Fermentation Characteristics and Aromatic Profile of Plum Wines Produced with Indigenous Microbiota and Pure Cultures of Selected Yeast

The aim of this study was to assess and compare fermentation characteristics and aromatic profile of plum wines produced with indigenous microbiota and pure cultures of different selected yeast. Experiments were carried out with plum (Prunus domestica L.) varieties of different fruit ripening times (?a?anska rana, ?a?anska lepotica, and Po?ega?a). Wine fermentations were conducted by the activity of indigenous microbiota, commercially available Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces bayanus yeast strains and joint activity of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and S. cerevisiae (sequential inoculation). Statistically significant differences in fermentative characteristics and the content of certain volatile compounds were observed as a result of metabolic activity of various indigenous and/or selected yeasts during fermentation of plum pomace. Minimal duration of fermentation (4 to 5 d) and fastest ethanol production rate (from 12.3 to 15.5 g/L/d) were the characteristics of the studied S. cerevisiae strains. Isobutanol, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, 1‐heptanol, and 1‐octanol were the most prevalent higher alcohols in the tested plum wine samples. The predominant ester in plum wines was ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, amyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, and ethyl palmitate, esters responsible for the floral and fruity olfactory tones, were also present in large amounts. Also, the use of S. cerevisiae strains resulted in the production of plum wines with better sensory characteristics than ones produced with other investigated yeasts. Obtained results are significant since there is limited data on the compounds responsible for the unique flavor of plum wine, as well as on the impact of different yeast starter cultures application on the overall quality of fruit wines.     

不同果酒挥发性风味物质对比分析

以4种不同果酒（青梅酒、桃花酒、杨梅酒、桑葚酒）为研究对象,采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）结合气相色谱-质谱联用法（GC-MS）对其挥发性风味成分进行测定,并对其挥发性风味物质进行主成分分析（PCA）,建立综合评分模型对不同果酒挥发性成分进行综合评价。结果表明,4种不同果酒中共检测出79种挥发性风味成分,其中,醇类17种、醛类16种、酮类8种、酯类18种、脂肪酸类5种、萜烯类11种及其他类4种,醇类物质相对含量最高,青梅酒、桃花酒、杨梅酒、桑葚酒的醇类相对含量分别为30.17%、25.15%、28.08%、28.41%。PCA结果表明,4种果酒综合得分按高低顺序依次为青梅酒>桑葚酒>杨梅酒>桃花酒。     

Assessment of some Australian red wines for price, phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and vintage in relation to functional food prospects

Twenty-three Cabernet Sauvignon wines from the Mudgee region and thirty-two Shiraz wines from the Hunter Valley region were analyzed for phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Concentrations of (+)-catechin, quercetin, and transresveratrol, total phenolic content, and DPPH antioxidant activity varied considerably, both within and between varieties. Individual phenols, total phenols, and antioxidant activity were correlated with price and vintage. Shiraz wines showed positive and significant correlations for catechin and quercetin concentrations with total phenols, antioxidant activity, and vintage; and for total phenols and antioxidant activity with vintage. Cabernet Sauvignon wines showed positive and significant correlations for quercetin concentration with total phenols and antioxidant activity. There was a negative and significant correlation found between price and antioxidant activity for Cabernet Sauvignon wines. Results are discussed in terms of the potential for wine to be considered a functional food. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: We report on potential health benefits (antioxidant activity) of 55 wines typical of 2 geographically close, but distinct, wine regions of Australia. Our results highlight the variability in functional components as an issue that needs further research and consideration in relation to wine as a functional food. The price of studied wines is not reflective of their health functionality, based on antioxidant activities.     

Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolic fractions from selected Moroccan red wines

The present study is the first effort to a comprehensive evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of fractionated red wines from Morocco. The results obtained revealed that the wine samples were characterized by a higher phytochemical concentration than the same variety of wines with a different geographical origin and other more consumed red wines, confirming what was reported in a previous authors' work. The most phenolic-rich fractions were the ones containing phenolic acids and quercetin glucoronides from Syrah and Merlot wine samples while Cabernet Sauvignon exhibited the highest monomeric anthocyanin content. The antioxidant activity of wine extracts was tested by ferric reducing antioxidant power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl assays. Samples revealed a higher reducing capacity than radical scavenging property and a good correlation between antioxidant activity and polyphenolic content values. As regards the antimicrobial properties, each fraction exhibited activity against a broad spectrum of food-borne microorganisms, revealing not only a moderate to high natural preserving capacity, but also potentially beneficial influence on human health. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In consideration of the scarcity of data regarding composition and biological properties of Moroccan red wines, the present study may represent a valuable reference for wine consumers and producers.     

