Production and Antioxidative Activity of Mead Made From Honey and Black Rice (Oryza sativa var. Indica cv. Shiun)

In order to brew a red‐coloured alcoholic beverage having antioxidative activity, mead was made from honey and black rice grains. Alcoholic beverages made from honey and black rice grains contained around 10% (v/v) ethyl alcohol and a higher amount of phenolic compounds. Alcoholic beverages made from Chinese milk vetch honey and black rice grain contained anthocyanin and were red in colour similar to pink wine. The amount of total phenolic compounds present in the beverages made using Chinese milk vetch honey and buckwheat honey was 0.2 and 0.4 mg/mL, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the mead made from the black rice grains was higher than that of beverages made from polished rice. The inhibitory activity of lipid peroxidation of the mead made from black rice grains was also higher.     

ETHANOL FERMENTATION OF VARIOUS RED RICES WITHOUT COOKING

With various red rices as raw material, fermentation without cooking was allowed to proceed at pH 4.0 and 30°C for 4 d for production of novel alcoholic beverages. Ethanol fermentation was achieved with various rice grains. In particular, uncooked wild-rice (Zizania aquatica) is reported now for the first time as being used for ethanol fermentation. The final concentration of ethanol achieved during fermentation was 8.8–9.3% (v/v). Rice wine made from aromatic red rice (Oryza sativa var. Indica, Tapol) had a wine-like red color. It was rich in a fruity aroma and had a characteristic sour taste, as revealed by organoleptic testing. Volatile substances formed have been analysed by gas chromatography. Rice wine made from black rice (Oryza sativa var. Indica) also had a wine-like red color and a sour taste. By contrast, rice wines made from red rice (Oryza sativa var. Japonica) and wild-rice were faintly yellow in color and had a sake-like and a somewhat green tea-like flavor, respectively. Although the red pigments of the aromatic red rice and black rice were solubilized during uncooked ethanol fermentation, the pigments of red rice and wild-rice were insoluble and not available as material for brewing of red-colored alcoholic beverages. Aromatic red rice appears to be a suitable material for the production of a wine-like alcoholic beverage.     

黑米与欧洲越橘花色苷抗氧化活性比较研究

为探究黑米与欧洲越橘花色苷抗氧化活性的差异,以抗坏血酸为阳性对照,通过比较其总还原力及清除超氧阴离子、羟自由基、过氧化氢、DPPH·、ABTS+·的能力,对其体外抗氧化作用进行了比较研究。结果表明,在测试浓度范围内,黑米花色苷与欧洲越橘花色苷总还原能力、清除过氧化氢、DPPH·、ABTS+·能力均高于阳性对照,且黑米花色苷具有更好地清除DPPH·、ABTS+·能力(IC₅₀分别为0.88、0.75 μg/mL);两种花色苷清除羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基能力均低于阳性对照,但黑米花色苷清除超氧阴离子能力是欧洲越橘的3.63倍,清除羟自由基能力与欧洲越橘花色苷相当。研究表明,黑米花色苷具有更好的抗氧化性,是良好的天然抗氧化剂。     

酒曲中乳酸菌的筛选及其在板栗糯米饮料发酵中的应用

为筛选出适合植物基质发酵的优良乳酸菌.本文以米曲为目标乳酸菌的供体,筛选高产酸、耐胃肠环境能力良好的乳酸菌,并评估了乳酸菌的抗氧化活性及其在板栗糯米饮料中的发酵能力.从酒曲中共分离出84株乳酸菌,其中有38株的产酸量≥10 g/L;在进一步的耐酸耐胆盐、模拟胃肠实验中,共筛出3株乳酸菌株;经16S rDNA鉴定这3株乳...     

