Time-Varying Underflow into a Continuous Stratification with Bottom Slope

Results are presented from a laboratory investigation of a continuous discharge gravity current moving down an inclined plane into a linearly stratified fluid; the density of the inflow decreasing linearly with time, initially larger and finally smaller than the bottom ambient density. The inflowing water was observed to follow both underflowing and intrusive flow regimes. Hence, during the time in which the inflow was denser than the water in the stratified reservoir, an underflow was observed to descend down the sloping bottom with a speed that was consistent with that given by the theory for a buoyancy-conserving gravity current on gentle slopes. However, the continuous decrease of the density at the source shortly lead to an unstable density distribution within the initial underflow, which then collapsed into an intrusion that traveled as a horizontal gravity intrusion. Scaling arguments were used to identify both the position and time to the breakup of the underflow. To the end of the experiment, multiple intrusions were established successively at different depths in between the initial underflow and the surface buoyant plume.     

Observations of Air–Water Interaction in a Rapidly Filling Horizontal Pipe

This paper presents the results of an observational study related to the behavior of drainage sewers under conditions of hydraulic overloading. Specifically, the investigation focuses on the interaction of water and trapped air in surcharging drainage and pressurized pipeline systems, by studying the air–water flow behavior in a rapidly filling horizontal pipe. Air–water interface patterns, air entrainment, and air release through an orifice at the pipe end are documented photographically. Synchronously recorded pressure traces are also presented to illustrate the relation between the air–water phase evolution and the pressure oscillation patterns. Depending on the air release rate of the orifice, there are three types of pressure oscillation behavior, each corresponding to a particular behavior of the air–water interface in the rapidly filling horizontal pipe.     

Field and Laboratory Validation of High-Flow Air Bubbler Mechanics

Recent physical model studies have refined designs for high-flow air diffusers for managing accumulations of broken ice at navigation projects. Although these solutions are successful in the model, implementing them in the field can be difficult because of uncertainties in airflow scaling. This study uses field and laboratory data to test theoretical relationships between airflow from the diffuser and the resulting near-surface water velocity. In the experiments, water velocities were measured adjacent to bubbler plumes for depths ranging from 0.52?to?6.5?m and airflow rates ranging from 0.015?to?0.68 standard cubic meters per minute/meter. The observed vertical and horizontal water velocity data compared moderately well to theoretical curves based on the equations of Kobus and Ashton. In addition, a reasonably linear relationship was found between the average velocity of the horizontal, near-surface flow field V and unit airflow from the diffuser Qa.     

Experimental Study on Selective Withdrawal in a Two-Layer Reservoir Using a Temperature-Control Curtain

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the use of a temperature-control curtain in selective withdrawal from a two-layer stratified reservoir. This study focused on the case where cool water at a depth was forced to flow under the curtain. The evolution of the mean flow, the withdrawal water quality, and the mean velocity field were studied using particle image velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence. Practical relationships were developed for predicting the withdrawal water quality and the interface height as a function of time. The structures of the flow field in both the upper and lower layers are discussed in detail. The flow in the lower layer was dominated by the recirculation eddy induced by the jet flow under the curtain and a relation between the eddy length and the interface height was obtained. Close to the intake, within about 3d (where d = intake diameter), the velocity field can be well described by the potential flow theory. Beyond 3d, however, the flow field considerably deviated from the potential flow theory due to the jet expansion and stratification. A general discussion of the results and engineering applications are also provided.     

Propagation of Pressure Waves in Two-Component Bubbly Flow in Horizontal Pipes

The propagation of pressure waves in two-component bubbly flow was analytically and experimentally investigated. An analysis is presented that accounts for the effects attributable to liquid compressibility, pipe elasticity, and temperature rise across pressure waves. Analytical results indicate that the effects of liquid compressibility and pipe wall elasticity are important at low gas content, although the effect of temperature change is generally negligible. Pressure waves were generated in the laboratory by rapid closure of a valve at the downstream end of a horizontal pipe. The experimental results indicate that there were two major pressure surges generated by valve closure; the first was attributable to stoppage of the two-phase mixture at the valve, and the second attributable to the arrest of the liquid column at the upstream end of the mixing device. The transient flow model provides a satisfactory prediction of the initial pressure rise at the valve and the average velocity of the initial pressure waves.     

