基于最小包容区域法的圆度误差评定方法

圆度误差的准确评定对轴和孔类零件的质量评判有很重要的意义。针对目前常用的圆度误差评定方法存在原理误差或模型误差的问题,提出一种完全符合最小包容区域法定义的圆度误差评定方法。该方法将区域搜索算法和圆度误差最小包容区域法评定的几何结构相结合,利用区域搜索算法确定准圆心,再根据准圆心位置和几何结构,对其进行判断和调整,最终找到准确的最小包容区域圆心,并给出最小包容区域圆度误差的精确解。构造多组仿真数据,利用此方法的评定结果与预设值相比较,证明了该方法的有效性和正确性;并利用该方法对其他文献中的数据进行评定与比较,数据处理的结果进一步显示了该方法的评定结果精确可靠,稳定性好,且效率高,可以有效地克服现有圆度误差评定方法难以找到准确最小包容区域圆心的缺陷。     

一种最小区域球度误差评定算法

根据直角坐标系下的球度误差的几何定义,提出了一种最小区域球度误差评定算法。首先以最小二乘球心为初始参考点,以之为球心构建一个辅助球,用经纬法将球面分布辅助点,以这些点为假定理想球心计算所有测量点的半径值,再根据最小条件筛选出若干条由辅助点构成的直径,分别对这些直径使用抛物线法缩小搜索区间,最终获得最小区域法对应的参数。实例结果表明,该方法能准确地获得最小区域解。     

基于鞍点规划理论的圆度及球度误差最小区域法评定新解法

在形位公差的圆度和球度误差评定方法中,最小区域法是最符合国标中定义形位误差的方法之一。针对目前基于最小区域法建立的数学模型以及相应的求解方法存在局部收敛以及求解迂回等问题,建立了圆度和球度误差评定的鞍点规划模型,并基于鞍点规划理论的最小条件建立了鞍圆和鞍球面误差求解的新算法,通过简单几何分析和有限代数计算即可确定符合最小区域法评定原则的圆度、球度误差以及相应鞍圆、鞍球面的位置和参数。相比于传统优化算法,本文提出的方法避免了优化方法对初始值的依赖性,具有较高的求解稳定性。     

平面度误差评定及其可视化

借助于计算机系统,从最小包容区域的定义出发,评定平面度误差,并将实际被测平面和包容平面直观,逼真的显示出来,实现了平面度误差评定的可视化     

最小区域球度误差评价的弦线截交方法

最小区域球度误差评价是精密测量技术中的一个非常重要并且复杂问题。针对笛卡儿坐标系下球体形状误差评价,介绍一种利用弦线截交关系求解最小区域球度误差评价方法。通过构建笛卡儿坐标系下球度误差测量模型,提出基于一般二次曲面理论的最小二乘球心计算方法。根据最小区域球度误差模型分类,利用弦线截交关系建立起最小区域球度误差评价的2+3和3+2模型,最后通过截交几何模式产生了虚拟中心,从而准确确定球度误差评价模型的最大弦线与最大截面,达到快速精确构建模型的目的。测试数据和实例应用表明,基于弦线截交关系的最小区域球度误差评价方法具有更高的计算效率,且测量空间不受测量坐标系和零件几何形状误差的影响,并显著提高了整体评价的精度与准确性。     

基于计算几何的平面度误差评定方法

本文针对平面度误差评定的特点，提出了一种基于计算几何凸包理论的评定方法。阐述了如何利用凸包的几何特征找出对应最小区域以完成误差评价，并详细介绍了三维凸包的构造方法。该方法不存在模型误差，具有对“最小区域”的几何直观性描述，不仅提供了在理论上严格符合公差定义中关于“最小区域”定义的精确解，而且不存在传统优化算法的局部收敛性问题。用VC编程实现算法并经过大量实例数据进行仿真，证明了该方法的可靠性和高效性。     

评定直线度误差的最小二乘法与最小包容区域法精度之比较

介绍了直线度误差评定的最小二乘法和最小包容区域法的算法模型与实现方法。在三坐标测量机上对八种不同被测直线进行了采样点坐标数据提取,分别用最小二乘法和最小包容区域法的基于搜索逼近-逐次旋转逼近法进行了给定平面内直线度误差的评定。结果表明:最小二乘法的评定结果与最小包容区域法的基于搜索逼近-逐次旋转逼近法的评定结果完全一致,即直线度误差的最小二乘法评定结果符合最小条件。     