两种工艺拐枣酒抗氧化成分及活性比较

以拐枣果梗为原料,制备拐枣露酒与发酵酒,测定拐枣酒中营养成分含量,并采用氧自由基吸收能力（ORAC）、铁离子还原能力（FRAP）、2,2'-联氨-双（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐（ABTS）与1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基（DPPH）自由基清除能力4种方法对其抗氧化活性进行测定,旨在比较两种工艺拐枣酒抗氧化成分含量及抗氧化活性。结果表明,拐枣发酵酒中总多酚、总黄酮、抗坏血酸含量均高于拐枣露酒,拐枣露酒中具有较高的糖含量,发酵酒中残糖量少。两种工艺拐枣酒均具有很强的抗氧化能力,其抗氧化能力与之含有的总黄酮、总多酚及抗坏血酸含量呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。拐枣酒的ORAC值在6.49～14.69 mmol/L之间,FRAP值在3.59～11.71 mmol/L之间,对ABTS、DPPH自由基的清除率均＞90%,半抑制浓度（IC50）值分别在7.10～20.30 μg/mL、23.40～52.30 μg/mL之间。拐枣露酒与拐枣发酵酒相比,发酵酒中营养成分含量更高,品质更佳,抗氧化能力更强。     

PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADITIONAL ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE MADE WITH SWEET POTATO AS THE SACCHARIFYING AGENT

Efforts were made to reproduce the traditional Japanese alcoholic beverage, miki using cooked rice and mashed raw sweet potato tubers as the saccharifying agent. The resulting miki-like alcoholic beverage contained 5–6% ethanol (v/v); it had a pleasant aroma but a sour taste with faint bitterness. With increased amounts of raw sweet potato added to the initial mash, the concentrations of higher alcohols, esters and bitter compounds in the miki increased. Oligosaccharides, including maltotetraose and maltopentaose, were detected in the miki made with higher concentrations of raw sweet potato mash. Miki, a previously uncharacterized, traditional, Japanese alcoholic beverage was therefore produced without the enzymic activities of germinating seeds, such as malt, or a fungal starter, such as koji .     

The application of monascal rice in rice beverage preparation

To investigate the effect of antioxidant activity of monascal rice, we used monascal rice only, a mixture of monascal rice and rice, and rice only in the rice beverage production. Reducing sugar and carbohydrate (glucose, maltose, and maltotriose) contents increased with reaction time. When using rice only, there was a higher reducing sugar content than with the use of monascal rice. After 6 h, the reducing sugar content of the rice beverage produced using only rice was 69.8 mg/mL. After 6 h, the maltose contents produced using monascal rice only, a mixture of monascal rice and rice, and rice only were 64.5, 92.9, and 113.9 mg/mL, respectively. After 6 h, the total phenolic contents of the beverages produced with monascal rice only, a mixture of monascal rice and rice, and rice only were 113.9, 92.9, and 69.7 μg/mL, respectively. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities increased linearly up to 4 h of hydrolysis, and then increased slightly beyond that. After 6 h, the IC₅₀ and ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant activity (AEAC) values of the beverages produced from monascal rice only, a mixture of monascal rice and rice, and rice only were 60.9, 100.6, and 164.4 μg, and 31.5 , 31.2, and 25.7 mg/100 g, respectively. In conclusion, the rice beverage prepared from monascal rice might be somewhat beneficial to the antioxidant protection system of the human body and help protect against oxidative damage.     

Study on enhanced absorption of phenolic compounds of Lactobacillus‐fermented turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) beverages in rats

Lactobacillus plantarum, used as starter culture to produce turmeric beverages, was isolated and screened from the turmeric rhizomes. Fermented turmeric beverages were evaluated for its antioxidant activity using 2‐2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging activity and ferric‐reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The fermentative process resulted in an increase in antioxidant activity. The absorption of turmeric powder, turmeric powder‐mixed encapsulated probiotic (TP) and encapsulated fermented turmeric beverage (TB) in rats was measured in terms of antioxidant activity in the plasma. Plasma antioxidant concentration was higher in rats administrated fermented turmeric beverage than other turmeric products, at all the time points. The maximum concentration (C_max) value and area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) were higher in the rat administered with TB. The value was lower in the plasma of rats administered with turmeric powder and TP. The results indicated that the fermentative turmeric possesses better bioavailability and in accordance with the concentrations of polyphenolic compounds in the rat plasma.     

