Extensional flow of wormlike micellar solutions

We consider the inhomogeneous extensional response of a new constitutive model, the VCM model [Vasquez, et al., 2007. A network scission model for wormlike micellar solutions I: model formulation and homogeneous flow predictions. J. Non-Newt. Fluid Mech. 144, 122-139] that has been developed to describe concentrated solutions of wormlike micelles. The time dependent numerical analysis is carried out in a simplified slender filament formulation appropriate for transient elongational flows of complex fluids. The simulations show that, beyond a critical extension rate, elongating filaments of a micellar fluid described by the VCM model exhibit a dramatic and sudden rupture event as a result of the scission of the entangled wormlike chains. The computations capture many of the features of the high-speed rupture process observed experimentally [Bhardwaj, et al., 2007. Filament stretching and capillary breakup extensional rheometry measurements of viscoelastic wormlike micelle solutions. J. Rheol. 51, 693-719] in filament stretching experiments with wormlike micelle solutions. The highly localized rupture predicted by the VCM model and the corresponding evolution in the tensile force within the filament is contrasted with the familiar and more gradual necking responses predicted by the upper convected Maxwell and Giesekus models under equivalent kinematic boundary conditions.     

Droplet deformation in confined shear and extensional flow

This work describes the direct observation of deforming water droplets in castor oil, undergoing combined shear and extensional flows in a transparent horizontal annular Couette flow cell, over a wide range of straining fields. This study is motivated by the recognition that many mixing devices of practical importance rely for their effective function on a complex, strongly time-dependent combination of these fundamental straining fields and interactions of the fluid with the confining surfaces. Photographic studies of droplet deformation have identified different modes of breakup and complex droplet structures. This study emphasises the significance of droplet size, constraining geometry and flow history on the dynamic response of droplets within shear and extensional flows.     

Dynamics of monodisperse linear entangled polymer melts in extensional flow: The effect of excluded-volume interactions

We present an extension of the Rouse-CCR tube model for linear entangled polymers, by incorporating interchain repulsive excluded-volume interactions, to interpret extensional viscosity data of narrow molecular weight distribution polystyrene melts in strong extensional flows. The expression for the stress tensor is also adapted to account for modifications of the effective tube diameter due to flow-induced chain stretch. Despite its simplicity, the resulting model correctly captures the extensional rheological behavior of linear entangled monodisperse polystyrene melts already published in the literature.     

Controlled organization of self-assembled rod-coil block copolymer micelles

Spherical micelles of a series of poly(styrene-block-(2,5-bis[4-methoxyphenyl]oxycarbonyl)styrene) (PS-b-PMPCS) rod-coil diblock copolymers in a selective solvent can organize into large mono-layered films with a well-ordered hexagonal packing of the spheres after solvent evaporation. Organized domains in the spherical micelle film were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The core-shell structure of the spherical micelle remained after solvent evaporation. The micelle diameter in the ordered film as observed by TEM and AFM agree. The size of the spherical micelles can be controlled by the length of PMPCS when the length of the PS is fixed. The sphere diameters were varied from several tens of nanometers to more than one hundred nanometers. Solutions of smaller micelle spheres formed less ordered films than those from larger micelle particles. Additionally, monolayer films of cylindrical worm-like micelles were also prepared. Those cylindrical micelles were observed to be end-capped by spherical micelles. The monolayer micelle film from the largest spherical micelles appeared red when observed in optical microscopy in the reflection mode. A broad adsorption peak with a maximum adsorption wavelength of 545 nm was observed via UV-Vis spectroscopy.     

