嘉兴地区网络订餐食品安全调查与研究

目的 通过调查与取样对嘉兴地区网络订餐食品的安全情况进行分析和评估。方法 采取随机问卷调查的形式对市民网络订餐情况进行调查。根据调查结果针对食品安全风险较高的小龙虾和凉菜进行集中抽样检测, 重点检测微生物、重金属和寄生虫等指标, 并对检测结果进行分析。结果 抽取活小龙虾10批, 进行寄生虫和重金属检测。虾鳃、虾黄、虾肉、虾肠均未检出寄生虫, 虾鳃、虾黄、虾肉重金属检测结果均合格, 其中1批样品虾黄中镉含量接近国家标准限值。抽取熟小龙虾10批, 进行微生物检测, 结果均合格。抽取凉菜60批, 进行微生物检测, 其中菌落总数超标6批, 大肠埃希氏菌超标8批, 金黄色葡萄球菌超标1批。结论 嘉兴地区网络订餐食品安全性总体可靠。小龙虾存在重金属污染风险, 凉菜类食品微生物污染风险较高, 应引起监管部门的重视, 加强监督执法力度。     

湛江湾牡蛎养殖区沉积物重金属含量分布与潜在生态危害评价

本研究于2010年1月(冬季)、4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、11月(秋季)分别对湛江湾海域官渡养殖区(S1)、南油养殖区(S2)、特呈岛养殖区(S3)和东头山岛养殖区(S4)的沉积物重金属含量进行调查,且对养殖区进行重金属污染程度和潜在生态危害评价。结果如下:四个养殖区沉积物中重金属的含量均较低,除特呈岛养殖区Cr的含量属于第二类沉积物质量标准外,其他养殖区的Cr和另外五种重金属含量均达沉积物质量第一类标准,根据Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对该海域沉积物中重金属进行评价,该海域沉积物重金属的综合效应不具有潜在生态危害。     

台州近岸海域水质、沉积物和贝类体内镉含量的初步调查

2009年10月至2014年8月对台州近岸海域贝类养殖区的水质、泥质及贝类自身体内的重金属镉含量进行监测,并根据《渔业水质标准》(GB11607-1989)以及《海水水质标准》(GB 3097-1997)(II类),对水质进行评价,结果表明水质中重金属镉含量均低于标准值5ug/L,适合养殖;根据《海洋沉积物质量》(GB 18668-2002)(第一类),沉积物中重金属镉含量均低于标准值5mg/kg;根据《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB2762-2012),对泥蚶、缢蛏体内重金属镉的污染程度进行评价,结果表明蛤、缢蛏、贻贝均没有超标,泥蚶的超标情况相对比较严重。     

烟台市售蔬菜的重金属含量及食用安全性评价

目的对烟台市售蔬菜重金属食用安全性进行评价。方法根据GB5009.12-2010、GB/T5009.15-2003、GB/T 5009.17-2003、GB/T 5009.11-2003分别对烟台市售蔬菜中的铅(plumbum,Pb)、镉(cadmium,Cd)、总汞(total mercury,Hg)、总砷(total arsenic,As)的含量进行检测,采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和目标危害系数法对蔬菜的食用安全性进行评价。结果烟台市蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Hg和As含量平均值依次为0.028、0.0044、0.00036、0.011 mg/kg,均低于蔬菜卫生标准。单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价结果表明,蔬菜各元素为清洁水平,各类蔬菜均为安全等级。蔬菜中各重金属的目标危害系数(target hazard quotient,THQ)均值大小为:PbCdAsHg,均小于1,单一重金属对人群健康风险不明显。复合健康风险指数从高到低依次为:鳞茎蔬菜、叶菜类蔬菜、茎类蔬菜、甘蓝类/芸薹类、块根和块茎类蔬菜、鲜豆类蔬菜、非葫芦科茄果类蔬菜及瓜菜类(葫芦科)。结论各类市售蔬菜对人群健康风险不大,但是儿童的健康风险要高于成人。     

小龙虾(克氏原螯虾)中铜含量富集现状及其环境来源分析

摘 要: 目的 调查小龙虾及其养殖环境中铜的含量, 探讨小龙虾中铜元素的富集现状及其可能的环境来源。方法 在我国主要的小龙虾养殖产地采集小龙虾及其养殖环境样本(养殖用水、池塘底泥), 采用微波消解法进行消解, 电感耦合等离子体质谱法进行样品中铜含量的测定。结果 小龙虾中铜含量均值为10.22 mg/kg, 积累量按照头壳、背壳、肝胰腺、虾肉依次递减, 其占完整小龙虾中铜积累量比例分别为17.74%、15.97%、8.75%、5.11%。小龙虾中铜含量与其养殖池塘底泥中的铜含量具有正相关性, 相关系数为0.39。A省小龙虾中铜含量显著高于其他地区(P<0.05)。结论 我国小龙虾及其养殖水体中铜含量均在国家规定的标准限量以内, 但部分地区小龙虾养殖池塘底泥中的铜含量超出国家标准, 池塘底泥是小龙虾中铜重要的环境来源, 可能造成潜在风险, 因此, 仍需要加强对小龙虾及其养殖环境中铜含量的监管。     