Antioxidant activities and phenolic compounds of pigmented rice bran extracts

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activities and phenolic compounds of pigmented rice (black, red, and green rice) and brown rice brans. Antioxidant activity was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay, 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylenebenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation assay, reducing power, and chelating ability. Phenolic compounds were measured by using HPLC. Pigmented rice brans were extracted by using aqueous mixtures of acetone, ethanol, and methanol to determine the most effective extraction solvent. Of all solvents examined, extract from 40:60 acetone-water mixtures (v/v) provided the highest DPPH radical assay as well as the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content. We finally selected 40% acetone as an extraction solvent for antioxidant study of pigmented rice bran. Antioxidant activities of 40% acetone extracts of pigmented rice bran, measured in the range of 0 to 1500 μg/mL. At 500 μg/mL concentration, red rice bran, which had the highest total phenolic (259.5 μg/mg) and total flavonoid (187.4 μg/mg) contents, showed the highest antioxidant activity: 83.6%, 71.5%, 1.2%, and 16.4% for DPPH radical assay, ABTS radical cation assay, reducing power, and chelating ability, respectively. Red rice bran showed a lower EC(50) value (112.6 μg/mL) than that of butylated hydroxytoluene (144.5 μg/mL) from the DPPH radical assay. The major phenolic acids of red rice bran were ferulic, vanillic and p-coumaric acids. The results indicated pigmented rice bran might be used as a natural antioxidant. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The present study revealed black and red rice bran shows high antioxidant activities and they contain high amount of phenolic compounds. Indeed, black and red rice bran could be better raw materials for manufacturing the food with high antioxidant activity.     

体外模拟胃、肠消化对6种黑色食品抗氧化成分及其活性的影响

通过体外模拟胃、肠消化法考察6 种黑色食品（黑米、黑苦荞、黑麦、黑豆、黑绿豆、黑小米）在胃、 肠道消化过程中抗氧化成分及其活性变化规律。结果发现,通过模拟胃消化2 h后,多酚和黄酮释放增长比例最高 的分别是黑小米和黑豆,分别增长28%和41%,进一步通过模拟肠消化2 h后,多酚和黄酮释放增长比例最高的分 别是黑麦和黑绿豆,分别增长113%和52%。1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自 由基清除能力、亚铁还原能力（ferric ion reducing antioxidant power,FRAP）和2’-联氨-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺 酸（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid,ABTS）自由基清除能力在模拟胃消化阶段的增长比例 最高的分别是黑豆（114%）、黑绿豆（31%）和黑米（28%）,在模拟肠消化阶段增长比例最高的分别是黑苦 荞（161%）、黑小米（124%）和黑米（199%）。通过模拟胃蛋白酶、胰酶和胆汁等消化作用后能显著提升黑色 食品的黄酮、多酚释放量和抗氧化活性（P＜0.05）,尤其是黑米,在消化前后均表现出最强的抗氧化活性,通过 胃、肠消化后,其DPPH自由基清除能力、FRAP和ABTS＋·清除能力分别为4 531.79、3 729.69 μmol Trolox/100 g md和 3 727.14 μmol Trolox/100 g md,分别较未消化时增长了200%、171%和383%,是较有应用前景的一种黑色食品。     

Anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity in bran extracts of some Thai black rice varieties

This study investigated both the anthocyanin content and the antioxidant capacity of a set of genetically related glutinous and nonglutinous Thai black rice varieties. The ethanol/water extracts of the brans of these black rice varieties showed relatively potent antioxidant activities compared with those of tocopherol. These antioxidant activities were determined by thiocyanate, H₂O₂‐scavenging chemiluminescence (XYZ), Cu⁺⁺/bathocuproine colorimetry (PAO) and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical‐scavenging assay. The structural identification and quantification of the black rice anthocyanins performed by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation and tandem mass spectrometry found cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside and peonidin‐3‐O‐glucoside as the major anthocyanins in the ranges of 16.01–34.40 and 2.43–7.36 μg mL^?1, respectively. The comparative study in terms of quantity of these phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of the black rice bran extracts suggested the contribution of overall phenolic components rather than that of the particular anthocyanin pigments.     