Drop coalescence in planar extensional flow and gravity

A film drainage model, which allowed for the effect of the ratio of the viscosities of the drop and liquid film on the interfacial mobility, is found to represent reasonably well the published experimental data on the coalescence times of drops in two different flow fields at a constant force. The data of Yang et al. [2001. The coalescence of two equal-sized drops in a two-dimensional linear flow. Physics of Fluids 13, 1087-1106] on the head-on collision of two equisized drops at the center of the inflow axis under planar extensional hyberbolic flow in a four-roll mill, and the data of several authors on the coalescence time of a single drop with its bulk homophase at a deformable interface under gravity are considered. The scaled coalescence time increased linearly with the product of the viscosity ratio and the applied external to interfacial tension forces ratio over three orders of magnitude. Higher applied external forces resulted in larger film areas while more viscous drops reduced the interfacial mobility thereby increasing the coalescence times.     

刚柔嵌段共聚物聚苯基喹啉-b-聚苯乙烯的合成

利用原子转移自由基聚合合成了端羧基聚苯乙烯,然后与4-氨基苯乙酮反应,生成末端为乙酰基的聚合物,以P2O5为催化剂,将功能化的聚合物与5-乙酰基-2-氨基二苯甲酮共聚,合成出刚柔嵌段共聚物聚苯基喹啉-b-聚苯乙烯(PPO-b-PS),用红外光谱(IR)、氢核磁共振(1HNMR)和热重分析(TGA)对其结构和性能进行了表征,并在三氟乙酸／二氯甲烷混合溶剂中进行了初步的自组装研究。     

A molecular thermodynamic model for binary lattice polymer solutions

A molecular thermodynamic model for binary lattice polymer solutions with concise and accurate expressions for the Helmholtz energy of mixing and other thermodynamic properties is established. Computer simulation results are combined with the statistical mechanics to obtain the expressions. Yan et al.'s model for Ising lattice and the sticky-point model of Cumming, Zhou and Stell are incorporated in the derivation. Besides the nearest neighbor cavity correlation function obtained from the Ising lattice, the long range correlations beyond the close contact pairs are represented by a parameter λ, the linear chain-length dependence of which is obtained by fitting the simulated critical parameters of two systems with chain lengths of 4 and 200. The predicted critical temperatures and critical compositions, spinodals and coexistence curves as well as internal energies of mixing for systems with various chain lengths are in satisfactory agreement in comparison with the computer simulation results and experimental data indicating the superiority of the model over other theories. The model can serve as a basis to develop more efficient models for practical applications.     

聚合物熔体延伸粘度的研究方法

聚合物熔体的延伸粘度是影响聚合物熔体流动特性和成型制品性能的重要因素。本文较为系统地介绍了聚合物熔体延伸粘度的理论和实验研究方法,着重介绍了Cogswell、Gibson、Binding和Berstered等人的理论研究工作,为进一步研究熔体的延伸粘度提供思路。     

基于段塞流的通用气液两相流模型的建立与验证

气液两相混输流动中,由于段塞流与其他流型均有联系,从段塞流出发建立模型可以使不同流型下的计算模型得到统一。基于段塞流建立气液两相流动量方程和连续性方程,完善模型对气泡和液滴夹带的处理。建立模型的闭合关系式,对关键参数(壁面及气液相间水力摩阻系数、液塞平移速度、平均液塞长度)的计算闭合关系式进行优选,得到适用于模型的闭合关系式,同时,对液滴和气泡的夹带给出夹带条件及相关参数计算式,最终建立基于段塞流的通用气液两相流模型。使用3组不同来源的实验数据验证了模型计算压降和持液率的准确性,实验数据分别来自中国石油大学(华东)、大庆油田实验基地的气液两相流实验以及国外研究人员的实验研究,包含各个气液流型。模型具有较高的计算精度,优于未经关系式完善和优化的原始模型,大部分压降及持液率参数的计算误差在±15%以内。     

Orientation distribution of solids in continuous solid-liquid flow in a vertical tube

During continuous flow of solid-liquid mixtures, the solids may be oriented in a variety of directions relative to the flow axis. The character of the distribution takes on particular importance when materials are processed using electric fields. In this study, solids orientation distributions in continuous, vertical upflow was investigated experimentally combining particle tracking velocimetry. Cylindrical solids showed a more pronounced tendency than cubes to align along the flow direction; this tendency was even greater for elongated cylindrical objects. Solids orientation is influenced by the principal orienting factor (shear flow) and the randomizing factor (orientations of other solids in the mixture). Increasing flow rate tends to drag objects towards their equilibrium (aligned orientation) until they are restricted from further rotation by the presence of other solids. Orientations of cubes were more widely distributed than cylinders, without sharp peaks. The orienting effects of flow rate were also observed for cubes. High solids concentration and larger solids tend to restrict rotation, thus the initial distribution may be maintained through the flow length.     