海南省部分地区市售畜类内脏中重金属含量调查

为完成国家食品安全风险监测计划、了解海南省市售畜类内脏中重金属污染情况,参照《2021年国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》,对海南省部分地区销售的畜类内脏包括猪肾、猪肝、牛肝、羊肝、牛肾5种30份样品进行重金属含量检测,其结果按照GB 2762—2017《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果表明, 30份市售畜类内脏检测15种元素,镉、铜、硒、锰的检出率为100%,铅、砷、汞、铝、钒、钡检出率分别为60%, 6.7%, 40%, 93.3%, 23.3%和26.7%,结果均未超出国家标准限量值,镍、铬、锡、锂、锑均未检出。通过对海南省部分地区市售畜类内脏的抽样检测分析发现, 30份内脏中重金属含量均未超出国家标准限值。建议今后的日常监督与检测应继续注重畜类内脏中重金属污染情况,从而能够更好地控制进入市场的畜类内脏重金属含量,使其能维持在相对安全的水平。     

水产品中三种常见重金属污染物的毒性及风险评估进展

我国是水产品养殖和消费大国,重金属污染是水产品安全面临的主要问题之一。含重金属的工业废水经河流排放到水域水体中,并且在水底的沉积物中沉积,造成养殖环境污染。而后经过食物链富集到生物体内,对水生生物本体和食用受污染水产品的人类都会引起健康问题。本文综述了近几年水域水体和沉积物中的重金属污染研究现状,并对污染严重的Cd、As、Pb三种重金属的毒性进行了概括,最后总结了现今对水产品风险评估的主要方法和研究现状。通过本文所引用文献分析,对比水体中的重金属污染,沉积物中的污染程度较大,多具有中等生态风险,故对水产品重金属污染影响较大。重金属对人体和水产品均有很强的毒性作用,根据众多风险评估研究结果表明,水产品重金属超标的情况仍较普遍,单因子污染指数和风险熵指数绝大多数小于1,无潜在健康风险,但依然存在高复合性污染的情况。     

沉积物重金属污染生态风险评价方法概述

以沉积物为研究对象,介绍了目前已有的几类重金属污染生态风险评价方法,包括次生相与原生相分布比值法、次生相富集系数法、SEM/AVS值法。分析了各方法的适用条件,指出根据研究目的和污染特性选择适当的评价方法,可以为沉积物重金属的污染控制提供科学依据。     

重金属在浮游生物与鳙鱼中的蓄积和迁移规律

矿产资源的开发可能导致水体环境遭受重金属污染,重金属又可从环境中迁移进入生物体,从而造成安全威胁。通过对7种重金属在水体、沉积物、浮游生物和鳙鱼中的污染情况和迁移规律进行研究,结果表明:7种重金属在水体中的含量均低于中国地表水环境质量Ⅰ类标准限量值;沉积物中重金属的污染程度排序为CdZnPbCuCrAsHg,综合污染分级已达到了重度污染程度;浮游生物中重金属含量的排序为ZnCuPbCrAsHgCd;鳙鱼中的含量排序为ZnCuPbCrAsHgCd,所有重金属的含量均低于中国国家和行业标准限量;浮游生物中重金属主要取决于水体,同时受到沉积物的影响。Cd和Pb更倾向于从环境中迁移进入鳙鱼,而Zn和Hg更倾向于从食物链中迁移进入鳙鱼。     

沉积物重金属污染生态风险评价方法概述

以沉积物为研究对象，介绍了目前已有的几类重金属污染生态风险评价方法，包括次生相与原生相分布比值法、次生相富集系数法、SEM／AVS值法。分析了各方法的适用条件，指出根据研究目的和污染特性选择适当的评价方法，可以为沉积物重金属的污染控制提供科学依据。     

Correlation of lead,cadmium and mercury levels in tissue and liver samples with age in cattle

The aim of this study was to determine the accumulation of selected heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, As) in meat and liver of cattle. The animals were divided into four age-groups which allowed the analysis of statistical–mathematical correlations between the age of the animals and contamination of meat. The research material for determination of heavy metal levels was taken from the longissimus back muscle (m. longissimus dorsi) and samples from the tail lobe of the liver. Analysis showed that contamination by Cd and Pb is clearly dependent on the age of the animal.     