Isolation and Identification of Phenolic Antioxidants in Black Rice Bran

Black rice bran contains phenolic compounds of a high antioxidant activity. In this study, the 40% acetone extract of black rice bran was sequentially fractionated to obtain 5 fractions. Out of the 5 fractions, ethyl acetate fraction was subfractionated using the Sephadex LH‐20 chromatography. The antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in the extracts was investigated by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay, 2,2‐azino‐bis‐(3‐ethylenebenzothiozoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation assay, reducing power. The subfraction 2 from ethyl acetate fraction had the highest total phenolic contents (TPC) (816.0 μg/mg) and the lowest EC₅₀ values (47.8 μg/mL for DPPH radical assay, 112.8 μg/mL for ABTS radical cation assay, and 49.2 μg/mL for reducing power). These results were 3.1, 1.3, and 2.6 times lower than those of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), respectively. At a concentration of 100 μg/mL, the antioxidant activity and TPC of various extracts was closely correlated, with correlation coefficients (R²) higher than 0.86. The major phenolic acid in subfraction 2 was identified as ferulic acid (178.3 μg/mg) by HPLC and LC‐ESI/MS/MS analyses. Our finding identified ferulic acid as a major phenolic compound in black rice bran, and supports the potential use of black rice bran as a natural source of antioxidant.     

Antioxidant activities of red pepper (Capsicum annuum) pericarp and seed extracts

In this study, we examined the antioxidant activities of red pepper (Capsicum annuum, L.) pericarp and red pepper seed extracts. The extracts were evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, [2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid)] (ABTS) radical scavenging, ferrous chelating activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reducing power, along with the determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. All the extracts showed strong antioxidant activity by the testing methods. The red pepper pericarp extract exhibited strong ferrous chelating activity and high scavenging activity against free radicals, including both the hydroxyl and DPPH radicals, but it exhibited weaker scavenging activity for the superoxide anion radical and for SOD. In contrast, the red pepper seed extract exhibited strong SOD activity and high scavenging activity against the superoxide anion radical, but showed weaker ferrous chelating activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and DPPH radical scavenging. We observed that the reducing power level and ABTS radical scavenging activity of the red pepper seed were higher than those of the red pepper pericarp at the highest tested concentration. Most of the test results for the red pepper seed and red pepper pericarp extracts increased markedly with increasing concentration; however, the metal chelating, SOD and ABTS radical scavenging activities did not increase with the concentration. Highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were obtained from the red pepper pericarp extracts. Overall, the red pepper seed and red pepper pericarp extracts were highly effective for the antioxidant properties assayed, with the exceptions of ferrous chelating activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging and SOD activity.     

Immunomodulatory activities and antioxidant properties of polysaccharides from Monascus-fermented products in vitro

BACKGROUND: Monascus ‐fermented products have featured in Chinese cuisine for thousands of years and are widely used as food colourants and dietary materials in many Asian countries. Rice and dioscorea fermented with Monascus purpureus NTU 568 have health‐promoting attributes in vitro and in vivo . The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of polysaccharides from red mould rice (RMRP) and red mould dioscorea (RMDP) in Raw 264.7 cells. RESULTS: The results showed the antioxidant capabilities (including scavenging, chelating, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and reducing power) of RMRP and RMDP at a concentration of 10 mg mL^?1. RMRP and RMDP also stimulated cell proliferation, nitric oxide production, phagocytosis and cytokine production (including IL1‐β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α) in Raw 264.7 cells. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that RMRP and RMDP have antioxidant and immunomodulation potential to be developed as novel dietary supplements. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同来源红曲米多酚类化合物和抗氧化活性的聚类分析

为了研究不同红曲米样品抗氧化性差异,考察了10种红曲米样品中总多酚和总黄酮含量与DPPH、ABTS自由基清除力,并进一步分析了多酚类化合物的种类和含量。结果表明,红曲米总多酚和总黄酮含量与其DPPH和ABTS自由基清除力呈显著的正相关性(P＜0.01);其中广东红曲的总多酚、总黄酮含量和抗氧化性的指标最高,其次为福建红曲,浙江红曲最低。同时多酚类化合物的种类及含量在不同的红曲米样品间差异较大,以多酚类化合物种类和含量作为区分依据,10种红曲米样品被分为4组,呈现产地聚集。表明红曲米样品中多酚类化合物的种类和含量受产地来源的影响较大。     

Edible Filamentous Fungi from the Species Monascus: Early Traditional Fermentations,Modern Molecular Biology,and Future Genomics

