基于有限点展成法的正畸弓丝成形控制点规划

错颌畸形是目前常见的口腔疾病,固定矫治是治疗错颌畸形的有效方法,其中固定矫治技术的关键是正畸弓丝的精确化弯制。机器人利用其位姿的精确控制能力可以实现精确化的弓丝弯制,其中弓丝成形控制点的规划决定了机器人弯制正畸弓丝的成形精度。基于分段式的正畸弓丝数学模型,提出采用有限点展成法实现正畸弓丝成形控制点的位置规划,对基于有限点展成法的正畸弓丝成形控制点位置规划方案进行实验验证,对不同弦弧围成面积下弦弧差值对控制点数目和面积误差的影响规律,以及控制点数目和面积误差之间的关系进行了讨论,并提出基于斜率法的正畸弓丝成形控制点角度规划策略。基于患者临床口腔数据,利用自行设计的正畸弓丝弯制机器人实验系统,通过正畸弓丝弯制实验验证了正畸弓丝成形控制点位置和角度规划策略的有效性。     

个性化正畸弓丝曲线交互调整方法研究*

数字化医疗技术是口腔正畸领域发展的必然趋势,临床上开始使用正畸弓丝弯制机器人技术辅助弯制正畸弓丝,而正畸弓丝的数字化表达是机器人弯制的前提。由于人类牙齿排列的个性化,弓丝形状设计的复杂性,难以实现精确地个性化正畸弓丝曲线数字化表达。提出一种个性化正畸弓丝曲线交互调整的设计方法,根据托槽上的基准点坐标,定义了正畸弓丝曲线的托槽直线段和过渡曲线段,过渡曲线段由3阶Bezier曲线数学模型构建。参考手工弯制正畸弓丝的过程,基于离散和组合的方式建立了正畸弓丝特殊功能曲的参数化数学模型及数学模型库。通过对托槽直线段的位置调整、过渡曲线段的形状改变、选择插入特殊功能曲的位置和类型的方式,进行了个性化正畸弓丝曲线交互调整方法的研究。基于LABVIEW软件平台设计了交互调整的软件,并进行调整实验,其结果证明个性化正畸弓丝曲线交互调整的方法具有可行性和有效性。     

机器人弯制正畸弓丝成形控制点规划及实验研究

错颌畸形是目前危害人类健康的第三大口腔疾病,固定矫治是一种常用且有效的正畸治疗手段,其中矫治弓丝的弯制是重要部分。机器人以其精确的位姿控制和刚性保持能力可以克服弓丝的超弹性实现弓丝弯制。基于幂函数模型建立了分段式的正畸弓丝数学模型,提出采用增量法实现正畸弓丝成形控制点的规划,进行了增量法实现正畸弓丝成形控制点规划策略的研究。通过正畸弓丝成形控制点规划实验,分析不同等分数下初始精度值对控制点数目和面积误差的影响规律,以及控制点数目和面积误差之间的关系。基于正畸弓丝弯制机器人实验系统,针对一例患者的口腔参数,进行了正畸弓丝弯制实验研究,结果验证了正畸弓丝成形控制点规划策略的有效性。     

正畸弓丝弯制特性分析及实验研究

对镍钛合金弓丝、β-钛合金弓丝、澳丝和国产不锈钢弓丝这4种正畸弓丝的弯制特性进行了分析。采用MSC.Marc有限元分析软件根据实际弯制方法建立弓丝弯制有限元模型并进行仿真分析,结合弯制实验得到4种正畸弓丝的回弹特性曲线,并对实验结果进行了对比。结果表明,镍钛合金弓丝、β-钛合金弓丝、澳丝和国产不锈钢弓丝这4种正畸弓丝的回弹性依次减小,回弹角随着弯制角度的增加而增大;有限元仿真结果和实验结果基本一致。采用弓丝弯制机器人在弓丝回弹特性的基础上进行弓丝弯制,固定夹具和移动夹具的距离t=2mm时的拟合曲线要优于t=10mm时的拟合曲线;因此在使用弓丝弯制机器人弯丝时要尽量减小固定夹具和移动夹具之间的距离。     

