炮钢表面电火花沉积NiCrAlY的工艺研究

采用俄SE-5.01振动式电火花表面沉积机在炮钢表面电火花沉积NiCrAlY涂层,研究了沉积层的厚度和工艺参数的关系。结果表明,合理的选择电火花脉冲能量能够控制强化层厚度,提高强化层的表面质量;同时,NiCrAlY沉积层的厚度受比沉积时间影响较小,可以作为已磨损和腐蚀构件的修复电极。     

电极材料对电加工8418钢表面质量的影响研究

采用紫铜电极、Cu W70在变化的峰值电流(I)、脉冲宽度(ton)电参数下加工8418钢,研究电极材料及电参数对电火花加工表面质量的影响。测得了工件表面粗糙度、微观硬度、白层厚度、微裂纹,结果表明:采用紫铜电极加工时工件表面粗糙度(Ra)及白层厚度(WT)均比采用Cu W70时略大,但在精加工放电参数下,电极材料对表面粗糙度的影响区别并不明显。工件表面粗糙度与白层厚度随着峰值电流和脉宽的增大而增大,且峰值电流对白层厚度的增加起主要作用。显微硬度随着与工件表面距离的增大而急剧减小。在低放电能量时,两种电极加工的8418钢表面基本上没有微裂纹,质量较好;在中高放电能量时,紫铜电极加工的工件表面微裂纹的数量比Cu W70电极的要多,但裂纹宽度差别不大。     

电火花沉积工艺研究

电火花沉积工艺(ESD)是一种微弧焊工艺,电极材料沉积到基体表面,并与基体冶金结合形成涂层.本文研究了影响沉积层表面粗糙度的工艺参数,其中包括电容、电压、脉冲频率和保护气.通过试验得出,高电压、大电容可以产生高的能量,致使沉积率和表面粗糙度值增大,保护气可以减少材料氧化,使沉积层更光滑.     

金刚石烧结电极放电烧蚀加工蚀除机理

为了提高电火花加工效率,采用内部随机分布金刚石颗粒的管状烧结磨头作为放电诱导烧蚀加工电极。首先利用烧结电极金属基体和钛合金材料产生电火花诱导放电,通过电极内部进气孔冲入助燃氧气,使材料表面产生电火花诱导烧蚀。其次利用电极中的金刚石颗粒在线修整烧蚀加工的氧化表面,提高烧蚀效率及表面质量。对钛合金TC4进行钻削试验,从高效烧蚀加工及金刚石颗粒修整作用两个过程分别对该加工方法的微观蚀除机理做了具体分析,并与常规电火花钻削、紫铜电极烧蚀钻削进行对比,分析了材料去除率、表面质量等指标。结果表明,在相同试验条件下,金刚石烧结电极的烧蚀加效率是常规电火花钻削加工的14.5倍,并获得了近似机械加工的表面质量。     

表面复合强化处理后Ti17钛合金的显微组织和耐磨性能

分别以硅青铜和YG-8合金为电极进行瞬态电能表面强化结合离子束增强沉积硅青铜对Ti17钛合金进行表面复合强化,研究了电极材料对其组织和耐磨性能的影响。结果表明:Ti17钛合金表面复合强化层由瞬态电能强化层和铜沉积层组成,铜沉积层组织致密,无气孔、微裂纹等缺陷,与瞬态电能强化层结合良好;以硅青铜为电极强化处理后的钛合金表面复合强化层厚约6μm,强化层及界面处无微孔、裂纹等缺陷,表面硬度为517 HV,耐磨性能较未强化的提高了20倍;以YG-8合金为电极处理后的钛合金表面复合强化层厚约15μm,在其瞬态电能强化层中存在少量的微孔和微裂纹,表面硬度为537HV,耐磨性能较未强化的提高了30倍;复合强化后Ti17钛合金的摩擦因数比未强化的略有下降。     

永磁磁场与电火花复合沉积的实验分析

使用普通电火花机床进行沉积时会出现加工工件表面沉积层厚度较小、表面粗糙度值较大的问题,针对上述问题做了大量实验研究。基于电火花沉积理论,提出采用永磁磁场与电火花复合沉积的方法,通过永磁场的作用,使铁磁工件材料磁化,从而使铁磁材料因受到一个向下的磁场力而难以脱离工件表面,这样可以使得工件表面沉积层的厚度增大,表面粗糙度值降低,进而提高材料的利用率。     

