准单色X射线机替代~(241)Am放射源的测厚应用研究

应用自制的能量50~60 keV的准单色X射线机替代~(241)Am低能光子源(1.11×10~9 Bq)应用于BS-03测厚仪进行测厚研究,分别测试了BS-03测厚仪输出电流范围,测试X射线在钢板、铝板、有机玻璃的衰减规律以及准单色X射线机稳定性,结果表明,准单色X射线机可以替代~(241)Am放射源用于BS-03测厚仪。     

HPGe探测器测量低能γ射线241Am的研究

目前,广泛使用的HPGe探测器已经很好地应用于能量范围从100～2000keV之间的γ射线测量,但是在低能区(<100keV),测量分析结果不是很理想.通过实验的方法测量241Am的59.5keVγ射线,然后对结果采用不同的修正并与参考值进行比较分析,得到一种测量低能γ射线的实验方法.     

~(109)Cd低能光子源的研制

放射性含水率-密度计,能在油、气、水三相流动情况下,进行密度和含水率的测定。~(109)Cd放射源可释放出能量分别为22和88keV的两种射线,其中22keV的光子可用于     

X射线轫致辐射谱的能谱转化技术

根据光子与原子相互作用的物理机制,提出了在X射线能量范围内(光子能量一般低于200keV)的能谱转化技术和能量滤波器的概念,以实现对连续的轫致辐射X射线谱的能谱转化功能,在此基础上,研究分析了影响转化谱性能和谱分布的因素以及能谱转化技术的适用条件．最后．在140kVX光机激发源上,用钨和铅能量滤波器,实验研究了连续X射线谱的能谱转化技术,实现了连续X射线谱的准单能化．     

上海光源X射线成像实验站相位衬度CT初步结果

X射线相位衬度CT能获得样品内部结构的边缘增强图像,可观察到传统X射线吸收CT无法观察到的生物软组织内部微细结构,具有巨大发展潜力.经初步调试,上海光源X射线成像实验站的8-72.5 keV单色X射线输出已能用于实验研究.本文在X射线成像实验站上开展生物样品(蝗虫)同轴X射线相位衬度CT研究,获得蝗虫样品的切片重构图像和三维重建图像.结果图像中,蝗虫样品的翅膀、表面纹理和内部组织分布情况清晰可见.     

基于晶体衍射的X射线偏振源

基于X射线的晶体衍射,实验设计并搭建了X射线偏振源.该X射线偏振源主要包括X射线光管和用于起偏的布拉格晶体.当X射线以45°角入射到晶体表面上时,经过布拉格衍射,可以得到线偏振的X射线;当X射线的入射角度偏离45°时,将产生部分偏振X射线.实验中利用微通道铅玻璃板做准直器,很好地保证了入射角的大小和X射线的透过率.实验中使用的晶体是LiF晶体和CaF2晶体,并分别用连续能量的X射线和单一能量的特征X射线入射到晶体上,产生能量分别为6.10和4.54 keV的线偏振源,并利用二次衍射的方法对产生的偏振源进行了测量.     

一种监测低能X射线的Si探测器

低能(50keV以下)光子探测器广泛应用于外大气层核爆监测,天体物理现象研究。采用半导体探测单元试制了低能X射线探测器模块。说明了配置多探测器系统的方法,并介绍了探测单元模块的设计、主要试验和技术指标。室温下噪声等效输入光子能量为2.1keV。     

高阻NTD硅低能β,γ和X射线探测器

本文叙述了高阻NTD硅低能β,γ和X射线探测器的制备工艺和性能,探测器的灵敏面积为15mm~2,厚2.3mm。在77K温度下用脉冲光反馈前置放大器对最大端点能量为18.6keV的氚β,~(241)Am 59.5keV的低能γ和X射线的能谱及~(55)Fe 5.9keV的X射线进行了测量。对~(55)Fe 5.9keV的X射线能量分辨率为190eV,并可在室温下存放。     

低能γ光子及X射线在透射金属箱方向激发的次级X射线

采用Ｓｉ（Ｌｉ）Ｘ射线探测系统，以透射法测量了２４１Ａｍ和２３８Ｐｕ放射源的低能γ光子和Ｘ射线在透过不同厚度的Ｆｅ和Ｃｕ箔时激发的次级Ｘ射线相对强度的变化。实验结果表明：激发产生的Ｘ射线相对强度在实验样品厚度范围内随箔厚的增加而增加；在高原子序数材料中将产生更多的特征Ｘ射线；各次级Ｘ射线的强度与箔厚形成方式以及激发源的活度、能量有关。最后对实验结果的物理机制进行了初步探讨。     