Concentrations of selected metals in candies and chocolates consumed in southern Nigeria

Results are presented for the determination of levels of Ca, Cd, Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn Fe, Co and Mg in candies and chocolates consumed in southern Nigeria. Mean concentrations of metals in both confectionaries ranged 7.7–1405.2?µg/g¹ for Ca, <0.001–0.2?µg/g for Cd, 1.4–7.9?µg/g for Ni, 0.4–3.0?µg/g for Cr, <0.08–2.3?µg/g for Pb, 0.4–12.6?µg/g for Mn, 0.6–8.0?µg/g for Zn, 1.7–12.3?µg/g for Fe, <0.05–1.49?µg/g for Co, and 8.4–576.1µg/g for Mg. The data showed that that these metals are not present at harmful levels. Concentrations of nickel and chromium were slightly elevated but were comparable to levels reported in similar food items elsewhere in the world.     

Mercury and methylmercury bioaccessibility in swordfish

Concentrations of mercury (Hg) in swordfish (Xiphias gladius) present a food safety problem for many countries. This study analyses total Hg (t-Hg) concentrations in 27 samples of swordfish marketed in Spain in 2005 and in their bioaccessible fractions (soluble concentration in gastrointestinal medium), obtained after applying an in vitro digestion method. Methylmercury (MeHg) was also determined in the bioaccessible fractions. t-Hg concentrations in the samples were 0.41–2.11 mg kg^?1 wet weight, with a mean of 0.96 ± 0.47 mg kg^?1 wet weight. A total of 37% of the samples exceeded the Hg limit set by Spanish legislation (1.0 mg kg^?1 wet weight). Bioaccessible t-Hg concentrations were 0.17–1.72 mg kg^?1 wet weight (0.63 ± 0.4 mg kg^?1 wet weight), corresponding to 38–83% (64% ± 14%) of t-Hg. Bioaccessible MeHg concentrations, representing 94% of the bioaccessible t-Hg concentrations, were 0.16–1.53 mg kg^?1 wet weight, with a mean of 0.49 ± 0.32 mg kg^?1 wet weight. Children and adults who regularly consume this product in Spain have Hg and MeHg intakes that exceed the tolerable daily intake limits recommended by the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) and US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). These results show the need for recommendations about swordfish consumption by population groups at risk in Spain.     

我国贝类重金属污染现状及其脱除技术研究进展

随着我国工业和经济的不断发展,水体中重金属污染已成为我国重要的环境问题之一。贝类由于其滤食性特点具有极强的重金属富集能力,对我国贝类产品的质量安全造成了潜在风险,也给我国的贝类产品的进出口造成贸易壁垒。因此,有效控制贝类重金属污染已成为亟待解决的重大问题。本文综述了我国贝类重金属的污染现状,介绍了贝类重金属脱除技术的2个方向,即贝类活体脱除技术和贝类水解液脱除技术。最后对贝类重金属脱除技术仍存在的问题进行归纳和总结,为贝类重金属脱除技术的研究工作提供一定参考。     

Aflatoxins and heavy metals in animal feed in Iran

The occurrence of aflatoxin (aflatoxin B₁, aflatoxin B₂, aflatoxin G₁ (AFG₁) and aflatoxin G₂ (AFG₂)) and heavy metal (Pb, Cd, As and Hg) contamination was determined in 40 industrially produced animal feed samples which were collected from the southwest of Iran. The results indicated that 75% of samples were contaminated by four aflatoxins and the level of AFB₁ and sum of aflatoxins were higher than the permissible maximum levels in Iran (5 and 20 µg kg^?1, respectively) in all feed samples. A positive correlation was found between four types of aflatoxins in all the tested samples (p < 0.01) and the positive correlation between AFG₁ and AFG₂ was significant (r² = 0.708). All feed samples had lead concentrations lower than the maximum EU limit, while 5%, 17% and 42.5% of feed samples had As, Cd and Hg concentrations higher than the maximum limits, respectively.     

Cadmium and lead content in fresh and canned peas

Cadium and lead in raw, blanched and canned peas were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The daily intake of cadmium and lead from peas in Spain was evaluated. The cadmium content of the peas ranged from less than 0.004 to 0.015 μg^?1, whereas the lead content varied from 0.49 to 0.223 μg^?1. The concentraiton of both elements was compared at different stages of the process. Statistically significant differences were found in the lead levels as a function of size and the different stages of the canning process. The mena level of cadmium and lead (0.041 μgg^?1 and 0.092 μgg^?1 respectively) could account for a daily intake of 0.1 μg day^?1 for cadmium and 1.1 μg day^?1 for lead.     