TC4钛合金HF-HNO3化学抛光的表面质量和元素机理分析

为了提升电火花线切割(Wire cut Electric Discharge Machining, WEDM)加工后的TC4钛合金表面质量,减少表面重熔层厚度,采用不同浓度配比(1∶4、1∶6和1∶8)的HF-HNO₃酸蚀溶液对钛合金试件进行化学抛光处理。实验结果表明,HF-HNO₃酸蚀溶液能使钛合金重熔层得到显著去除,表面微裂纹得到有效控制;当HF-HNO₃酸蚀溶液的浓度配比为1:6时,试件能获得最低的表面粗糙度和最大的表面粗糙度下降率,并且抛光前后钛合金表面元素含量发生了不同程度的变化,Ti、Al和V元素质量分数分别提高了21.5%、41.3%和13.2%,而O、C元素质量分数分别降低了82.5%和33.6%;HF-HNO₃酸蚀溶液可显著改善TC4钛合金试件电火花线切割加工后的表面缺陷。钛合金重熔层结构的主要成分与化学抛光后氧化膜的主要成分相似,但与氧化膜的结构不同,这对TC4钛合金试件表面质量提升具有重要意义。     

电火花沉积电极材料过渡机制及规律

利用旋转电极电火花沉积装置,在Q235钢表面逐层沉积1至6层铜合金涂层,计算分析了每层沉积厚度、过渡形态、表面和截面形貌,探讨了电火花沉积电极材料的过渡机制、形态和规律。结果表明：工件和电极的质量变化曲线相似,随着沉积层数的增加,质量变化量减少直至趋于稳定;沉积层以熔融物质团（液态、半固态）的形态过渡沉积生成,电极与工件材料在沉积层与基体界面处互相渗透,生成厚约20~30 μm的过渡层;工件材料对沉积层的稀释作用主要发生在过渡物质团结合处,对其内部影响极小,且随着沉积层数的增加而减小,沉积层由多层电极材料覆盖叠压构成;随着沉积层数的增大,放电能量利用率降低,单次沉积厚度降低,电极对沉积表面的磨削涂覆作用增大,电极材料沉积率有所下降。     

水包油型乳化液钛合金TC4电火花加工特性研究

为解决钛合金在煤油介质中电火花加工效率低及在蒸馏水介质中加工表面质量差的问题,提出利用乳化剂将煤油和蒸馏水超声振动后形成水包油型乳化液作为工作介质的加工方法。分别以煤油、水包油型乳化液和蒸馏水为工作介质,对钛合金TC4进行放电加工试验,从加工效率、电极相对损耗率和表面质量三个方面,对比研究了不同工作介质中钛合金电火花加工的特性。试验结果表明：水包油型乳化液中的加工效率是煤油中加工效率的两倍左右,工件表面粗糙度值Ra比蒸馏水中的Ra值减小了15%~20%,加工后工件表面微裂纹较少,表面较平整,但其电极相对损耗率高。     

磁场对微细电火花加工Ti-6Al-4V微孔的影响

微细电火花加工作为重要的非传统加工技术广泛应用于精密制造等领域,但加工效率低和加工质量差等问题严重制约了微细电火花加工技术的发展。为了改善微细电火花加工存在的问题,将磁场与微细电火花加工相结合,在不同的电极转速条件下研究外加磁场对Ti-6Al-4V微孔加工性能、加工精度和表面质量的影响。加工性能由材料去除率和电极磨损率表征,加工精度由过切和锥度表征,根据表面粗糙度和表面形貌来评估表面质量。试验结果表明:采用磁场微细电火花复合加工方法在Ti-6Al-4V上加工微孔时,材料去除率和电极磨损率增大,过切和锥度减小,表面粗糙度降低,加工精度和表面质量均得到改善。     

Solid Particle Erosion Behavior of WC Coating Obtained by Electrospark Technique and Detonation Spraying