Monascus spp. are filamentous fungi famous for their fermented products, especially red mold rice (RMR), a traditional fermented food in East Asian areas with a very long edible history documented back to the Han dynasty (BC 202‐AD 220) in China. Nowadays, RMR and its related products involve a very large industry from artisanal traditional fermentations to food companies to medicine manufacturers, which are distributed worldwide. Modern studies have shown that Monascus spp. are able to produce abundant beneficial secondary metabolites, such as monacolins (cholesterol‐lowering agents), γ‐amino butyric acid (an antihypertensive substance), dimerumic acid (an antioxidant), and pigments (food‐grade colorants), and some strains can also secrete citrinin, a nephrotoxic metabolite. Monascus‐related studies have received much attention because of their wide applications. However, to our knowledge, no systematic review on the progress of Monascus research has ever been published. In this review, the progress of research on Monascus is summarized into 3 stages: Monascus fermentation, Monascus molecular biology, and Monascus genomics. This review covers the past history, current status, and future direction of Monascus research, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of Monascus research progress.     

Effect of fermentation by Bacillus subtilis on antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of black rice bran

Black rice bran was fermented with Bacillus subtilis KU3 isolated from Korean traditional food, Kimchi. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the fermented black rice bran were investigated. Total phenolic and anthocyanin contents decreased from 171.54 mg GAE g^?1 and 2.31 mg g^?1 to 139.13 mg GAE g^?1 and 2.12 mg g^?1, respectively, after fermentation. Antioxidant activities determined by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, β‐carotene bleaching and ferric thiocyanate assay were correlated with total phenolic and anthocyanin contents. Non‐fermented black rice bran extract (NFBE) showed greater antioxidant activities than fermented black rice bran extract (FBE). Cytotoxic activities measured by MTT assay showed that both NFBE and FBE had over 50% activities. The cytotoxic activities of FBE against MCF‐7 and HeLa cells were 71.65% and 68.07%, respectively, at 8.0 mg mL^?1, but those of NFBE were lower than 50%. These results suggested that the cytotoxic activity of black rice bran improved through fermentation, while antioxidant activity reduced.     

富硒发芽糙米蛋白的抗氧化活性

采用碱提酸沉法提取了糙米和富硒发芽糙米中的蛋白,对其抗氧化活性进行分析测定,并与对照品芦丁和VC进行了比较。结果表明：富硒发芽糙米蛋白的总抗氧化能力（total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC）、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除率、超氧阴离子自由基（O2－·）清除率和还原力低于芦丁和VC,氧化自由基吸收能力（oxygen radical absorbance capacity,ORAC）显著低于芦丁（P＜0.05）,但是显著高于糙米蛋白（P＜0.05）;富硒发芽糙米蛋白的羟自由基（·OH）清除能力与芦丁和VC相当,但显著高于糙米蛋白（P＜0.05）。富硒发芽后的糙米蛋白抗氧化能力显著提高。     

Comparative study of the phenolics,antioxidant and metagenomic composition of novel soy whey-based beverages produced using three different water kefir microbiota

Water kefir microbiota was used to develop novel soy whey-based beverages that have antioxidant activity. In the present study, comparative phenolics, antioxidant and metagenomic composition of the soy whey beverages fermented using three different water kefir microbiota, named WKFS-A, WKFS-B and WKFS-C were investigated. WKFS-B beverage had the highest concentrations of isoflavone aglycones (208.73 ± 2.78 mg L⁻¹) and phenolic acids (132.33 ± 3.41 mg L⁻¹) compared with WKFS-A (193.88 ± 1.15 mg L⁻¹) and (91.73 ± 2.34 mg L⁻¹) and WKFS-C (160.63 ± 1.76 mg L⁻¹) and (97.13 ± 2.63 mg L⁻¹), respectively. The WKFS-B also showed higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power compared with WKFS-A and WKFS-C beverages. Microbial species diversity index analysis showed that a higher concentration of isoflavone aglycones, phenolic acids and increased antioxidant activity in the WKFS-B beverage correlates with the higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus genus. This study thus revealed that Lactobacillus dominated water kefir microbiota produces soy whey beverages with high phenolic acids, isoflavone aglycones and antioxidant activity.