土壤重金属污染现状及治理的研究

我国受重金属危害十分严重,尤其是土壤。本文从重金属污染的概念入手展开分析,整理了土壤重金属污染的现状和危害。最终提出了系统且全面的治理方式,希望能够为重金属污染的分析和后续治理提供合理参考。     

济南市居民水产品中常见重金属含量监测及风险评估

目的了解济南市居民水产品中铅、镉、汞、砷四种重金属的污染现状,评估暴露风险。方法2016～2019年对济南市6类水产品中的铅、镉、汞、砷含量进行监测,以山东省居民食物标准人均水产品消费量数据和4种重金属元素的健康指导值或基准剂量为参数,应用点评估方法对济南市居民水产品铅、镉、汞、砷暴露水平进行评估。结果共监测水产品561份,镉超标率最高,为7.31%;其次为铅,超标率为3.39%。水产品中4种重金属元素平均含量和P_(95)含量由大到小顺序均依次为砷、铅、镉、汞,铅、镉超标率较高,集中在甲壳类、双壳类和干制水产品等种类。居民水产品中每月铅、镉、汞、砷的平均暴露量分别为3.52、2.66、0.58、13.25μg/kg,与相应的暂定每月允许摄入量或基准剂量相比较,安全限值均大于1;P_(95)含量分别为15.60、13.21、1.96、67.76μg/kg,安全限值也均大于1。结论济南市居民水产品中铅、镉、汞、砷暴露水平位于安全限值以内,通过水产品摄入这4种重金属元素没有明显风险,但应重视干制水产品、双壳类、甲壳类中铅、镉富集性问题。     

The European maximum level for cadmium in bovine kidneys is in Belgium only realistic for cattle up to 2 years of age

The effect of animal age on concentrations of cadmium, lead, arsenic, copper and zinc in bovine tissues (meat, kidney and liver) sampled from animals reared in contaminated areas or reference regions in Belgium was investigated. For cadmium concentrations in meat samples analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed an increasing trend with age. In addition, a significant positive linear relation (p < 0.05) was found between animal age and renal (R ² = 0.56) or hepatic (R ² = 0.39) cadmium levels. Lead concentrations in kidneys and liver also increased with age, but the effect was blurred, likely due to the internal remobilization of lead. For the other trace elements (arsenic, copper, zinc) no relationship could be found between their concentration in meat, kidneys or liver and animal age. Renal cadmium concentrations were predicted for bovines at different ages by using the slope of the linear regression equation, and by taking into account its 95% confidence interval. Calculations for 2-year-old animals from reference areas showed that in this group the European maximum level of 1 mg kg^?1 for cadmium in kidneys would be exceeded in zero to 5% of cases. If a general rejection percentage of maximum 5% would be desirable for kidneys sampled in the reference areas (according to the ALARA principle–‘as low as reasonably achievable’–of European Union policy), then (1) kidneys from animals older than 2 years from the reference areas should a priori not be considered suitable to be placed on the market, or (2) the maximum level for cadmium in kidneys should be increased to 3 mg kg^?1. The latter would bear negligible risks for the general population and the majority of high-level kidney consumers. On the other hand, bovine kidneys from the most contaminated areas are not suitable to be brought into the food chain because it is predicted that the maximum level is already exceeded by more than 5% of the 1-year-old animals.     

佛山市禅城区食用鱼中重金属含量现状调查与健康风险评价

目的 测定佛山市禅城区食用鱼中重金属含量,分析平均含量特征,进行健康风险评价。方法 采用直接测汞仪测定食用鱼中Hg含量；使用微波消解法进行前处理,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)测定食用鱼中的As、Cd、Cr和Pb等13种重金属含量；用高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用法(high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, HPLC-ICP-MS)测无机砷含量。采用营养质量指数法对不同鱼类进行营养价值评价；根据GB 2762-2017 《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》采用目标危险系数法对不同鱼类进行单一及复合重金属摄入健康风险评价。结果 禅城区常见食用鱼中有害重金属As和Hg检出率高均为99.4%；As、Cd、Cr、Hg和Pb平均含量分别为1.312、0.048、0.010、0.030、0.015 mg/kg；无机砷平均含量0.003 mg/kg；鱼肉中Se、K和Mg的成人营养质量指数INQ均大于1；成人因食用鱼而摄入重金属的单一健康风险指数和复合健康风险指数均小于1。结论 禅城区食用鱼肌肉中5种有害重金属As、Cd、Cr、Hg和Pb平均含量均低于标准限值,符合国家食品安全标准；鱼肉中Se、K和Mg等元素营养价值丰富；人群因食用鱼摄入有害重金属的健康风险不明显,安全性较好。