基于界面蒸发的太阳能蒸馏器海水淡化性能研究

应用界面蒸发技术对传统太阳能蒸馏器结构尤其是侧壁进行优化,研究了界面蒸发结构与蒸馏器海水淡化性能之间的构效关系。蒸馏器系统中的界面蒸发结构可以有效地避免底面和侧壁的界面蒸发层向海水层的漏热,减少海水层的热量存储,从而减小系统热量损失,还能更高效地利用低入射角的阳光。改进后的太阳能蒸馏器最高日淡水收集量为5.7 kg/m²,能量利用效率约为50%,比传统太阳能蒸馏器性能平均提升了近28%。     

太阳能在海水淡化产业中的应用与研究进展

太阳能蒸馏技术与太阳能反渗透技术是太阳能在海水淡化产业中主要的应用形式.从本质上讲,前者是利用太阳能的光热转换,而后者是利用太阳能的光电转换.文章从上述两个方面出发,综述了近几个世纪以来太阳能在海水淡化产业中的应用与研究进展,并对该产业下一步的发展进行了初步展望.     

太阳能空气隙膜蒸馏海水淡化技术研究进展

关注了一种以太阳能为驱动热源,基于空气隙膜蒸馏过程的新型海水淡化技术(SP-AGMD),介绍了该技术涉及的膜组件和太阳能集热装置的材质、形式、特点和研究概况,并对比分析了各种膜组件和太阳能集热装置的优势及存在的不足,对国内外的最新研究进展作了重点讨论。将太阳能引入膜蒸馏海水淡化过程大大降低了能耗,有效避免了二次污染而且最大程度节约了运行费用。认为该技术尚处于实验室研究和小型示范阶段,将膜组件与太阳能集热装置更加高效的耦合,进一步降低系统总能耗将是太阳能空气隙膜蒸馏领域的重要方向。     

吸收膜蒸馏的传热传质过程

由于吸收膜蒸馏系统的进料液和吸收液的温度非常接近甚至相同,其传热过程无相变热损失,有可能实现能耗较低的膜蒸馏过程,本文尝试开展吸收膜蒸馏法海水淡化研究。首先分别以葡萄糖水溶液和氯化钙水溶液为吸收液进行吸收膜蒸馏海水淡化实验,结果表明氯化钙吸收液时的膜通量明显高于葡萄糖吸收液时的膜通量。其次建立了吸收膜蒸馏过程的质量和热量传递模型,并对模型进行了计算,模型计算值与实验值非常接近。最后对葡萄糖水溶液和氯化钙水溶液分别作吸收液时对传质系数和极化现象的影响进行了计算分析,结果显示,氯化钙水溶液作吸收液时传质系数约为葡萄糖水溶液的1.7倍;且极化现象造成的蒸气压力差减小的值为后者的1/4左右。     

吸收膜蒸馏的传热传质过程

由于吸收膜蒸馏系统的进料液和吸收液的温度非常接近甚至相同,其传热过程无相变热损失,有可能实现能耗较低的膜蒸馏过程,本文尝试开展吸收膜蒸馏法海水淡化研究。首先分别以葡萄糖水溶液和氯化钙水溶液为吸收液进行吸收膜蒸馏海水淡化实验,结果表明氯化钙吸收液时的膜通量明显高于葡萄糖吸收液时的膜通量。其次建立了吸收膜蒸馏过程的质量和热量传递模型,并对模型进行了计算,模型计算值与实验值非常接近。最后对葡萄糖水溶液和氯化钙水溶液分别作吸收液时对传质系数和极化现象的影响进行了计算分析,结果显示,氯化钙水溶液作吸收液时传质系数约为葡萄糖水溶液的1.7倍;且极化现象造成的蒸气压力差减小的值为后者的1/4左右。     

负压条件管式太阳能蒸馏空腔的传热传质特性

针对目前管式太阳能蒸馏装置在常压运行时产水率较低的问题,提出了一种可在真空负压条件下连续补水运行的管式蒸馏方法,并在定温及定功率加热条件下,测试了实验样机负压运行时的温度及产水率变化,证明了所提出的负压条件下运行的管式蒸馏方法优于常压运行的一般蒸馏方法。在P_T=40 kPa、Q_h=200 W定功率加热实验中,空腔传热温差比常压运行时降低约40%;装置全天累计产水量为1.9 kg,比常压运行时产水量增加22.5%。基于稳态实验数据得到了负压修正的空腔传质计算关系式,在此基础上构建了管式蒸馏装置在负压条件运行时的产水率预测模型,其对实验样机全天累计产水预测误差和最大产水率误差分别为2.1%和4%。     

太阳能海水淡化新技术综述

依据太阳能的光效应和热效应对传统的海水淡化进行分类,列举了太阳能与传统蒸馏法与渗析法的结合形式,指出了传统蒸馏法效率不高的原因,重点介绍利用冷凝潜热和提升换热效率的新型高效海水淡化技术以及反渗透的能量回收装置,认为将太阳能与传统海水淡化技术有机结合起来前景广阔,并简述了太阳能收集器的研究现状及先进技术,为太阳能海水淡化技术的进一步研究和发展提供了参考与依据.     