Effect of swirling flow tundish submerged entry nozzle outlet design on multiphase flow and heat transfer in mould

ABSTRACT

Effect of a swirling flow SEN (submerged entry nozzle) outlet design on the multiphase flow and heat transfer in a mould was investigated by using numerical simulation. It was found that different SEN outlet designs could form different flow patterns and temperature distributions on the upper of the mould. The enlarged outlet SEN design had an effect to decrease the horizontal velocity of liquid steel flowing out the SEN outlet, reducing the steel flow velocity towards the solidification front. Although a higher velocity was found near the slag/steel interface with the enlarged outlet SEN, but the turbulent kinetic energy was lower. The reason was that less circulation flows were formed in the region of the mould top. The weak horizontal flow towards the solidification front with the enlarged outlet SEN induced lower wall shear stresses, at the same time it also formed a lower temperature distribution near the solidified shell.     

Draining the Tangjiashan Barrier Lake

This paper documents the emergency breaching of an approximately 110-m-high landslide dam that was created at Tangjiashan during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake of China’s Southwest Sichuan Province. As an emergency measure, a 13-m-deep channel was excavated to reduce the volume and head of the released water during the dam breaching and to create a controlled flood that was intended to prevent catastrophic consequence for 1.2 million people downstream. From detailed monitoring and survey works carried out during and after the dam break it was found that (1) the breaching initiated at a pool water level of 742.1 m with an estimated flow velocity of 2.4 m/s, and virtually terminated at a pool water level of 720.3 m with an estimated velocity of 2.5 m/s, which can be regarded as the incipient velocity that initiated erosions for the soils at this particular site; (2) a controlled flood released 167×106-m3 reservoir water with a peak flow rate of 6,500?m3/s, during which a maximum velocity of about 5.0 m/s was measured; (3) in 12 h, the channel bed was eroded 30 m down and the sidewall was enlarged 145 m wide at an elevation of 719 m, which was expanded to 200–350 m at the top of the channel due to subsequent landslips of the temporary slopes; and (4) the measured data indicated an incipient velocity that initiated soil erosions, which is found to be conceptually in general agreement with the existing approaches of this threshold value.     

Diagnosis of middle cerebral artery stenosis by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography

BACKGROUND & PURPOSE: This study was performed to determine the usefulness of transcranial color-coded real-time sonography (TCCS) in detecting stenosis in the horizontal portion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). METHODS: Using TCCS and the incident angle correction technique, we measured the peak-systolic flow velocity in bilateral MCAs in 45 consecutive patients in whom cerebral angiography was carried out within 1 week before or after TCCS. Three patients had a stenosis of 75% or greater and four had a unilateral occlusion of the extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) (the ICS and ICO groups, respectively). Eight patients had a stenosis of 50% or greater (one bilateral and seven unilateral) (the M1S group). Four patients had unilateral distal occlusion of the horizontal portion of the MCA (the M1O group). Twenty-six patients had no significant extra- or intracranial stenosis on the ipsilateral or contralateral side (the control group). RESULTS: Mean peak-systolic flow velocity on the affected side was 83.0 +/- 20.8 cm/s in the ICS group, 59.8 +/- 23.2 cm/s in the ICO group, and 62.3 +/- 33.7 cm/s in the M1O group. In the control group, the mean peak-systolic flow velocity was 116.0 +/- 31.5 cm/s. In the M1S group, however, the mean peak-systolic flow velocity (334.2 +/- 35.7 cm/s) on the affected side always exceeded 180 cm/s (mean value +/- 2 SD in the control group), and was significantly higher than that in the other groups. The mean peak-systolic flow velocity in the M1S group increased with the grade of stenosis. CONCLUSION: The M1S group members could easily be distinguished from the other group members by their peak-systolic flow velocity in excess of 180 cm/s. Measurement of the peak-systolic flow velocity of the MCA by TCCS may help to identify a significant stenosis in the horizontal portion of the MCA.     