The Study of Phenolic Compounds as Natural Antioxidants in Wine

Plant phenolics present in fruit and vegetables, and that are particularly rich in red wine, have received considerable attention because of their potential antioxidant activity. Human consumption of antioxidants has many alleged health benefits, including protection against cardiovascular diseases, and, most recently, cancer. Red wines contain a variety of polyphenolic antioxidants. Five samples of commercial red wines from Spain and four phenolic compounds of red wine: gallic acid, trans-resveratrol, quercetin and rutin, have been studied. The total phenolics content and the total antioxidant activity (TAA) of wines was determined. The total phenolic content, determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method, varied from 1800 to 2300?mg/L, expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). The antioxidative effects of wine phenolics were determined using a system based on the inhibition by antioxidants of the absorbance of the radical cation. The relationship between antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds, as hydrogen donating free radical scavengers, and their chemical structures was studied. Furthermore, the total antioxidant activity of the wines investigated was well correlated with phenol content. Thus, the results confirm that red wine polyphenols are, in vitro, significant antioxidants.     

Histamine production by bacilli bacteria, acetic bacteria and yeast isolated from fruit wines

Eleven red wines imported from foreign country and 40 domestic fruit wines, including 15 red wines, 4 white wines, 7 plum wines, and 14 other fruit wines, sold in the supermarkets in Taiwan were purchased and tested to determine the occurrence of biogenic amines and histamine-forming bacteria. The levels of pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), reducing sugar (RS), total sugar (TS), sulphites, methanol (milligram per liter of pure ethanol), ethanol and Pb in all samples ranged from 3.0 to 4.1, 6.8 to 24.4 °Brix, 0.3 to 1.7 g/100 mL, 0.2 to 17.6 g/100 mL, 1.6 to 28.4 g/100 mL, <2 to 260.5 mg/L, <1 to 2559 mg/L, 5.0 to 15.6 g/100 mL and <1 to 46.2 μg/L, respectively. The levels of TSS, TA, RS, and TS in plum wine samples were significantly higher than those of the other wines samples, whereas the pH value in plum wine samples was lower than that of the other wines samples. The average content for each of the nine biogenic amines in all samples was less than 5.2 mg/L. However, higher levels of histamine and spermine were detected in domestic fruit wine samples than the imported red wine samples. Five histamine-forming isolates isolated from domestic red wine and jackfruit wine, capable of producing 13.0 mg/L to 69.1 mg/L of histamine in trypticase soy broth (TSB) supplemented with 2 g/100 mL l-histidine (TSBH) or MRS broth supplemented with 2 g/100 mL l-histidine (MRSH), were identified as Bacillus pumilus (one strain), Bacillus sp. (two strains) and Acetobacter pasteurianus (one strain) by 16S rDNA sequencing with PCR amplification, and Zygoascus hellenicus var. hellenicus (one strain) by internal transcribed spacer sequencing with PCR amplification. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the occurrence of histamine-forming bacilli bacteria, acetic bacteria and yeast in fruit wine.     

青梅果产品的开发现状和发展趋势

青梅果作为中国的特色果品之一,随着人们对其营养和保健价值的认识逐渐深入,青梅果及其加工产品已成为科研开发和市场消费的热点。从青梅饮料、青梅酒、青梅醋、青梅保健食品等方面对国内外青梅产品的开发现状进行综述,并对青梅进一步开发途径和应用前景进行探讨。     

Selecting new peach and plum genotypes rich in phenolic compounds and enhanced functional properties

Fourteen red-fleshed plum (Prunus salicina Erhr. and hybrids) and eight peach [Prunus persica (Batsch) L.] genotypes were characterized for their total phenolic and anthocyanin contents. Selected rich phenolic genotypes showed high antioxidant activity, stable colour properties and good antimicrobial activity. Results indicated positive correlations between phenolic compounds (r² = 0.83) and antioxidant activity for both types of fruit. Colorants prepared from an anthocyanin rich plum genotype showed similar hue to that of synthetic colorant FD&C red 3 and higher stability than a commercial red grape colorant with respect to time, temperature and pH. Additionally, a selected rich phenolic plum genotype exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coli O157:H7. This study proposes that selection of crops high in phenolic compounds can be related to enhanced functional properties and opens the possibility of breeding fruits with targeted functional properties for the fresh produce and processing market.     