基于最小单向Hausdorff距离的线轮廓度误差评定

为了高效率、高精度的评定平面线轮廓度误差,提出了一种基于平面曲线间最小单向Hausdorff距离的线轮廓度误差评定方法,给出了求解最小单向Hausdorff距离的数学规划模型及其线性化解算方法。该方法可以保证计算结果符合国家标准关于线轮廓度误差定义的最小条件。模型中涉及到的点到曲线最小距离,采用全局算法中的投影多面体方法计算。通过与已有文献中的算例结果进行对比,验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性。数值计算表明,所提方法符合线轮廓度误差评定的最小条件,且具有较高的评定精度。     

评定平面度误差的几何搜索逼近算法

为了快速准确地评定机械零件的平面度误差,提出了基于几何搜索逼近的平面度误差最小区域评定算法.阐述了利用几何优化搜索算法求解平面度误差的过程和步骤,给出了数学计算公式.首先选择被测平面的3个边缘点为参考点构造辅助点、参考平面和辅助平面,然后以参考平面和辅助平面为假定理想平面,计算测量点至这些理想平面的距离极差;通过比较判断及改变参考点,构造新的辅助点、参考平面和辅助平面,最终实现平面度误差的最小区域评定.用提出的方法对一组测量数据进行了处理.结果表明,在终止搜索的条件为0.000 01 mm时,几何搜索逼近评定算法的结果分别比凸包法、计算几何法、最小二乘法、遗传算法和进化策略计算的结果减小了17.1、7.3、18.03、6.13和0.3μm.得到的数据显示该算法不仅能准确地得到最小区域解,而且计算结果有良好的稳定性,适合在平面度误差测量仪器和三坐标测量机上使用.     

基于测点分类的圆度误差精确评定

针对圆度误差已有评定方法的不足,提出了一种新的精确评定方法.该方法在测点分类的基础上,搜索符合最小包容区域定义的同心圆,大大提高了误差评判效率,并在实例中得到了很好的验证.     

Product of exponential model for geometric error integration of multi-axis machine tools

This paper proposes a product of exponential (POE) model to integrate the geometric errors of multi-axis machine tools. Firstly, three twists are established to represent the six basic error components of each axis in an original way according to the geometric definition of the errors and twists. The three twists represent the basic errors in x, y, and z directions, respectively. One error POE model is established to integrate the three twists. This error POE formula is homogeneous and can express the geometric meaning of the basic errors, which is precise enough to improve the accuracy of the geometric error model. Secondly, squareness errors are taken into account using POE method to make the POE model of geometric errors more systematic. Two methods are proposed to obtain the POE models of squareness errors according to their geometric properties: The first method bases on the geometric definition of errors to obtain the twists directly; the other method uses the adjoint matrix through coordinate system transformation. Moreover, the topological structure of the machine tools is introduced into the POE method to make the POE model more reasonable and accurate. It can organize the obtained 14 twists and eight POE models of the three-axis machine tools. According to the order of these POE models multiplications, the integrated POE model of geometric errors is established. Finally, the experiments have been conducted on an MV-5A three-axis vertical machining center to verify the model. The results show that the integrated POE model is effective and precise enough. The error field of machine tool is obtained according to the error model, which is significant for the error prediction and compensation.     

Adaptive Monte Carlo and GUM methods for the evaluation of measurement uncertainty of cylindricity error