~(161)Tb低能γ射线发射几率的精确测量

利用4疴-γ符合装置和低能光子谱仪精确测量了161Tb衰变γ射线的发射几率。对于25.7 keV、48.9 keV和74.6 keV的低能γ射线,测定结果分别为0.2327 0.0053、0.1700 0.0031和0.1001 0.0019。表明本测量结果的不确定度明显减小。     

X射线源针孔成像系统优化设计研究

为提高X射线源针孔成像系统的性能,对成像能区为10~100 keV的X射线源针孔成像系统进行了优化设计研究。综合应用了理论分析和蒙特卡罗模拟的方法,首先根据X射线波长、准直器角响应和X射线穿透效应对针孔成像的不同影响结果设计了可有效控制成像分辨率和成像面积变化的船底型准直器,随后用蒙特卡罗方法对使用该准直器的针孔成像系统进行了模拟验证。结果表明,对于100 keV以下的X射线,经船底型准直器后,成像的空间分辨率和亮斑亮度较稳定,能得到相对准确的X射线源定位、定量信息。     

An intense channeling radiation source

A non-conventional X-ray source which is based on the production of electron channeling radiation in a diamond crystal has been installed at the radiation source ELBE. The brilliant electron beam with an average current of up to 200 μA allows to reach photon rates of quasi-monochromatic channeling radiation between 10¹⁰ s⁻¹ and 10¹¹ s⁻¹ per 10% bandwidth. The photon energy can be tuned by variation of the beam energy. On-line X-ray monitoring was realised at high beam currents using a Compton spectrometer. Monochromisation of channeling radiation and bremsstrahlung background reduction has been investigated applying X-ray diffraction at a highly ordered pyrolytic graphite crystal.     

Peak identification of L X-ray spectra of elemental Np and U

The L X-ray photons emitted by transuranic (TRU) elements are expected to be useful for developing nondestructive TRU monitors. Energy spectra of L X-rays emitted by ²⁴¹Am, ²³⁸Pu and ²³⁹Pu sources were measured by a transition edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter, which allowed precise peak identification with high energy resolution. In the measurements using the TES microcalorimeter, the full width at half-maximum energy resolution was 62.6 eV at 17.222 keV for ²³⁹Pu source, 62.5 eV at 17.222 keV for ²³⁸Pu source and 60.9 eV at 17.751 keV for ²⁴¹Am source. This study demonstrates the separation of ²⁴¹Am and plutonium isotopes by L X-ray spectroscopy using a TES microcalorimeter.     

Resolution and sensitivity as a function of energy and incident geometry for germanium detectors

The use of modeling programs such as MCNP to predict the response of HPGe detectors is increasing in importance. Accurate simulation of germanium detectors to incident gamma rays relies on knowledge of the performance of the detector in different detector–source geometries. Two important performance parameters are the resolution and sensitivity. The resolution is the FWHM and FW.1M/FWHM ratio. The IEEE 325-1996 standard only specifies the FWHM measurement at one geometry and two energies. Nearly all measurements are made in a different geometry and at other energies. Other investigators [Specifications for Today’s Coaxial HPGe Detectors, 2001 ANS Annual Meeting, Milwaukee, WI; Metzger, private communication, see also: Radionuclide Depth Distribution by Collimated Spectroscopy, 2002 ANS Topical Meeting, Santa Fe, NM], have shown that the sensitivity and resolution change with position of the incident gamma ray on the front of the detector. Such variability has possible implications for the accuracy of peak shape and area determination, since the calibration is potentially a function of angle of incidence. To quantify the sensitivity and resolution variation as a function of energy and point of incidence, measurements have been made on several coaxial detectors of various crystal types and sizes in different source–detector geometries. The full-energy peaks from 59 keV to 2.6 MeV were used. The detectors were placed in a low-background shield to reduce any contribution from external sources. None of the detectors tested was a low-background type. The sources used were an ²⁴¹Am source, ⁶⁰Co source and a natural thorium oxide sample. The ²⁴¹Am 59 keV gamma rays were collimated by a 2 cm thick, 1 mm diameter lead collimator. Several gamma rays from the thorium source were used and collimated by a 10 cm thick and 2 mm diameter tungsten collimator. These collimated sources were used to collect spectra for the incident beam on the front and sides of the detectors. The peak widths were calculated using the methods outlined in IEEE 325-1996. Data are presented to show that the peak shape and sensitivity change with incident beam position and full peak energy.     