Survey of sulfites in wine and various Turkish food and food products intended for export, 2007–2010

Surveys were carried out between 2007 and 2010 to determine the total levels of sulfites in 1245 samples of wines, dried apricots, dried vegetables, nuts, juices and purees, frozen foods and cereals containing dried fruit supplied by food inspectors and by food producers for testing or for export certification. Sulfite analysis of wine was carried out using the Ripper method with an LOQ of 5?mg?l^?1 and for dried and other foods the Monier-Williams distillation procedure was employed with an LOQ of 10?mg?kg^?1. In the survey all wines contained measurable sulfites, but with the exception of one sample of white wine they were otherwise below Turkish Food Codex limits of 160?mg?kg^?1 for red wine, 210?mg?kg^?1 to white wine and 235?mg?kg^?1 for sparkling wine. None of the cereal products, frozen foods, juices or purees contained sulfites above 10?mg?kg^?1. However, all dried apricot samples contained significant levels of sulfite with around 40% having levels exceeding the Turkish limit of 2000?mg?kg^?1. Significant levels of sulfite were found in other samples of dried fruit with even a fruit and nut bar containing 1395?mg?kg^?1 of sulfite, suggesting the dried fruit ingredients contained levels above regulatory limits.     

安琪葡萄酒酵母在果酒中的广泛应用

安琪葡萄酒酵母在多种果酒中应用。从最先成功的挂月雪梨酒推广到现有的草莓酒、李子酒、杏酒、桃酒等水果酒。每一种果都经过小试中试，结果表明，经安琪葡萄酒酵母酿制而成的果酒，酒体丰满，醇厚，具典型的水果香气，保留了原有水果的各种营养成分。深受广大消费者青睐。其中挂月雪梨酒2001年5月29日在天津农科院召开了技术鉴定会，受到与会专家们的一致好评，打出了百分制92分的好成绩，在短短的一年多时间里创直接经济效益80余万元。     

超滤技术在果酒澄清中的应用

超滤是一种可用于果酒澄清处理的有效分离技术。本文首先介绍了我们设计的板框式超滤机结构和组件特点,以及工厂规模的工艺操作流程,其次测定了具有不同孔径分布的膜对青梅酒渗透通量随时间的变化,评述了减小膜污染和恢复通量的三种清洗方法;最后讨论了在食品,饮料工业应用中需考虑的一些工程因素。     

Wine: a potential source of antimicrobial compounds

With increase in the socioeconomic status, the demand of the health and nutraceutical food is increasing day-by-day. Wine contains a wide variety of the biologically active compounds including antimicrobial compounds (phenolics, acids, alcohols, bioamines, etc.) which possess the numerous health benefits. The concentration of these compounds changes according to the raw material their varieties and vinification process. Phenolics, such as epicatechin, gallic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, vannillic acid, p-coumaric acid and resveratrol, are present in different wines. Wine also contains various acids such as tartaric acid, succinic acid, acetic acid and malic acid. Alcohol includes majorly the ethanol with a minute quantity of methanol and other higher alcohols, whereas the bioamine includes the ethanolamine, ammonia and histamine. These all compounds have the ability to possess antimicrobial activity either independently or in the conjugative form with the other compounds. In this article, efforts have been made to document the different antimicrobial compounds present in wines and their antimicrobial activity. This review has the potential to attract readers; mainly researchers and industrialists for the future study and product development in the wine industry.     

