稳健的基于参数化协方差矩阵估计的空时自适应处理方法

参数化协方差矩阵估计（Parametric Covariance Matrix Estimation,PCE）方法利用雷达系统参数估计杂波协方差矩阵（Clutter Covariance Matrix,CCM）,显著提升非均匀环境下空时自适应处理（Space-Time Adaptive Processing,STAP）的性能;但是在系统参数和杂波分布存在误差情况下,性能下降严重.本文提出一种稳健的基于PCE方法的STAP杂波抑制方法.首先利用稀疏恢复方法与Radon变换估计杂波分布,然后提出一种归一化广义内积统计量修正杂波的分布,最后利用PCE方法估计CCM并进行STAP杂波抑制.通过分析舰载高频地波雷达仿真和实测数据处理结果表明：所提方法的稳健性大幅提升,相比稀疏恢复STAP方法和前后向空时平滑STAP方法滤波器凹口更加准确且更深,在有效抑制杂波的同时更利于慢速目标的检测.     

A clutter-suppression method for airborne bistatic polarization radar based on polarization-space-time adaptive processing

Clutter suppression poses serious problems for airborne, bistatic radar systems. Suppression may be increased using space-time adaptive processing (STAP), but suppression of slow targets is poor and target detectability is compromised. Furthermore, sufficient independent and identically (IID) training samples cannot be obtained through the use of practical applications, and the STAP performance degrades significantly due to the inaccuracy of the estimated clutter-plus-noise covariance matrix, especially in nonstationary and heterogeneous environments. Here, we present a new airborne, bistatic radar system. We transform the array from a single polarized channel to two channels, each with two orthogonally polarized antennae, and combine polarization-dimensional information with that of the space-time domain; we term our algorithm “polarization-space-time adaptive processing”. This algorithm further suppresses clutter and enhances the detection of slow targets. Sparse recovery space-time adaptive processing (SR-STAP) can reduce the need for clutter samples and suppress clutter effectively using limited training samples for airborne radar. The algorithm first uses the clutter sparse recovery function of STAP to suppress clutter in the H and V channels. Then, polarization processing is employed to further restrict mainlobe clutter. We present numerical examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new technique.

     

基于稀疏重构的机载雷达KA-STAP杂波抑制算法

机载雷达非均匀杂波环境下的空时自适应处理（STAP）算法会因杂波协方差矩阵估计不准导致其杂波抑制性能下降。传统知识辅助 STAP (KA-STAP)算法性能依赖于先验知识的准确程度以及配准精度,先验信息的失配可能会导致算法性能恶化。本文提出一种基于稀疏恢复技术构造杂波加噪声协方差矩阵的KA-STAP算法。该算法不依赖于先验信息,首先利用稀疏贝叶斯学习技术通过少量回波样本估计出稳健的辅助协方差矩阵,然后结合采样协方差矩阵进行空时处理。在小样本非均匀杂波场景下,该算法的输出性能优于传统KA-STAP算法。仿真结果表明了本文方法的有效性。     

Fast reduced-rank STAP algorithm based on Gram–Schmidt orthogonalisation for airborne radar

In the reduced-rank space-time adaptive processing (STAP) methods, especially the principal component (PC) analysis STAP method, a set of dominant eigenvectors must be obtained by singular value decomposition of the space-time covariance matrix. Therefore, it is very difficult to be applied in practical system due to the intense computational complexity. In order to reduce the computational burden, a fast reduced-rank STAP algorithm based on Gram–Schmidt (GS) orthogonalisation is proposed in this article. In the proposed GS-PC STAP method, the clutter subspace is reconstructed by the GS orthogonalisation of training samples. Then, the STAP adaptive weight vector is calculated by orthogonally projecting the quiescent weight vector into clutter subspace, which can hold fast convergence measure of effectiveness (MOE) and require less computational complexity by compared with the conventional PC method. Based on the simulated data and multichannel airborne radar measurements data, the corresponding convergence MOE and the clutter suppression performances are verified in the article.     