Fluidization with viscoelastic polymer solutions in the transition flow region

Fluidization of spherical and non-spherical particle beds with shear thinning viscoelastic polymer solutions was investigated experimentally in the transition flow region. It was observed that the influence of elasticity on the anomalous expansion course weakens with the increasing value of Reynolds number. After exceeding a critical value of Reynolds number, which depends on the measure of liquid elasticity, the effect of elasticity vanishes and the expansion curves have the same linear shape as for fluidization with Newtonian (or purely viscous non-Newtonian) fluids. Semi-empirical equations based on the Carreau viscosity model were proposed for predicting the critical value of Reynolds number and the bed expansion in the region of diminishing elasticity effects.     

Multiscale lattice Boltzmann modeling of two-phase flow and retention times in micro-patterned fluidic devices

Recent advances for fabricating micro-featured architectures such as posts or pillars in fluidic devices provide exciting opportunities for multiphase flow management. Here we describe a novel, multiscale modeling approach for two-phase flows in microfeatured architectures developed within the Shan and Chen Lattice Boltzmann method. In our approach a fine scale is used to resolve the true microfeatured architecture, with a coarser scale used to model the gross geometry of the device. We develop the basic features of the approach and demonstrate its applicability to modeling retention times of droplets of a dispersed phase in an array of microposts – an architecture used in microfluidic reactors, bioreactors, and biomedical devises. Additionally we show that it is feasible to model the microfeatured geometry in a piecewise manner which includes extrapolating dispersed phase flow characteristics in the entire system based on simulations in smaller subdomains.     

Effect of solvent quality on Poiseuille flow of polymer solutions in microchannels: A dissipative particle dynamics study

The Poiseuille flows of polymer solutions for varying quality solvents in microchannels have been simulated using dissipative particle dynamics. In particular, the velocity distributions and the polymer migration across the channel have been investigated for good, athermal, and poor solvents. The velocity profiles for all three kinds of solvent deviate from the parabolic profile, and the velocity profile of the athermal solvent falls in between the good solvent and the poor solvent. For the athermal solvent, a migration away from the wall due to the hydrodynamic interactions between the chains and the wall is observed, and a migration away from the channel center due to the different chain Brownian diffusivities is also observed. For the good solvent, because of the more stretched polymer chains, the migration away from the wall is stronger than that for the athermal solvent. However, the migration away from the channel center is not observed for good solvents. For the poor solvent, the hydrodynamic interaction within the chains is screened, and the polymer chains migrate toward the wall and appear to be absorbed by the wall. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47345.     

聚合物熔体在圆锥口型的挤出胀大方程

在聚合物熔体入口收敛流变中引入纯拉伸流变概念，应用张量理论进行了定量分析，导出了一个描述圆锥口型的挤出胀大方程。研究表明，入口收敛拉伸流变，是取合物熔体产生了强烈的弹性形变，导致了较大的挤出物胀大比。     

Hierarchical structure of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer formed in blends jointly by dynamic and thermodynamic driving forces

The hierarchical structure of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (TLCP), especially microfibrils with an average diameter of 30 nm has been obtained in polyamide 6 (PA6)/TLCP/glass bead (GB) ternary blends by capillary flows. Thermodynamically the different interfacial tensions between PA6 and GB, and between TLCP and GB, make the glass beads migrate to the vicinity of the TLCP melt droplets. Then the strong extensional flow field formed by the micro-rollers of these glass beads exerts strong extensional action on TLCP coils so that results in the formation of TLCP microfibrils, which are usually generated with neat TLCP melt only. The hierarchical structure of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (TLCP) in PA6/TLCP/GB ternary blends can enhance mechanical performance of such blends.     