Physical Processes Resulting in Geysers in Rapidly Filling Storm-Water Tunnels

Geysers, which involve the explosive release of water through vertical shafts connected to a nearly horizontal pipeline, have been attributed to either pipeline surge or the release of air. Laboratory experiments involving the release of a large entrapped pocket of air through a surcharged vertical riser indicate that the air can force water upward in the shaft but that a jet such as seen in video records of prototype systems does not form. This difference is attributed to processes that cannot be scaled down to the laboratory experiments. Data from a storm-water tunnel in Minneapolis that experienced a series of observed geyser events were analyzed. Measurements included pressures and velocity within the tunnel that can be correlated with observations on a videotape of the geysers. The pressure records do not indicate surge pressures sufficient to lift the water to the ground surface. Features of the pressure records can be interpreted to indicate the release of large air pockets through the manhole shaft similar to the laboratory experiments. These results suggest that the entrapment of large air pockets is an important component to the geysering process and that tunnel design procedures need to properly account for air effects.     

L80钢在高气速湿气环境中冲蚀-腐蚀行为的环路实验

利用高温高压湿气环路研究了L80钢在高气相流速湿气环境中的腐蚀-冲蚀行为.利用腐蚀失重法测试了L80挂片在气速30 m·s^-1,含水率0.0007%,CO₂分压0.5 MPa及55℃的工况下,分别在不同的腐蚀周期下的腐蚀速率.利用激光共聚焦显微镜对试样表面形貌进行了观察,利用扫描电子显微镜对腐蚀产物形貌进行观察,利用X射线衍射及能谱仪对腐蚀产物组成进行了分析.结果表明,L80钢在高气相流速湿气环境下腐蚀失重严重,腐蚀后试样表面出现大量的微小蚀坑,随着实验周期的延长蚀坑会不断长大.该工况下产生的腐蚀产物主要成分为Fe₃C和FeCO₃.     

Distribution of Discharge Intensity along Small-Diameter Collector Well Laterals in a Model Riverbed Filtration

Experiments were performed to evaluate flow and head variations along perforated screens (10–30?mm in diameter) using sand tanks which were connected and a perforated screen extended through these tanks to form a model collector well lateral up to 2.6?m in length. Hydraulic heads and discharge along the lateral and production rates of the model collector well were measured as the water level in the well, the lateral length, and diameter, and the hydraulic conductivity of the filter sand were varied. A mathematical model was developed to predict the axial flow velocity distribution and the discharge intensity variation along the lateral using the head distribution. Results showed that the production rate increased as the lateral length and diameter and the drawdown at the well increased. However, the production rate increase was not linearly related to these factors. When larger-diameter laterals were used, the axial flow velocity in the laterals decreased. This caused the hydraulic heads along the lateral to become more flattened, resulting in a lateral of high efficiency in terms of water production. This condition is similar to the assumption of the uniform discharge intensity along the lateral that many researchers have used in the analysis of the horizontal wells. Under the conditions of this study, a critical axial flow velocity was determined to be 1?m/s. Hydraulic efficiency decreased drastically when the velocity exceeded 1?m/s. The roughness coefficient (the Manning’s n value) of the lateral varied as a function of factors such as axial velocity and discharge intensity, and it ranged from 0.010 to 0.015.     