Measurement uncertainty is one of the most important concepts in geometrical product specification (GPS). The “Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM)” is the internationally accepted master document for the evaluation of uncertainty. The GUM method (GUMM) requires the use of a first-order Taylor series expansion for propagating uncertainties. However, when the mathematical model of measurand is strongly non-linear the use of this linear approximation may be inadequate. Supplement 1 to GUM (GUM S1) has recently been proposed based on the basis of probability density functions (PDFs) using the Monte Carlo method (MCM). In order to solve the problem that the number of Monte Carlo trials needs to be selected priori, adaptive Monte Carlo method (AMCM) described in GUM S1 is recommended to control over the quality of the numerical results provided by MCM.The measurement and evaluation of cylindricity errors are essential to ensure proper assembly and good performance. In this paper, the mathematical model of cylindricity error based on the minimum zone condition is established and a quasi particle swarm optimization algorithm (QPSO) is proposed for searching the cylindricity error. Because the model is non-linear, it is necessary to verify whether GUMM is valid for the evaluation of measurement uncertainty of cylindricity error. Then, AMCM and GUMM are developed to estimate the uncertainty. The procedure of AMCM scheme and the validation of GUMM using AMCM are given in detail. Practical example is illustrated and the result shows that GUMM is not completely valid for high-precision evaluation of the measurement uncertainty of cylindricity error if only the first-order terms in the Taylor series approximation are taken into account. Compared with conventional methods, not only the proposed QPSO method can search the minimum zone cylindricity error precisely and rapidly, but also the Monte Carlo simulation is adaptive and AMCM can provide control variables (i.e. expected value, standard uncertainty and lower and higher coverage interval endpoints) with an expected numerical tolerance. The methods can be extended to the evaluation of measurement uncertainty of other form errors such as roundness and sphericity errors.     

基于遗传算法的球度误差评定

首先对球度公差评定问题进行了综述.然后根据圆度公差的数学定义,引申提出球度公差最小区域条件下的评定模型,并给出遗传算法的适应度函数.随后给出算法实现中的中的关键问题.最后用实例对算法进行了检验,计算结果表明基于遗传算法的球度误差优化算法不仅符合最小区域的条件,而且易于理解和实现,能够获得全局最优解,保证了高精度、高效率.     

最小外接球法球度误差评价与实现

针对直角坐标系下球体形状的误差评价,介绍一种利用最小外接球法评价球度误差的计算方法。建立基于直角坐标系下的球度误差三维评测模型,并研究外接球体几何曲面关系,得出了利用弦线截交关系快速评价球度误差的理论。利用弦线截交关系构建最小外接球法球度误差评价的“2+1”、“3+1”、“4+1”评价模式统一体,通过两次截交产生的虚拟中心定位,可以准确确定评价点的位置,达到了快速、精确利用最小外接球法评价球度误差的目的。通过分析表明,基于弦线截交关系的最小外接球球度误差评价方法计算效率高、易于实现且具有较高的评定精度,也为球度误差评价提供一种新的方法和思路。     

Flatness error evaluation and verification based on new generation geometrical product specification (GPS)

New generation geometrical product specification (GPS) links the whole course of a geometrical product from the research, development, design, manufacturing and verification to its release, utilization, and maintenance. Measurement process is one of the most important part of verification/inspection in the new generation GPS. With the knowledge-intensive and globalization trend of the economy, unifying the evaluation and verification of form errors will play a vital role in international trade and technical communication. Considering the plane feature is one of the most basic geometric primitives which contribute significantly to fundamental mechanical products such as guide way of machine tool to achieve intended functionalities, the mathematical model of flatness error minimum zone solution is formulated and an improved genetic algorithm (IGA) is proposed to implement flatness error minimum zone evaluation. Then, two evaluation methods of flatness error uncertainty are proposed, which are based on the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and a Monte Carlo Method (MCM). The calculating formula and the propagation coefficients of each element and correlation coefficients based on GUM and the procedures based on MCM are developed. Finally, two examples are listed to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. An investigation into the source and effects of different uncertainty contributors for practical measurement on CMM is carried out and the uncertainty contributors significant are analyzed for flatness error verification. Compared with conventional methods, the proposed method not only has the advantages of simple algorithm, good flexibility, more efficiency and accuracy, but also guarantees the minimum zone solution specified in the ISO/1101 standard. Furthermore, it accords with the requirement of the new generation GPS standard which the measurement uncertainty characterizing the reliability of the results is given together. And it is also extended to other form errors evaluation and verification.     