Performance analysis of GLRT-based adaptive detector for distributed targets in compound-Gaussian clutter

The problem of adaptive detection for spatially distributed targets in compound-Gaussian clutter is studied. We first derive the optimum NP detector and suboptimum two-step GLRT detector. For the two-step detection strategy, we also introduce three covariance matrix estimation strategies and evaluate their CFAR properties and complexity issues. Next, the numerical results are presented by means of Monte Carlo simulation strategy. In particular, the simulation results highlight that the performance loss due to adaptively estimating the texture is negligible, and that the loss due to adaptively estimating covariance matrix largely depends on the estimation algorithm, the number of the secondary data vectors and the number of the scatterers.     

空时误差情况下的STAP方法性能分析

空时自适应处理（Space-Time Adaptive Processing,STAP）技术可以实现对机载雷达杂波的有效抑制,显著提高机载雷达对运动目标的检测性能。但在实际工程应用过程中,STAP技术不可避免地会受到各种空时误差的影响,导致其性能严重下降。本文首先给出了各种空时误差的数学模型,然后从目标导向矢量失配和杂波自由度增加两方面系统分析了误差影响STAP性能的内在机理,并以信杂噪比（Signal to Clutter plus Noise Ratio,SCNR）损失为指标分析了不同误差对STAP性能的影响,最后通过仿真实验对相关分析进行了验证。本文工作量化了不同误差对STAP性能的影响程度,可为机载脉冲多普勒雷达空时误差补偿提供重要的理论支撑。      

基于联合稀疏功率谱恢复的机载雷达稳健STAP算法研究

机载雷达信号的空时自适应处理（STAP,Space-Time Adaptive Processing）需要利用样本数据来估计杂波协方差矩阵.非均匀杂波环境中的离群点会使协方差矩阵的估计出现偏差,从而导致信号相消现象.针对此问题,本文提出一种基于联合稀疏功率谱恢复的STAP算法（JSR-STAP）处理非均匀杂波,以克服离群点对正侧视模式机载雷达的STAP性能的影响.JSR-STAP算法在高分辨稀疏恢复的条件下,利用多快拍间杂波和离群点的分布规律和相关性不同,通过范数选择合适的稀疏恢复系数来实现离群点的抑制.Monte Carlo实验证明JSR-STAP算法的稳健性和动目标检测性能均优于传统的STAP算法.     

MIMO Radar Space–Time Adaptive Processing Using Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions

In the traditional transmitting beamforming radar system, the transmitting antennas send coherent waveforms which form a highly focused beam. In the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar system, the transmitter sends noncoherent (possibly orthogonal) broad (possibly omnidirectional) waveforms. These waveforms can be extracted at the receiver by a matched filterbank. The extracted signals can be used to obtain more diversity or to improve the spatial resolution for clutter. This paper focuses on space-time adaptive processing (STAP) for MIMO radar systems which improves the spatial resolution for clutter. With a slight modification, STAP methods developed originally for the single-input multiple-output (SIMO) radar (conventional radar) can also be used in MIMO radar. However, in the MIMO radar, the rank of the jammer-and-clutter subspace becomes very large, especially the jammer subspace. It affects both the complexity and the convergence of the STAP algorithm. In this paper, the clutter space and its rank in the MIMO radar are explored. By using the geometry of the problem rather than data, the clutter subspace can be represented using prolate spheroidal wave functions (PSWF). A new STAP algorithm is also proposed. It computes the clutter space using the PSWF and utilizes the block-diagonal property of the jammer covariance matrix. Because of fully utilizing the geometry and the structure of the covariance matrix, the method has very good SINR performance and low computational complexity.     

Range dependent clutter rejection using range-recursive space-time adaptive processing (STAP) algorithms

We here address the issue of ground clutter rejection for the detection of slowly moving targets in a non-side looking (NSL) array configuration airborne radar. The optimum space-time adaptive processing (STAP) filter needs the knowledge of the inverse of the space-time covariance matrix. In practice, it is unknown and has to be estimated. The most popular approximated method is the sample matrix inversion (SMI) method which consists in inverting the covariance matrix estimated by an average of the sample matrix over the secondary range cells. This estimator is unbiased in case of i.i.d. data. In an NSL configuration, the clutter power spectrum is range dependent and the data are consequently not i.i.d. We here present a solution to mitigate this range dependency of the data: the range recursive subspace-based algorithms. They are used in two architectures: a fully and a partially adaptive ones. Then a new range-recursive algorithm using Taylor series expansion is investigated. The performance of these algorithms are compared with that of the conventional STAP algorithms in term of SINR loss.     