Sensitivity Analysis of Soil Hydraulic Properties on Subsurface Water Flow in Furrows

Knowledge of the sensitivity of various soil hydraulic properties is beneficial for model development and application purposes. It can lead to better estimated values, better understanding, and thus reduced uncertainty. In the present study, an extensive sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the effects that various soil hydraulic properties have on subsurface water flow below furrows during two successive irrigation events to see which irrigation event was more sensitive and to analyze the effect of spatial variations in the initial soil water contents within the soil profile. Testing the sensitivity of the various soil hydraulic parameters in the van Genuchten-Mualem expression was carried out using the HYDRUS-2D model for two irrigation events 10?days apart. Results showed that the first irrigation event was clearly more sensitive than the second one. The latter event was mainly associated with the nonuniformity of the initial soil water contents within the soil profile. Pressure heads in the soil profile were more sensitive than cumulative outlet fluxes and soil water contents. Sensitivity analysis results for pressure heads, cumulative fluxes, and water contents indicated that in every case the most sensitive parameter was the hydraulic property shape factor (n) followed by the saturated water content (θs), the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), the residual water content (θr), and the shape factor in the soil water retention curve (α), with the pore-connectivity parameter (l) the least sensitive parameter during both irrigation events. Pressure head sensitivity analysis for all parameters studied showed that the least sensitivity was linked with the wetting front as it gradually moved deeper with time, and the highest sensitivity was observed in those regions where the initial soil water contents were lower. Similarly, for water contents, higher sensitivity occurred in the drier regions during the first irrigation event and near the moisture front in the second irrigation event. Both pressure heads and water contents showed some sensitivity near the soil surface during both irrigation events, suggesting the importance of evaporation from the soil surface.     

注流方式对大方坯连铸结晶器内钢水流动与温度状态影响

依据改变水口侧孔射流方向来控制结晶器内钢流流动状态的思想,设计了一种大方坯连铸结晶器新型四分切向水口.对不同类型水口(直通式、四分径向以及四分切向水口)浇注条件下大方坯连铸结晶器内钢水流动形态和温度分布状况进行了流体动力学比较研究.结果表明,新型四分切向水口不仅可以使结晶器内钢水形成上、下两个回流,并能够产生较强的水平旋流.该水平旋流能降低钢水的冲击深度,抑制钢液面波动,促进夹杂物上浮,还具有促进钢水过热耗散的效果.与四分径向水口相比,新型四分切向水口能减弱射流对初生坯壳的冲击,均匀横截面坯壳厚度.此外,该旋流状态使热中心上移,自由液面附近钢水的温度可提高2～6℃,改善化渣条件.     

常压柱状流与喷射流在中厚板控冷及淬火中冷却能力研究

利用ANSYS对中厚板控冷及淬火中常压柱状流及中高压喷射流冷却的钢板温度场进行了实验及数值模拟,研究两种不同形式的喷流在实际冷却中温降速率及耗水量的大小,从而为控冷及淬火装置的设计提供理论依据。     

复杂压裂缝网页岩气储层压力传播动边界研究

页岩气储层中存在大量的纳微米孔隙,且孔隙裂缝结构复杂,气体渗流阻力大,存在多尺度渗流的问题;页岩气储层压力扰动随时间向外传播并非瞬时到达无穷远,其渗流规律就是一个压力扰动边缘动边界的问题。基于对以上问题的研究,本文建立了渗透率分形分布和高斯分布的渗透率表征模型,对不同形态缝网压裂特征就渗流规律进行了描述,并利用稳态依次替换法,考虑页岩储层中扩散、滑移及解吸作用,进一步研究了多级压裂水平井不稳定渗流压力扰动的传播模型,得到不同压裂条件下压力扰动边界随时间变化的关系,并结合我国南方海相龙马溪组页岩气藏储层参数,应用MATLAB编程。研究表明:压力传播动边界随时间增加逐渐向外扩展,渗透率越小,压力传播越慢;未压裂储层压力传播速度<渗透率分形分布压裂储层传播速度<渗透率高斯分布压裂储层传播速度。对于渗透率极低的页岩气储层,压力传播慢,气井自然产能低,必须对页岩气储层进行大规模的储层压裂改造,并控制压裂程度,以提高页岩气开发效果;基于压力传播动边界的扩展优化页岩储层压裂井段间距90 m,优化渗透率分形分布压裂井井间距318 m,渗透率高斯分布压裂井井间距252 m。因此应合理控制页岩储层压裂改造规模,实现优产高产。模型模拟结果与实际生产数据拟合较好,验证了本研究理论模型的适用性。      