膜蒸馏海水淡化研究进展及发展趋势

海水淡化是解决我国水资源短缺的重要措施之一。膜蒸馏海水淡化技术可以充分利用太阳能等低品位热源，具有成本低、设备简单、操作容易、能耗低等优点，在海水及苦咸水淡化方面应用前景广阔。     

多级迭盘式太阳能蒸馏器的实验研究

在稳态条件下，给出了不同迭盘数的情况下，蒸馏器的运行温度、能耗与产水量的关系，并比较了单级、二级和三级蒸馏器的单位能耗产水率。在实际天气条件下，对该装置的运行性能进行了测试，给出了运行温度、产水量与太阳能辐射总量的关系，并比较了它们在近似天气状况下的产水效率。     

错流降膜液体干燥剂除湿/再生传热传质数学模型及分析

分析了错流降膜液体干燥剂除湿及再生传热传质过程 ,建立了基于实际除湿系统的描述再生和除湿过程的数学模型 ,考虑到除湿过程中产生的热效应 ,以氯化钙溶液为除湿剂时 ,对气侧和液侧的传热传质系数进行了理论和数值求解 .计算结果表明 ,传热传质系数与气流流动状态、除湿剂的热物理性质等因素有关     

TRANSFER OF HEAT AND MASS IN FALLING LIQUID FILM ON A SCREW GROOVED SURFACE TUBE

Mass and heat transfer of a falling liquid film on an external screw grooved surface of perpendicular tubes were studied and correlations by similarity parameters were obtained. The mechanism for enhancement of the transfer rate by screw grooved surface was analysed. Applying Danckwerts surface renewal model to mass transfer and heat transfer, the frequencies of renewal were evaluated and compared.     

TRANSFER OF HEAT AND MASS IN FALLING LIQUID FILM ON A SCREW GROOVED SURFACE TUBE

Mass and heat transfer of a falling liquid film on an external screw grooved surface of perpendicular tubes were studied and correlations by similarity parameters were obtained. The mechanism for enhancement of the transfer rate by screw grooved surface was analysed. Applying Danckwerts surface renewal model to mass transfer and heat transfer, the frequencies of renewal were evaluated and compared.     

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER WITH POLYCONDENSATION IN RESIN FILM DURING DRYING

ABSTRACT

In a drying process of dielectric resin films coated on electric conductive substances, phenomena such as polymerization of monomers, by-products yield, shrinkage and stress generation lake place simultaneously in addition to heat and mass transfer. For the enhancement of the drying with high efficiency and high quality, it is important to understand the drying mechanism. In this paper, the characteristics of heat and mass transfer in the resin film including polycondensation reaction are presented. The apparent drying rate of polyamideimide varnish films was measured in two different heating modes of radiation and convection. The reaction rate of polycondensation was analyzed both by the thermogravimetry and the differential scanning calorimetry. The apparent drying rate began to drop remarkably when the reaction rate became significant. It implies that the diffusion of the solvent is inhibited by skinning at the surface. Applying the Vrentas/Duda free-volume diffusion model to the prediction of diffusivity, the heat and mass transfer in the resin film were analyzed theoretically with a reasonable accuracy.     

水平管薄膜式蒸发装置传热研究

本文对影响水平管薄膜蒸发过程的部分因素进行了模拟 ,确定了一定范围内水平管薄膜式蒸发器的总传热系数与液体负荷、不凝气含量、管内蒸气流速、传热温差的相应关系 ,为该淡化过程的实际应用提供了依据     

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN THE ADSORBENT BED OF AN ADSORPTION HEAT PUMP

The heat and mass transfer equations governing an adsorbent bed in an adsorption heat pump and the mass balance equation for the adsorbent particles in the adsorbent bed were solved numerically to simulate the cycle of a basic adsorption heat pump, which includes isobaric adsorption, isosteric heating, isobaric desorption, and isosteric cooling processes. The finite difference method was used to solve the set of governing equations, which are highly nonlinear and coupled. The pressures of the evaporator and condenser were 2 and 20 kPa, respectively, and the regeneration temperature of the bed was 403 K. Changes in the temperature, adsorptive pressure, and adsorbate concentration in the adsorbent bed at different steps of the cycle were determined. The basic simulated cycle is presented in a Clausius-Clapeyron diagram, which illustrates the changes in average pressure and temperature of the adsorbent bed throughout the cycle. The results of the simulation indicated that the most time-consuming processes in the adsorption heat pump cycle were isobaric adsorption and isobaric desorption. The high thermal resistance of the bed slows down heat transfer, prolonging adsorption and desorption processes.     

盘式连续干燥器的传质传热模型

建立了盘式连续干燥器内加热盘面物料的传质模型,给出了干燥器内料环高度、盘面积料量及干燥时间的计算方法.应用颗粒传热理论和扩散理论,导出了每道料环的传热计算公式,由该迭代公式可逐步计算出每道料环的出料温度、出料湿含量及干燥速率.扩散理论中的惟一经验参数——搅拌参数N_mix,在本模型中可由不同进料工况下的多组实验数据加以确定.最后给出了应用该模型进行计算的实例,结果表明,理论计算值与实测值吻合较好,误差一般在20%以内.     

热泵吸附器中传热传质过程的研究

对吸附式热泵循环系统中的传热传质进行了理论分析和实验研究,建立了吸附器中热传导方程.计算求解值与实验结果相一致,说明了吸附器中的传热速率控制了热泵循环速度.据此,对吸附器中强化传热肋片进行了模拟分析,作为吸附器优化设计的理论依据.     

干燥过程热质传递的简化模型

对多孔介质体积平均理论进行简化,得到简化的热质传递干燥模型,用一个理论式表达模型中有效扩散系数。对香蕉片千燥的研究表明,模型的预测值与实验结果相