改进蜂群算法在平面度误差评定中的应用

为了准确快速评定平面度误差,提出将改进人工蜂群( MABC)算法用于平面度误差最小区域的评定.介绍了评定平面度误差的最小包容区域法及判别准则,并给出符合最小区域条件的平面度误差评定数学模型.叙述了MABC算法,该算法在基本人工蜂群算法( ABC)模型的基础上引入两个牵引蜂和禁忌搜索策略.阐述了算法的实现步骤,通过分析选用两个经典测试函数验证了MABC算法的有效性.最后,应用MABC算法对平面度误差进行评定,其计算结果符合最小条件.对一组测量数据的评定显示,MABC算法经过0.436 s可找到最优平面,比ABC算法节省0.411 s,其计算结果比最小二乘法和遗传算法的评定结果分别小18.03μm和6.13 μm.对由三坐标机测得的5组实例同样显示,MABC算法的计算精度比遗传算法和粒子群算法更有优势,最大相差0.9 μm.实验结果表明,MABC算法在优化效率、求解质量和稳定性上优于ABC算法,计算精度优于最小二乘法、遗传算法和粒子群算法,适用于形位误差测量仪器及三坐标测量机.     

转台-摆头式五轴机床几何误差测量及辨识

为降低转动轴几何误差对转台-摆头式五轴机床精度的影响,提出了基于球杆仪的位置无关几何误差测量和辨识方法。基于多体系统理论及齐次坐标变换方法建立了转台-摆头式五轴机床位置无关几何误差模型,依据旋转轴不同运动状态下的几何误差影响因素建立基于圆轨迹的四种测量模式,并实现10项位置无关几何误差的辨识。利用所建立的几何误差模型进行数值模拟,确定转动轴的10项位置无关几何误差对测量轨迹的影响。最后,采用误差补偿的形式实验验证所提出的测量及辨识方法的有效性,将位置无关几何误差补偿前后的测量轨迹进行比较。误差补偿后10项位置无关几何误差的平均补偿率为70.4%,最大补偿率达到88.4%,实验结果表明所提出的建模和辨识方法可用于转台-摆头式五轴机床转动轴精度检测,同时可为机床精度评价及几何精度提升提供依据。     

Minimum zone evaluation of sphericity deviation based on the intersecting chord method in Cartesian coordinate system

Along with the developments of manufacturing and machining technology, spherical parts with high-precision are widely applied to many industrial fields. The high-quality spherical parts depend not only on the design and machining techniques but also on the adopted measurement and evaluation approaches. This paper focuses on the minimum zone evaluation model of sphericity deviation in Cartesian coordinate system. A new method, i.e. intersecting chord method, is proposed to solve the problem of constructing 3 + 2 and 2 + 3 models of the minimum zone reference spheres (MZSP). The modelling method employs intersecting chords rather than characteristic points to construct the geometrical structure of evaluation model. Hence, the efficiency of processing data is improved without compromising the accuracy of deviation evaluation. In the modelling process, the two concentric spheres of minimum zone model are simplified as an intersecting chords structure, the virtual centre generated by the intersecting chords can be used to judge whether the searched object is the maximum object or not, which decrease the positioning error of the minimum zone centre and reduce the difficulty of constructing models. To test and verify the performances of intersecting chord method, two experiments are performed to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, and the results indicate that the proposed method is more trustworthy against accuracy and computation time than other methods required to achieve the same results.     

评定二次曲面轮廓度误差的角度分割逼近法

提出一种基于角度分割逼近算法和粒子群算法计算二次曲面轮廓度误差的最小区域评定方法来准确评定任意位姿的二次曲面轮廓度误差。首先,给出了能够实现角度分割逼近算法的两条前提假设;基于假设,给出了更合理的算法网格布局递推公式。根据曲面轮廓度误差的定义建立了误差评定的精确模型。然后,采用角度分割逼近法求取测点到拟合二次曲面轮廓的距离;通过粒子群算法,以所有的点与二次曲面距离中的最大值为适应度值拟合出二次曲面一般方程,并实现被测轮廓与理论轮廓位置的匹配。最后,采用上述方法对某抛物面天线进行了评定,并与参数分割法、SMX-Insight和最小二乘法进行比较。实验结果显示：该方法测得的天线轮廓度误差为0.659 8 mm,比其它方法准确。结论表明：基于角度分割算法能够更有效地评定任意位姿二次曲面轮廓度误差,计算准确、迅速,而且无需确定待分割区域。