机器人弯制澳丝的回弹机理分析及实验研究

错颌畸形是一种常见的口腔疾病,固定矫治技术是目前常见且有效的正畸治疗的方法,其中正畸弓丝的弯制是固定矫治技术的关键部分。由于弓丝的超弹性、成形弓丝的形状复杂性和手工操作的不确定性,难以实现快速、精确的个性化正畸弓丝的弯制。提出采用机器人实现正畸弓丝弯制,利用机器人的位姿精确控制能力和刚性保持能力克服弓丝的超弹性,实现弓丝弯制。基于弓丝弯制原理的分析,进行了澳丝弯制回弹过程分析。从考虑弯曲过程中中性层内移和弯曲力臂影响的角度出发,以澳丝拉伸试验所得材料本构模型为基础,进行了澳丝弯曲中性层曲率半径和弯曲力矩的计算,进而建立了澳丝的弯曲回弹理论计算模型。基于正畸弓丝回弹测量仪进行了澳丝弯曲回弹实验研究,结果验证了澳丝弯曲回弹理论计算模型的正确性。针对一例患者的口腔参数,基于正畸弓丝弯制机器人实验系统,进行了澳丝弯制实验研究,实验结果满足口腔治疗的要求,结果验证了该机器人样机的有效性和实用性。     

弓丝弯制机器人运动轨迹规划

介绍了基于Motoman UP6的弓丝弯制机器人的轨迹规划方法,弓丝弯制机器人的主要作业目的是弯制口腔医学临床使用的对错颌畸形进行矫正的矫正弓丝。根据矫正弓丝的实际形状要求,确定了在笛卡儿空间内的机器人轨迹规划方法,并选取合适的点位控制节点,插入相应的控制操作。控制节点的选取和分布决定了轨迹规划的合理性,同时也直接关系机器人作业的效率,通过限定弯制最大偏差研究了机器人控制节点的选取方式,并编写了节点计算程序。     

正畸不锈钢丝弯制形状设计

在口腔正畸临床中,需要对提供正畸力的不锈钢丝弯曲成型。对不锈钢正畸丝弯曲成型和回弹问题进行了研究,运用有限元分析软件ANSYS的APDL参数化程序设计技术,对正畸临床医学中使用的正畸不锈钢丝小型方弓的弯制形状进行优化设计,得到了合适的弯制形状。使用有限元软件ABAQUS对计算结果进行了校核,验证了ANSYS优化设计计算得到的结果;并使用理论解析求解的方法验证了有限元软件计算结果。对设计不锈钢丝弯制成型器具有重要指导意义,可以减少正畸丝弯制操作的人为性,提高正畸丝弯制过程的效率。     

垂直关闭曲与Omega曲组合正畸弓丝矫治力建模及实验研究

目前临床正畸治疗过程主要依赖医师经验,所施加矫治力大小难以量化。而在弓丝末端弯制Omega曲可以对同弓丝弯制的垂直关闭曲实现持续及多次加力的效果,减少医师和患者的临床治疗时间,提高正畸治疗效率。为了量化垂直关闭曲与Omega曲组合正畸弓丝在正畸过程中所产生的矫治力,分析一丝多曲组合正畸弓丝的受力特征,并基于梁微形变原理和相互作用力原理,建立垂直关闭曲与Omega曲组合正畸弓丝的矫治力力学模型。探究一丝多曲组合正畸弓丝弯制参数对矫治力的影响规律。通过构建一丝多曲组合正畸弓丝的三维模型和矫治力测量实验平台,进行有限元仿真分析和实验测量。将力学模型计算得到的计算数据和仿真分析得到的仿真数据分别与基于一维力传感器的矫治力测量实验得到的实验数据进行相关性分析,得到计算数据与实验数据的相关性系数ξ_T≥98.192%,仿真数据与实验数据的相关性系数ξ_A≥97.34%,验证了所建立力学模型的准确性及仿真模型和仿真过程的可靠性。该力学模型和仿真模型能够辅助医师安全、高效的设计个性化正畸弓丝,为正畸弓丝的应用提供理论依据,并进一步为临床数字化正畸治疗奠定基础。     