Solid particle erosion is an important material degradation process. One way of improving the erosion resistance of a material is to suitably modify the surface. Electrospark deposition (ESD) is a well-known surface modification process. Operational simplicity, low capital cost, and low operational cost of the ESD process have made it attractive for high-technology areas in engineering industries. Tungsten carbide (WC) is considered a potential hard material for erosion-resistant application. This material can be deposited by ESD. The present investigation has been undertaken to evaluate the room-temperature erosion response of WC coating deposited by ESD and to compare the erosion behavior of this coating with that of detonation-sprayed WC-Co coating. WC coatings were deposited on mild steel (MS) and aluminum substrate by ESD. Similarly, WC-12% Co coatings were deposited on MS and Al by detonation spraying. The microstructural features and mechanical properties of these coatings were characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, and microhardness testing. The solid particle erosion rate was determined using an erosion test rig. The morphology of the eroded surfaces and the areas beneath the eroded surfaces were examined by means of SEM. The results showed that the WC coating by ESD improves erosion resistance. Although most coatings exhibit a ductile erosion response, WC coating by ESD on Al substrate exhibits a brittle erosion response. Material loss from ESD coating on Al occurs due to the joining of preexisting cracks and the removal of chunk of material.     

超声辅助电火花粉末沉积WC-Ni金属陶瓷涂层的微观结构及摩擦学性能

针对传统电火花沉积工艺中工具电极预制成本高、工艺复杂、材料选择范围受限等问题,提出了一种超声辅助电火花粉末沉积（Ultrasonic-assisted electro-spark powder deposition,UEPD）的新方法。利用UEPD工艺成功地在316L不锈钢基材上制备了WC-Ni金属陶瓷涂层。所制备的WC-Ni金属陶瓷涂层的厚度为89~159 μm,表面粗糙度约为3.672 μm,并且与基材呈现良好的冶金结合。超声振动的引入能够有效改善涂层的成形质量。涂层的微观组织主要由亚微米级细小枝晶组成,主要物相包括FeNi、Cr₃Ni、WC、W₂C、Cr₂₃C₆和Cr₃C₂等。这些细小的晶粒和强化相使金属陶瓷涂层的硬度明显增加,平均硬度达到980.68 HV,约为基材的4.1倍。摩擦磨损性能测试表明,金属陶瓷涂层的磨损率相比基材和不含WC的Ni基合金涂层分别降低了50.7%和37.7%,并且还表现出明显低于二者的摩擦因数。WC-Ni金属陶瓷涂层的主要磨损机理为疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损,其中高硬度表面和具有颗粒流润滑效果的磨屑层是金属陶瓷涂层实现高耐磨、低摩擦的主要原因。UEPD工艺相比于传统的电火花沉积工艺省却了复杂的工具电极预制过程,其工艺更简单,成本更低廉、材料选择更广泛,并且所制备的涂层也表现出良好的成形质量和性能。这为电火花沉积技术的发展提供了一种新的思路。     

用三层粘度修正模型计算薄膜润滑径向轴承

根据轴承表面对液体分子的作用大于液体内部的作用,使液体的粘度随与表面的距离而变化,把润滑层简化为三层,与表面紧邻为粘变层,中间为常规的等粘度层。由此根据液流连续性推导出计算径向轴承的广义雷诺方程,并进行轴承性能的分析计算。     

Deposition of duplex Al2O3/TiN coatings on aluminum alloys for tribological applications using a combined microplasma oxidation (MPO) and arc ion plating (AIP)

Microplasma oxidation (MPO) has recently been studied as a cost-effective plasma electrolytic process to provide thick and hard ceramic coatings with excellent surface load-bearing capacity on aluminum alloys. However, for sliding wear applications, such ceramic coatings often exhibit relatively high friction coefficients against many counterface materials. Although coatings deposited by physical vapour deposition (PVD) techniques such as TiN coatings are well known for providing surfaces with a high hardness, in practice they often exhibit poor performance under mechanical loading, since the coatings are usually too thin to protect the substrate from the contact conditions. In this paper, these challenges were overcome by a duplex process of microplasma oxidation and arc ion plating (AIP), in which an alumina layer Al₂O₃ was deposited on an Al alloy substrate (using MPO as a pre-treatment process) for load support, and a TiN hard coatings were deposited (using AIP) on top of the Al₂O₃ layer for low friction coefficient. Microhardness measurements, pin-on-disc sliding wear tests, and antiwear tests using a Timken tester were performed to evaluate the mechanical and tribological properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe coating morphology, and to examine wear scars from pin-on-disc test. The research demonstrates that a hard and uniform TiN coating, with good adhesion and a low coefficient of friction, can successfully be deposited on top of an alumina intermediate layer to provide excellent load support. The investigations indicate that a duplex combination of MPO coating and TiN PVD coating represents a promising technique for surface modification of Al alloys for heavy surface load bearing application.     