Development of a low-energy high resolution X-ray camera for high-energy gamma photon background environments

Although a high-energy gamma camera can obtain images of ¹³⁷Cs distribution by detecting the 662-keV gamma photons, its spatial resolution is reduced because high-energy gamma photons penetrate the edge of the pinhole collimator. To solve this problem, we developed a low-energy X-ray camera that detects the characteristic X-ray photons (32–37 keV) that are emitted from ¹³⁷Cs to obtain high resolution images. We used a 45 × 45 × 1-mm-thick NaI(Tl) scintillator that was encapsulated in 0.1-mm-thick aluminum and optically coupled to a 2-inch square, position sensitive photomultiplier tube (Hamamatsu Photonics, PSPMT:H12700 MOD) as an imaging detector. The imaging detector was encased in a 2-cm-thick tungsten alloy container and a pinhole collimator was attached to its camera head. The spatial resolution and sensitivity were ～5 mm full-width at half-maximum and ～0.6 cps/MBq for the 1.5-mm pinhole collimator 10 cm from the collimator surface, respectively. We administered 5 MBq of ¹³⁷Cs to a soybean seedling, imaged the distribution of radionuclides for six hours, and successfully obtained a high resolution image of it with our developed X-ray camera. We believe our camera will be a powerful tool for such ¹³⁷Cs imaging in plants.     

Technique for Radioactivity Measurement in Drum Package Waste by Using Scattered Gamma-Rays

An evaluation method for the radionuclide content in low level drum package waste by using scattered γ-rays has been investigated. Gamma-rays are counted by a detector after passing through a collimator having appropriate vertical and horizontal openings both for the segmented scan and for the average geometrical efficiency being almost independent of the source position. The attenuation of unscattered γ-rays is estimated from the intensity ratio of scattered rays to unscattered ones of the nuclide emitting the highest γ-ray energy in the drum. Satisfactory results were obtained in numerical simulations and basic experiments carried out using test equipment with a pure Ge detector and a rectangular collimator, and sample 200l drums, containing sealed ⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs sources, and having a uniform density of 2.2 g/cm³. The error of the evaluated content, which depended slightly on the activity distribution, was a maximum of about ±30%.     

Si(Li) Detector efficiency below 10 keV

The full-energy peak efficiency of a Si(Li) detector has been experimentally determined over the photon energy range 3–26 keV for use in accurate ion-induced X-ray cross-section measurements. The efficiency uncertainties are ± 2% to ± 4% for 4.5–9.9 keV photons — the energy region of primary interest in the present work. The techniques utilised are described in detail since it was found that the use of absolute theoretical efficiencies can lead to errors in excess of 30% over the whole efficiency curve with even greater errors appearing below about 3 keV. Recent electron-capture data are used to calculate the yield of 3.1 keV Ag L X-ray from the decay of a calibrated ¹⁰⁹Cd source in order to extend the efficiency curve down to 3 keV. The use of fluorescence sources as a novel way of accurately measuring efficiencies in the photon energy region 1–4 keV is outlined.     

Molybdenum L-shell X-ray production by 350-600 keV Xe (q = 25-30) ions

Molybdenum L-shell X-rays were produced by Xe^q+ (q = 25-30) bombardment at low energies from 2.65 to 4.55 keV/amu (350-600 keV). We observed a kinetic energy threshold of Mo L-shell ionization down to 2.65-3.03 keV/amu (350-400 keV). The charge state effect of the incident ions was not observed which shows that the ions were neutralized, reaching an equilibrium charge state and losing their initial charge state memory before production of L-shell vacancies resulted in X-ray production. The experimental ionization cross sections were compared with those from Binary Encounter Approximation theory. Taking into account projectile deflection in the target nuclear Coulomb field, the ionization cross section of Mo L-shell near the kinetic energy threshold was well described.     

X-Ray Measurement and Enhancement of SBUPF1 Plasma Focus Device in Different Ar Pressures and Operating Voltages

In this paper, best condition of filling gas pressure and operating voltage for SBUPF1 plasma focus device to have maximum intensity of hard and soft X-ray emission has been reported. For time resolved X-ray detection, PIN detector and fast plastic Scintillator detector with appropriate filters have been used and for time integrated X-ray emission measurement, radiography films with appropriate filter masks have been used. Rogowski coil has been used for pinch detection. The highest hard X-ray emission has been observed at the pressure of 0.45 mbar of Argon and discharge voltage about 23.5 kV. The highest Soft X-ray emission has been observed at the pressure of 0.35 mbar of Argon and discharge voltage about 23.5 kV. For enhancement of hard X-ray emission intensity, lead disk was placed in copper anode tip and measurements were repeated. Results have shown that hard X-ray emission has been enhanced about 23% and soft X-ray emission has been enhanced about 33% with inserting a high atomic number metal disk like lead. Results from integral X-ray measurement have shown presence of dominant peaks in ranges 13.2–15, 21–21.9 and 23.4–24.3 keV with significant spectral components in the range of 0–50 keV. Pinch size has measured with pin hole camera and it is about 0.6 mm × 2.12 mm. Captured images with SBUPF1 have confirmed that it is a suitable source for introspective imaging with capability of showing very fine details.