发酵青梅果酒的试制及调配

利用青梅为原料发酵梅酒,在发酵过程中对酵母选择、用量等进行试验;并将发酵梅酒和浸泡梅酒进行勾兑调配,寻找果香和口感的最佳平衡。     

富硒蓝莓全果果酒体外消化特性研究

为分析富硒蓝莓全果果酒的体外消化特性,以非富硒酵母发酵蓝莓全果果酒为对照,对两种果酒在模拟胃肠液消化前后的总多酚含量、抗氧化活性、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性及酚酸含量进行测定。结果表明,两种果酒在模拟胃肠液消化后总多酚含量、抗氧化活性、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性均有所下降,3.0 h模拟胃液及1.0 h模拟肠液消化后富硒蓝莓全果果酒中总多酚含量是对照的1.28倍,对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）、2,2’-联氮双（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐（ABTS）、超氧阴离子（O2-）自由基清除率及对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性分别是对照的1.27倍、1.85倍、1.07倍、1.18倍。富硒蓝莓全果果酒经模拟胃肠液消化后主要的酚酸为没食子酸（0.98μg/mL）、绿原酸（0.11μg/mL）、芦丁（0.17μg/mL）。富硒蓝莓全果果酒较对照在模拟胃肠液消化后具有更高的抗氧化、抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性,具有更强的生物活性。     

商业酿酒酵母发酵百香果果酒的品质及抗氧化性分析

以百香果为原料,选用安琪RW、安琪SY、帝伯仕、拉曼德、圣家5种商业酿酒酵母分别发酵百香果全果酒、果汁酒和果皮酒,分析不同百香果果酒的理化指标及感官品质变化,筛选最佳酿酒酵母及最佳发酵方式。结果表明,安琪酵母SY发酵的百香果果酒各项理化指标均优于其他4种酿酒酵母发酵的百香果果酒。3种果酒感官品质为全果酒>果汁酒>果皮酒。利用安琪酵母SY发酵的百香果全果酒品质优良,果酒酒精度为12.1%vol,可溶性固形物为4.1%,透光率为75.7%,总酸含量为5.7 g/L,总酚含量为0.57 mg/mL,总黄酮含量为0.42 mg/mL,感官评分为86.6分,果酒有一定的抗氧化活性,DPPH自由基清除率为78.6%,羟基自由基清除率为60.7%。     

果酒中香气化合物的生物转化与调控机制研究进展

果酒发酵过程中微生物及其代谢酶引发的一系列生化反应对其风味形成具有重要作用,但目前仍存在生物调控手段不完善,香气形成机理不清晰等问题,制约着我国果酒产品的开发和品质提升。本文对不同果酒中香气化合物种类及其生成途径进行阐述,分析香气前体物质代谢和微生物发酵对果酒香气的贡献;从生物调控角度重点论述不同果酒发酵过程香气成分的变化规律及微生物和酶对果酒香气化合物的影响机制,分析发酵菌种、发酵方式、微生物产酶能力及其酶活力大小等因素对果酒香气形成的作用,深入介绍微生物、酶同果酒香气的关系;最后,对未来果酒的研究热点进行展望,为建立以风味导向为基础的果酒定向调控手段提供理论依据和技术支持。     

Volatile aroma and sensory analysis of black raspberry wines fermented by different yeast strains

Robus coreanus Miquel is a small berry fruit used for Korean black raspberry (KBR) wine‐making. Twelve different yeast strains were investigated by laboratory‐scale fermentation to develop a wine with a high flavour quality. Volatile aroma compounds from the wines were analysed using headspace–solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and sensory evaluation was performed to evaluate the flavour characteristics. The volatile aroma compounds that mostly contributed to the flavour of KBR wines were those related to fruity (esters) and floral (terpenes) aromas. Fifteen out of the 67 identified volatile compounds showed higher odour activity values than other compounds in the wines, and these compounds were considered as important contributors to the final aromas of the wine. Additionally, the KBR wine fermented by the M1 yeast strain had the highest sensory preference because of higher fruity and floral aroma characters compared with other wines. In addition to the M1 strain, the other yeast strains that produced favourable sensory characteristics included Enoferm CSM, Uvaferm VRB, Lalvin ICV GRE, Lalvin ICV Opale and LevureSeche Active. Of these strains, the M1 strain produced a particularly excellent black raspberry wine, and thus could be applied for further large‐scale production of black raspberry wines. It is also expected that this work will expedite research on the production of high‐quality black raspberry wines with beneficial physicochemical properties, functionality and good sensory characteristics. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Primitivo Wine: Comparison among Winemaking Technologies