基于Jerk最优的机器人轨迹规划

针对机器人任务路径轨迹的复杂性和稳定性要求,提出了一种基于Jerk最优的笛卡尔空间轨迹规划方法,得到一条光滑和平稳的机器人动作轨迹。机器人轨迹被约束通过笛卡尔空间中一系列路径点,采用Jerk连续可导的余弦函数曲线来插补路径点之间的机器人轨迹,通过求解逆运动学计算出期望的机器人关节角度。最后,以NAO机器人为平台对轨迹规划方法进行了仿真与实验验证。实验结果显示,规划得到的机器人路径轨迹光滑平稳没有突变,顺利地完成实验任务动作。     

双臂机器人工作空间的分析与仿真

以双臂机器人为研究对象,进行工作空间分析。首先,使用D-H法对双臂机器人建立连杆坐标系并求解正运动学方程;然后,基于蒙特卡罗法求解了三维工作空间,沿Z轴方向分层;其次,按角度划分法和极值理论提取了工作空间边界点;最后,采用最小二乘法对边界点进行了曲线拟合。结果表明,使用MATLAB仿真,工作空间边界点提取效果较好,拟合曲线误差较小,双臂协作空间较大,为进一步的动力学分析、轨迹规划和运动控制提供了参考。     

Springback Mechanism Analysis and Experiments on Robotic Bending of Rectangular Orthodontic Archwire

Fixed-appliance technology is the most common and effective malocclusion orthodontic treatment method, and its key step is the bending of orthodontic archwire. The springback of archwire did not consider the movement of the stress-strain-neutral layer. To solve this problem, a springback calculation model for rectangular orthodontic archwire is proposed. A bending springback experiment is conducted using an orthodontic archwire bending springback measurement device. The springback experimental results show that the theoretical calculation results using the proposed model coincide better with the experimental testing results than when movement of the stress-strain-neutral layer was not considered. A bending experiment with rectangular orthodontic archwire is conducted using a robotic orthodontic archwire bending system. The patient expriment result show that the maximum and minimum error ratios of formed orthodontic archwire parameters are 22.46% and 10.23% without considering springback and are decreased to 11.35% and 6.13% using the proposed model. The proposed springback calculation model, which considers the movement of the stress-strain-neutral layer, greatly improves the orthodontic archwire bending precision.     

Bending angle optimization of archwire in orthodontics

Orthodontics is the branch of dentistry that focuses on the study and treatment of malocclusions. Orthodontic treatments commonly involve the insertion of an archwire made from stainless steel or an alloy onto orthodontic brackets, thereby inducing movement of teeth into desired positions. However, archwire activation may also induce undesirable tooth rotation because of the applied moment. Appropriate magnitude of gable bend in archwires will prevent unwanted rotation. However, the relationship between rotation and gable bend cannot be easily determined. This study presents a numerical approach to predict tooth rotation with respect to gable bend upon archwire activation. The kriging interpolation method is introduced to predict tooth rotation, thus leading to suggestions in optimum bending angles by minimizing undesirable tooth rotations. Optimization is performed based on reliable kriging models.     