浮选槽中颗粒的速度及对浮选的影响

采用PDA激光流速测试技术，在固－液－气三相体系中对浮选槽中固体颗粒进行了流速测定，获得了固体颗粒的速度气体，并用它分析解释了包头白云鄂博磁选铁精矿反浮选脱除萤石精选中所出现空泡问题的原因。     

Suspension of flexible cylinders in laminar liquid flow

A methodology for particle-resolved simulation of dense suspensions of flexible cylindrical particles in Newtonian liquid flow is described. It is based on the Lattice–Boltzmann method for solving the liquid flow and an immersed boundary method for imposing no-slip at the particle surfaces and providing the distribution of liquid–solid interaction forces over the particle surfaces. These forces—along with contact forces—translate, rotate as well as bend the cylindrical particles. Verification tests have been performed for a single cylinder settling and deforming under gravity at a low Reynolds number. The method has been applied to a clamped flexible cylinder in microchannel flow for which experimental data are available. It then is used to investigate the behavior of hundreds of flexible cylinders with length over diameter aspect ratios of 4 and 6 in a container agitated by an impeller at a Reynolds number of 87 which implies laminar flow. The overall solids volume fraction is 15%. We study the effect of the bending stiffness of the particles on the solids suspension process, on the extent of particle deformation as well as on the torque required to spin the impeller.     

Effect of particle gradation on flow characteristics of ash disposal pipelines

Pressure drop and concentration distribution studies for the flow of multi-sized solid-liquid flow through slurry pipelines has been carried out over a wide range of efflux concentrations and mixtures of solids having different particle size distributions. The particle size effect on pressure drop has been analyzed through the measured solid distribution pattern in the pipeline. An integral flow model has been used for prediction of the pressure drop and solids distribution under various conditions. The model has been used to predict the optimum particle size distribution that gives the minimum specific energy consumption.     

Surface phenomena in capillary flow of polymer solutions

Evaluations of apparent slip and polymer adsorption are reported for laminar capillary flow of dilute aqueous solutions of the three homologues WSR 301, Coagulant and FRA of Polyox. Measurements were carried out using glass tubes coated with a silane compound (dimethyldiethoxysilane) as well as for the untreated glass tubes. The results indicate that flow enhancement is dominant at the very low polymer concentrations and flow retardation is dominant at the higher concentrations comprising the polymer concentration range investigated. A transition from a positive to a negative effective velocity at the wall was observed with increasing polymer concentration. A new analysis was applied to separate the contributions of polymer adsorption and slip in the evaluation of the effective velocity at the wall. Effective hydrodynamic thicknesses of the adsorbed polymer layers are presented as a function of the polymer molar mass and concentration and the wall shear stress. The thickness of the adsorbed layer at zero shear was also evaluated from the capillary flow data.     

倾斜对窄矩形通道内流动阻力特性影响

在绝热强迫循环条件下,进行了窄矩形通道内的流动阻力特性实验研究,结果表明：在层流区,矩形通道内的摩擦阻力系数与Shah & London关系式吻合很好。在加热自然循环条件下,为探究倾斜与摩擦阻力特性的关系,进行了压力0.2 MPa,欠热度40～60 K,倾斜角度-30°～30°的单相流动阻力特性实验研究。结果表明：在倾斜条件下,基于Navier-Stocks方程的摩擦阻力预测值不再适用于单面加热窄矩形通道;在层流区,正倾会使单面加热窄矩形通道内的流动阻力增大,且阻力系数随倾斜角度增加而显著增大;反倾时,阻力系数随倾斜角度改变无明显变化;密度差驱动产生的二次流动使得低Reynolds数下的摩擦阻力系数变大。