的影响

评价了不同机械搅拌力、不同含水率条件下,碱、表面活性剂、聚合物溶液与原油间的乳化能力,研究了这种三元复合驱过程中形成的乳化液类型及其稳定性,给出了油水比、化学剂类型、浓度、外力及其综合作用对产生乳化的影响程度。分析了大庆油田三元复合驱矿场试验中采出液产生乳化的原因。室内物理模拟实验表明,三元复合驱过程中产生的原油乳化作用是提高驱油效率、扩大波及体积的关键因素。     

A lysine amino acid-based surfactant: Application in enhanced oil recovery

Surfactants can play major role in increasing oil recovery factor through interfacial tension reduction. In the present study, a new synthetic method was used to prepare (S)-2-amino-6-dodecanamidohexanoic acid, an amino acid–based surfactant then it was applied as an oil recovery agent for the first time. The structure of this surfactant was studied using FTIR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The critical micelle concentration was found to be value is 0.4–0.5 wt% using surfactant solution conductivity, pH, and IFT methods. A 56.50% reduction of IFT was recorded using this environmentally friendly surfactant.     

表面活性剂驱乳化作用对提高采收率的影响

表面活性剂驱是高温高盐油藏提高原油采收率的重要技术措施,但其乳化作用对提高采收率的影响并未受到足够重视。为了分析濮城油田高温高盐油藏表面活性剂驱乳化作用对提高采收率的影响,通过对表面活性剂降低油水界面张力的性能评价,优选出2种表面活性剂YD-G1和SHY-1,用高矿化度的濮城油田现场注入水配制质量分数为0.3%的溶液,将其放入120℃恒温箱30 d后,油水界面张力仍能达到10-3mN/m的超低数量级,表明2种表面活性剂均具有良好的耐温抗盐性能。将2种表面活性剂与濮城油田脱水脱气原油配制成乳状液,在同等质量分数下YD-G1乳状液的析水率低于SHY-1,且液滴的平均粒径也更小,表明YD-G1溶液比SHY-1溶液的乳化能力强。驱油实验结果表明,YD-G1溶液比SHY-1溶液的驱油效果更佳,表明乳化作用是提高采收率的关键因素之一。通过室内实验优化设计,确定YD-G1溶液的最佳注入量为0.5倍孔隙体积,最佳注入质量分数为0.3%。     

用于三次采油的新型弱碱表面活性剂

以α-烯烃为初始原料,经过烷基化及磺化、中和,研制出了组分相对单一、结构合理的新型弱碱烷基苯磺酸盐表面活性剂.室内评价结果表明,这种表面活性剂具有良好的界面活性,配制的复合体系在较宽的表面活性剂浓度和碱浓度范围可与原油形成10^-3mN/m数量级的超低界面张力.同时,该表面活性剂对大庆油田不同区块、不同油层的油水条件有很强的适应性.另外,由于表面活性剂组成较为单一,可大大降低表面活性剂在地层中因吸附滞留而产生的色谱分离效应.室内天然岩心驱油实验表明,三元复合体系平均驱油效率可比水驱提高约20%.小井距三元复合驱矿场试验结果表明,三元复合驱比水驱提高采收率24.66%.这种表面活性剂为三元复合驱技术在大庆油田的工业化推广,特别是在二类油层的应用奠定了基础.     

Microemulsion flooding for enhanced oil recovery

Petroleum recovery methods basically consist of fluid injection aiming to displace the oil out of the rock pores. Among the methods used in enhanced oil recovery, chemical methods, which may involve microemulsion flooding, are cited. In this work, injection assays have been carried out with two types of microemulsion: one was prepared with a commercial surfactant (MCS) and another contained a surfactant synthesized in laboratory (MLS). The experiments basically consisted of the injection of fluids into cylindrical plug samples from the Assu Formation (RN, Brazil). During the microemulsion flooding, samples were collected as a function of time and the mass of oil recovered by the microemulsion was determined. From the results obtained, one could conclude that the use of microemulsion prepared with the commercial MCS allowed for recovery indices as high as 87.5%, whilst the use of the MLS microemulsion permitted recovery indices as high as 78.7%. This was mainly due to the difference in viscosity between the two microemulsions used.     

三元复合驱提高原油采收率关键理论与技术

三元复合驱是比聚合物驱提高采收率幅度更高、技术更复杂的驱油技术,中国适合于三元复合驱的地质储量约为83×10⁸ t,仅大庆油田就有近14×10⁸ t的储量,其潜力巨大,但由于很多关键技术问题没有得到有效解决,因此未能进入工业应用。通过多年的研究与实践,突破了大庆油田低酸值原油无法形成超低界面张力的技术界限,发明了三元复合体系新配方;研制出了烷基苯磺酸盐表面活性剂,并实现了工业化生产;优化确定了适合于三元复合驱的井网井距、层系组合和注入参数;攻克了防垢举升、采出液处理等关键配套技术,整体上达到了工业化应用条件。现场应用实践表明,三元复合驱可在水驱基础上提高采收率20% 以上,比聚合物驱提高采收率多10% 。三元复合驱技术作为大庆油田持续稳产的战略接替技术正在工业化推广,并可以为其他高含水开发阶段的老油田挖潜和陆相砂岩油田的高效开发提供技术支持。     

新疆油田提高采收率问题的战略思考

该文对一次采油、二次采油、三次采油的开发阶段划分，对三次采油方法在中、低含水期相机“插入”而不是等到高含水期才用，提出了新的认识；对制约三次采油经济效益的因素，从战略角度进行了分析；对新疆油田提高采收率的方法提出了具体的建议。     

The effect of oil properties on oil recovery in dilute surfactant flooding

In this study, five different simulated oils were obtained, and their viscosities and interfacial tension between simulated oil and surfactant aqueous solution were measured. The core displacement experiments were carried out to explore the effect of oil properties on oil recovery in dilute surfactant flooding. Single-core experimental results indicated that a relatively low oil/water interfacial tension level might have a bigger contribution to improve oil recovery, despite a favorable mobility control being of importance. Parallel cores experimental results illustrated that the higher the permeability contrast, the lower the oil/water interfacial tension that was required to mobilize the low-permeability core.     

Surfactant induced reservoir wettability alteration: Recent theoretical and experimental advances in enhanced oil recovery

Reservoir wettability plays an important role in various oil recovery processes.The origin and evolution of reservoir wettability were critically reviewed to better understand the complexity of wettability due to interactions in crude oil-brine-rock system,with introduction of different wetting states and their influence on fluid distribution in pore spaces.The effect of wettability on oil recovery of waterflooding was then summarized from past and recent research to emphasize the importance of wettability in oil displacement by brine.The mechanism of wettability alteration by different surfactants in both carbonate and sandstone reservoirs was analyzed,concerning their distinct surface chemistry,and different interaction patterns of surfactants with components on rock surface.Other concerns such as the combined effect of wettability alteration and interfacial tension (IFT) reduction on the imbibition process was also taken into account.Generally,surfactant induced wettability alteration for enhanced oil recovery is still in the stage of laboratory investigation.The successful application of this technique relies on a comprehensive survey of target reservoir conditions,and could be expected especially in low permeability fractured reservoirs and forced imbibition process.