基于主瓣杂波高效配准的机载非正侧视阵雷达STAP 算法研究

该文针对机载非正侧视阵雷达杂波距离空变特性,提出基于主瓣杂波高效自适应配准的STAP 算法。为降低运算量,采用时空级联方法首先精确估计主杂波多普勒频率,然后采用稀疏重构技术估计主杂波的空间角频率,进而对不同距离单元的主杂波进行2 维配准,最后采用3DT 进行杂波抑制。仿真实验表明,经主杂波配准后,3DT改善因子在主杂波区提高了约18 dB,显著提高了对慢动目标的检测性能,且该文方案实时处理的运算量小。      

WAS-GMTI模式下基于Relax算法的杂波抑制和参数估计方法

该文提出一种基于Relax算法的杂波抑制和参数估计方法。该方法适用于多通道广域监视GMTI系统。在分析广域监视模式回波组成的基础上,结合Relax算法,设计了进行杂波抑制的迭代方法。相对于降维空时自适应处理(STAP),该方法不需要估计杂波加噪声的协方差矩阵,因此可以在非均匀杂波环境下取得较优的杂波抑制效果。该文同时指出,在杂波抑制的基础上,针对存在动目标的距离-多普勒单元继续进行迭代,可实现动目标参数的精确估计。仿真结果验证了上述方法的有效性。     

基于杂波谱稀疏恢复的空时自适应处理

在机载雷达体制中,空时自适应处理(STAP)可有效抑制杂波并完成动目标检测.但在实际杂波环境中,由于缺乏独立同分布的训练样本,传统STAP算法性能下降严重.针对这一问题,我们利用STAP体制下杂波在角度-多普勒域上的稀疏性,提出基于稀疏恢复的SR-STAP方法,可在少量训练样本下实现高分辨空时杂波谱及相应杂波协方差矩阵...     

基于自适应分区的非平稳杂波抑制方法

对于非正侧视阵机载雷达,杂波在近程表现出严重的非平稳性,在距离模糊情况下近程微弱目标和近程非平稳强杂波混叠,导致传统空时自适应处理(Space-Time Adaptive Processing, STAP)方法的运动目标检测性能严重下降。为了解决该问题,本文提出了一种基于自适应分区和正交投影的机载雷达非平稳杂波抑制方法。首先,基于回波数据在距离-多普勒域将机载雷达回波自适应划分为非平稳杂波区、平稳杂波区和清晰区,然后在非平稳杂波区采取俯仰维正交投影级联STAP处理,在平稳杂波区采取传统STAP处理,在清晰区采取传统PD处理。该方法能够显著提升机载雷达在全距离和全速度域的目标探测性能。仿真实验验证了所提方法的有效性。     

极化-空域联合抗机载雷达欺骗式主瓣干扰

机载雷达欺骗式主瓣干扰不仅会引起大量虚警,还会污染空时自适应处理(STAP)器的训练样本,引起自适应方向图畸变,导致期望信号相消和杂波抑制性能下降。针对此问题,利用目标信号与干扰信号极化特性的差异,该文提出一种极化-空域联合自适应波束形成的方法来抑制欺骗式主瓣干扰。该方法首先在多普勒清晰区挑选干扰样本,并采用特征融合技术估计干扰协方差矩阵,然后采用重叠滑窗的子阵合成方式进行极化-空域联合自适应波束形成,在抑制主瓣干扰的同时为后续杂波抑制保留了空域自由度,最后通过STAP抑制剩余的杂波。该算法可以有效滤除密集欺骗式干扰,减少由其引起的虚警,改善机载STAP雷达的杂波抑制性能。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

A hybrid STAP approach to target detection for heterogeneous scenarios in radar seekers