Wear behaviour of flame sprayed NiCrBSi coating remelted by flame or by laser

Flame spray coatings are widely used in industry because of low cost and process simplicity. However, high porosity and poor adherence to the substrate means that quality is poor, though it can nevertheless be improved by subjecting coatings to a remelting using a technique that usually involves an oxyacetylene flame. The study that follows is an attempt to evaluate a laser technique as an alternative to the more traditional flame remelting of flame spray layers, using grey cast iron (DIN GG30) as the substrate and a NiCrBSi alloy as the coating material. Coatings obtained by laser remelting exhibited a practically pore-free microstructure with good adherence to the substrate. The limited control of process parameters during flame remelting led in some cases to incomplete melting of the full thickness of the layers. Hardness of the remelted coatings was very similar in both cases, with values that were slightly lower than for flame-spray layers. The tribological behaviour of both coating types was then compared in dry sliding wear tests (block-on-ring tests) at various loads (30–100 N) and sliding speeds (0.65–2.62 m/s). Both coatings wear rates and wear rate coefficients k (mm³/Nm) were calculated. No significant differences in wear performance between the two coatings were found. A severe wear regime with adhesion as the principal component was observed at the higher test loads. The predominant wear mechanism at the lower test velocities was oxidation.     

General aspects for tribological applications of hard particle coatings

Hard coatings, consisting of WC, TiC or Cr₃C₂ particles with a nickel or cobalt matrix were compared with conventional wear-resistant materials like hardened steel 100 Cr6, Ferro TiC P143, WC-Co hard metal and a widely used thermal spray layer NiCrBSi. The coating procedure was flame spraying and diffusion welding. Some layers were remelted using an electron beam to improve their microstructural properties, porosity and binding to the bulk material.

Wear tests were performed under different degrees of severity to qualify the resistance of the coating, using abrasive, sliding and impact test methods representing different wear mechanisms. It is shown that the benefit of the hard particle content depends on the acting loading situation. Under abrasive and sliding conditions the advantage of a high hardness level, i.e. a high concentration of hard phases, could be demonstrated. For impact loading, causing severe surface fatigue, homogeneous materials with high toughness, such as martensitic steels, are beneficial; followed by coatings with a high concentration of ductile matrix. In some cases, the weaknesses, such as brittleness and limited strength of binding to the bulk, could be improved by electron beam remelting.     

Fatigue-induced surface failure of rolling-pair members under conditions of active lubricating medium

The work presents the results of experimental investigation of pitting in rolling pairs. The role of the microgeometry of friction surfaces and active components of the lubricating medium containing wear debris is shown in the formation of microcracks leading to fatigue failure of materials. A criterion for estimating resistance to pitting depending on the working surface quality of the parts is proposed.     

钢板微观表面质量控制理论与技术研究进展

分析给出钢板表面质量缺陷的分类及描述,重点阐释与表面微观形貌相关的钢板微观表面质量缺陷;结合钢板微观表面质量控制的工艺原理,综述国内外针对钢板微观表面质量生成与控制的关键——钢板表面微观形貌的表征与轧制转印生成、轧辊表面微观形貌的磨损演变、钢板表面的视觉美观性和涂镀黏附性与冲压储油性的描述与建模等方面的重要研究进展及成果;分析总结目前钢板微观表面质量的理论研究与生产实践中存在的主要问题,提出进一步开展钢板微观表面质量控制理论与技术研究的若干建议,展望当前在我国着力开展钢板微观表面质量研究的科学意义和应用前景。