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to assess the influence of 9 winemaking technologies (traditional, delestage, saignée, delayed punching‐down, addition of grape seed tannins, addition of ellagic‐skin‐seed tannins, heating of must‐wine, cryo‐maceration, and prolonged maceration) on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Primitivo musts and wines. Three methods for the determination of the antioxidant activity were compared: DPPH, β‐carotene bleaching assay, and ABTS. Oenological parameters and composition of the phenolic fraction of 1‐y‐aged wines was also determined. The addition of tannins allowed the increase of the phenolic content of musts and wines in a greater amount than the other technologies. The results concerning the antioxidant activity depended on the method applied. Concerning musts, the DPPH assay did not highlight great differences among technologies, whereas the addition of tannins allowed the obtainment of the highest antioxidant activity according to β‐carotene and ABTS assays. The wine aging determined an increase of the antioxidant activity, independently on the method applied. Wine obtained through traditional technology, saignée, and addition of tannins showed the highest antioxidant activities according to DPPH and β‐carotene. The highest correlation coefficients (0.961 and 0.932) were calculated between phenolic content and ABTS values of musts whereas the lowest values (0.413 and 0.517) were calculated between phenolic content and ABTS values of wines. Wines produced through traditional technology were the richest in anthocyanins. The addition of tannins allowed to obtain high content in monomeric anthocyanins, flavonoids, flavans reactive to vanillin, and coumaroylated malvidin and a low content in acetylated malvidin. Practical Applications: It is well known that a moderate consumption (equivalent to 2 glasses per day) of red wine is actually recommended since it appears associated with a decreased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms involved in this protective effect are not completely understood although they appear related to the presence of phenolic compounds. To increase the intake of these compounds without increase of the wine consumption, it is necessary to improve their extraction during maceration. This study could represent a helpful tool for wineries aimed to know the way to increase the antioxidant content of their wines, thus changing them in functional beverages and prolonging their shelf life.     

李子发酵果酒生产工艺研究综述

该研究探究了库尔勒香梨发酵造过程中谷胱甘肽（GSH）对果酒基本理化指标、香气成分和感官特性的影响。结果表明,GSH添加对果酒的酒精度、pH和可滴定酸等指标无显著影响（P＞0.05）;当GSH添加量为20 mg/L,总酚含量增大至312 mg/L,颜色指数（吸光度值A420 nm）降低至0.18;当GSH添加量为30 mg/L时,总酚含量变化不明显,颜色指数略有升高。气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）结果显示,随GSH添加量在0～30 mg/L范围内增加,香梨酒挥发性成分中酯类、醇类、酚类和萜烯类含量有所升高,酸类和醛酮类含量有所下降。通过模糊数学法进行感官评定,20 mg/L GSH添加量的香梨酒感官评分最高为88.1分。因此,20 mg/L GSH添加量在抑制褐变、保护总酚方面效果最佳,适量GSH可增加改善香梨酒香气成分,提高其品质。     

全果发酵与果渣发酵对欧李果酒香气特征的影响

分别以欧李全果及欧李果渣为原料发酵生产欧李果酒,采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术检测2 种果酒中芳香成分,并结合不同香气成分的阈值与相对香气活度值,分析2 种欧李果酒香气特征。结果表明：全果发酵欧李果酒检出香气成分50 种,欧李果渣发酵果酒检出香气成分49 种,2 种酒皆含有的香气成分33 种。全果发酵果酒独有香气成分17 种,果渣发酵果酒独有香气成分16 种。2 种欧李果发酵酒的主要香气成分都为辛酸乙酯。在2 种果酒中相对香气活度较大并有突出香气的化合物为辛酸乙酯、β-大马酮、3-甲基丁醛、里哪醇、己酸乙酯、乙酸苯乙酯以及苯乙醇。全果发酵酒具有类似杏仁香气,兼具脂香及果香。果渣发酵果酒具有明显果香,兼具花香、甜香,香气持久稳定。欧李全果发酵与果渣发酵果酒香气成分相对含量及相对香气活度值无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。欧李果渣发酵酒具有典型果酒香型特点,风格明显,同时充分利用欧李果汁生产副产物果渣,更具经济及社会效益。