Design of an Orthodontic Torque Simulator for Measurement of Bracket Deformation

The design and testing of an orthodontic torque simulator that reproduces the effect of archwire rotation on orthodontic brackets is described. This unique device is capable of simultaneously measuring the deformation and loads applied to an orthodontic bracket due to archwire rotation. Archwire rotation is used by orthodontists to correct the inclination of teeth within the mouth. This orthodontic torque simulator will provide knowledge of the deformation and loads applied to orthodontic bracket that will aide clinicians by describing the effect of archwire rotation on brackets. This will also impact that design on new archwire\bracket systems by providing an assessment of performance. Deformation of the orthodontic bracket tie wings is measured using a digital image correlation process to measure elastic and plastic deformation. The magnitude of force and moments applied to the bracket though the archwire is also measured using a six-axis load cell. Initial tests have been performed on two orthodontic brackets of varying geometry to demonstrate the measurement capability of the orthodontic torque simulator. The demonstration experiment shows that a Damon Q bracket had a final plastic deformation after a single loading of 0.022 mm while the Speed bracket deformed 0.071 mm. This indicates that the Speed bracket plastically deforms 3.2 times more than the Damon Q bracket for similar magnitude of applied moment. The demonstration experiment demonstrates that bracket geometry affect the deformation of orthodontic brackets and this difference can be detected using the orthodontic torque simulator.     

机器人钣金折弯路径规划与仿真研究

针对钣金折弯机器人示教编程过程烦琐、效率低的问题,提出一种基于 Coin3D 的折弯机器人运动仿真系统方案。基于 Coin3D 虚拟场景技术,为折弯单元各组件建模,完成折弯单元加工环境的参数化配置和导入,实现仿真环境构建。为适应钣金工件随折弯加工逐步变形的特点,设计了对应的双向链式数据模型;分析了折弯机器人典型操作任务目标位姿的确定方法,并在此基础上参考人工示教经验,提出折弯机器人路径规划方法,实现了折弯机器人折弯加工的运动仿真。仿真实验验证了仿真系统和相关模型与方法的正确性,为折弯机器人离线编程系统研发奠定了基础。     

Effects of self-ligating brackets on the surfaces of stainless steel wires following clinical use: AFM investigation

In orthodontic treatment, the frictional force between the archwire and bracket reduces the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment. The frictional force is affected not only by the geometry of the self‐ligating brackets but also by physical changes between the bracket slots and archwire surfaces during sliding movement. This study examined quantitatively the effect of self‐ligating treatments on the surfaces of stainless steel (SS) archwires during tooth movement in vivo by atomic force microscopy. Orthodontic 0.019″ × 0.025″ SS archwires after clinical use with the first bicuspid‐extraction treatment were employed using the Damon 3MX^® SS self‐ligating brackets, Clippy‐C^® ceramic self‐ligating brackets, and Kosaka^® SS brackets. Intact SS archwires were used as the control group. All SS archwires after clinical use showed severe scratches and significantly higher roughness caused by frictional interactions between the brackets and archwires (p < 0.0001 vs. control). The descending order of surface roughness was the SS archwires treated, with ceramic self‐ligating brackets, with conventional SS brackets, and with SS self‐ligating brackets (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that an orthodontic treatment with SS self‐ligating brackets may require smaller orthodontic forces than that with ceramic self‐ligating brackets or conventional SS brackets.     

A novel method in the design and fabrication of dental splints based on 3D simulation and rapid prototyping technology

The conventional design and fabrication of dental splints (in orthognathic surgery) is handmade through the two-dimensional preoperative planning and model surgery. The accuracy and efficiency of this method is not satisfactory. In order to solve the problems and exploit the trend of computer-assisted surgery, we developed a novel method to design and fabricate a computer-generated dental splint, which is based on three-dimensional model simulation and rapid prototyping technology. After surgical planning and simulation of the 3D model, we optimize the model with respect to both the chewing action (functional) and overall facial appearance (aesthetic). Then, through a Boolean operation of the splint blank and the maxilla-mandibula model, the dental splint model is formed. Finally, this model is fabricated by a rapid prototyping system and applied in a clinical setting. The results show that by using this method, the accuracy and efficiency are improved greatly.