Adaptive detection of moving targets on the sea is important for radar seekers. Recently, more attention has been paid to the deleterious effect of clutter heterogeneity on space-time adaptive processing (STAP) for pulse Doppler radar. Since secondary samples are no longer statistically independent and identically distributed (IID) in heterogeneous environments, this is subjected to a great challenge to target detection for radar seekers. Due to the fact that chaff jamming severely affects the performance degradation of target detection, the hybrid detection algorithm is proposed to suppress the sea clutter and chaff jamming. Firstly, the range cells can be classified into two regions according to the power, namely clutter region and hybrid region. Then we propose different algorithms to process two regions. The fixed point (FP) estimator is used to estimate the clutter covariance matrix in clutter region. While the power selected training (PST) algorithm is used to select the homogeneous secondary samples, and an algorithm based on two-step subspace projection for hybrid interference suppression is presented in hybrid region. Finally, the proposed Pareto-based generalized likelihood ratio test (PBGLRT) detector can detect the slowly moving targets in heterogeneous interference. Simulation results show that the PBGLRT detector outperforms both the low rank normalized adaptive match filter (LRNAMF) and normalized adaptive match filter (NAMF) detectors against interference heterogeneity.     

知识辅助的APR非均匀样本检测方法

针对空时自适应处理(STAP)中样本协方差矩阵受强干扰目标污染时检测性能下降的问题,提出了一种知识辅助的自适应功率剩余(KA-APR)非均匀样本检测方法。该方法将杂波先验知识与自适应功率剩余非均匀检测器(APR NHD)相结合,对训练样本进行有效选择。仿真结果表明,相对于传统的APR 方法,KA-APR 方法能更有效剔除存在强干扰目标的样本,提高训练样本被强干扰目标污染时空时自适应处理的检测性能。     

部分均匀杂波环境中极化自适应Rao检测器

研究了机载极化雷达在部分均匀杂波背景下对于低慢小目标的自适应检测问题。基于Rao准则设计得到了极化自适应Rao检测器,分析了极化自适应Rao检测器的性能,推导得到了虚警概率和检测概率的解析表达式,证明了极化自适应Rao检测器对于杂波协方差矩阵和杂波功率比因子具有恒虚警率特性。理论分析和数值仿真表明,与基于广义似然比检验准则得到的自适应子空间检测器和自适应匹配检测器相比,极化自适应Rao检测器具有更好的检测性能和更低的计算复杂度。      

基于多帧观测联合感知的空时自适应处理

在机载雷达体制中,空时自适应处理STAP(Space-Time Adaptive Processing)可有效抑制杂波并显著提高雷达对慢动目标的检测性能.但是在非均匀环境中,缺乏独立同分布的训练样本会使STAP性能严重下降.针对这个问题,本文提出一种基于多帧观测联合感知的空时自适应处理方法.该方法交替发射正交信号和普通的相控阵信号.检测前,通过当前及先前的环境回波感知观测场景获取杂波信息;检测时,先利用杂波信息结合平台参数及系统参数估计杂波协方差矩阵,再将估计的协方差矩阵与样本协方差矩阵进行组合以构造空时滤波器,抑制杂波,提高输出信杂比.仿真结果表明,与现有的知识辅助类STAP算法和降维算法相比,该方法在缺乏准确先验知识的情况下,可以有效地抑制非均匀杂波.     

通道失配对空时自适应处理性能的影响分析

通道失配严重影响着空时自适应处理(STAP)的性能,定量地分析通道失配对STAP性能的影响对于STAP算法的工程应用具有重要意义。文中根据通道失配是否依赖于到达角、信号带宽是否为窄带等方面,从理论上推导了存在通道失配时的杂波协方差矩阵,并仿真分析了通道失配对STAP性能的影响,为STAP算法理论建模、STAP系统设计提供理论依据。     

极化空时自适应匹配滤波检测器

针对极化空时自适应处理时目标极化状态和杂波协方差矩阵未知等实际瓶颈问题,提出了一种适应于机载极化阵列雷达的极化空时自适应匹配滤波(PST-AMF)检测算法.该检测算法先利用回波数据估计目标的极化状态,然后再将估值代入似然比得到了新的检验统计量,进一步推导了检测器虚警概率和检测概率的解析表达式,从理论上证明了该检测方法具备恒虚警(CFAR)特性.该检测器计算量比极化空时广义似然比检测器(PST-GLRT)少,易于工程实现.最后,仿真验证了在检测慢速运动目标时,其性能优于单个通道的空时自适应匹配滤波检测器(ST-AMF),具备较强的稳健性.