深井充填两相流管道沉积机理研究

为解决某深井矿山因管道沉积造成的安全生产问题,通过对深井充填管道沉积机理进行研究,基于固液两相流相关理论,分别从细颗粒结垢和粗颗粒沉积2个方面来阐释两相流管道沉积机理。运用FLUENT流体动力学软件进行建模和分析,将浆体中固体细颗粒与清水混合的均质悬液作为连续相,较粗颗粒作为离散相,根据浆体中粗颗粒的浓度分布和管道速度分布特点来确定管道内颗粒物沉积规律。结果发现,充填两相流管道沉积的主要原因是细颗粒结垢和粗颗粒沉积相结合。数值模拟的两相流充填管道沉积过程与理论分析提出的粗细颗粒沉积物理模型相吻合。     

数据中心云制冷控制系统研究与实践

引入"云计算"技术思想理念,将复杂水冷空调系统作为"云制冷"资源进行管理和调用,利用智能控制技术,通过各相关设备模式化的自动组合运行与启运关停,产生需要的制冷效果,以期实现制冷资源的精益化管理,用最经济的能耗开销和设备耗损,满足数据中心不断变化的制冷需求,并充分发挥制冷系统潜能,有效提高"云制冷"资源利用率,减少系统扩容投资,易于设备均衡使用,合理安排维修保养,延长设备生命周期。     

Transient Flow Caused by Air Expulsion through an Orifice

A pressurized water system may be subjected to high pressure surges because of the expulsion of a trapped air pocket through an orifice at the downstream end of the pipe. Results are presented of laboratory experiments, in which pressure histories were recorded for different upstream heads, air pocket volumes, and orifice sizes. The resulting pressure oscillation pattern was divided into two distinct stages: a first phase of low-frequency pressure oscillation during the air release, followed by a sudden pressure increase with water hammer characteristics when the water column reaches the orifice. The experimental results show that the duration of the first phase decreases substantially with increasing upstream head and orifice size, and increases with air pocket volume. A simple relationship was deduced, which agrees well with experimental data. The maximum pressure peaks, always observed in the water hammer phase, increased with upstream head and orifice size, whereas the volume of the air pocket appeared to be a less significant factor in the range investigated. A simple predictive equation was deduced based on Allievi–Joukowski results.     

吹气孔直径对钢包模型内流动的影响

采用相似比为1∶10的水模型研究了钢包底吹氩系统中吹气孔直径对钢液流动的影响,通过测量钢包中心面的速度场,得到流体流动随吹气孔直径的变化规律。研究结果表明,吹气孔直径在1~3 mm范围内,随吹气孔直径增加,气柱、液面和包壁附近的流体速度减小,整个钢包内速度场分布更均匀。随吹气孔直径增加,涡心坐标从(0.12,0.12)向(0.12,0.10)和(0.12,0.09)变化,涡心向上移动,横向移动不明显。随着吹气孔直径的增加,底部产生的气泡直径变大,混匀时间有所减小。     

Horizontal Viscous Dam—Break Flow: Experiments and Theory

This paper considers dam-break flow occurring in a horizontal smooth channel. Experiments were carried out with highly viscous Newtonian fluids, e.g., glucose syrup–water solutions. The frontal shape of dam-break flow and its evolution, as well as the free-surface profile, were measured using video-photographic and ultrasonic equipment, respectively. New features of viscous dam-break flow are pointed out. Notably indicated are flow regimes and the effect of reservoir length as well as the effect of fluid viscosity on flow development. Equations describing dam-break flow are derived in nondimensional form, then compared with the results from experiments.