非球面光学元件的制造技术(英文)

非球面光学元件广泛用于不同领域,但它们的成功应用主要取决于其质量和制造费用。近几年来,通过开发计算机数控光学加工机械和新的制造技术,已经取得了大的进展。本文涉及制作非球面所用的主要技术。总结将指明适合的用途和这些方法中的每一项的技术成就。两个实际的例子表明非球面光学元件的挑战和光明未来。     

Emerging biomedical sensing technologies and their applications

Recent progress in biomedical sensing technologies has resulted in the development of several novel sensor products and new applications. Modern biomedical sensors developed with advanced microfabrication and signal processing techniques are becoming inexpensive, accurate, and reliable. A broad range of sensing mechanisms has significantly increased the number of possible target measurands that can be detected. The miniaturization of classical "bulky" measurement techniques has led to the realization of complex analytical systems, including such sensors as the BioChemLab-on-a-Chip. This rapid progress in miniature devices and instrumentation development will significantly impact the practice of medical care as well as future advances in the biomedical industry. Currently, electrochemical, optical, and acoustic wave sensing technologies have emerged as some of the most promising biomedical sensor technologies. In this paper, important features of these technologies, along with new developments and some of the applications, are presented.     

金属玻璃微制造技术现状与研究进展

金属玻璃,又称非晶态合金,因具有长程无序、短程有序的独特组织结构而拥有超常的综合性能,是制造微纳器件的理想材料之一,然而,其易过热变性且禀性钝惰硬脆,是一种典型难加工的材料之一。在分析金属玻璃组织结构特点和力学性能的基础上,按等材、减材和增材3种成形方式对金属玻璃的微制造方法与技术进行了综述。介绍各自的加工与成形原理、工艺特点、技术优势、基础应用和发展现状,分析了它们的不足与发展趋势。目前,等材成形是主流的微成形加工方法,是基于非晶材料内在特性的一种成形方式。减材与增材成形加工现阶段仍处于探索之中,工程应用案例较少,有一定的发展潜力。最后展望了金属玻璃微纳制造领域的未来发展方向与研究重点。     

注塑新产品开发中的设计验证

为减少新产品开发中的设计错误,针对技术不确定性假设,综合运用样品技术、实践经验、试验方法、CAD技术、CAE技术,提出了6种设计验证方法.这些方法包括：基于粗略/精确样品的设计验证、基于经验的设计验证、基于实验的设计验证、基于CAD的设计验证、基于加工仿真的设计验证以及基于集成仿真的设计验证.通过注塑制品开发实例,表明这些设计验证方法可应用于新产品开发的概念提出、设计工程、原型测试及试生产阶段.     

基于传感器数据的用户行为识别方法综述

目的 综述了运用传感器数据感知用户行为的最新进展和研究成果,为多模态数据驱动的服务机器人用户行为认知应用提供技术支撑.方法 主要从4个方面总结了用户行为识别方法的最新进展,具体包括:基于可穿戴传感器的数据感知与行为识别;基于机器视觉的行为识别;基于环境传感器数据的行为识别;异常行为识别与预测.结论 服务机器人在行为感知到认知方面的研究仍处于初步阶段,运用多模态数据全面建模用户行为有望提升基于机器人的养老产品智能化水平.     

选区激光熔化中飞溅行为的研究进展

选区激光熔化技术(SLM)被认为是极有前途的增材制造技术之一,但不可逆的溅射行为严重限制了SLM技术的应用。从粉末熔池演变、加工工艺优化和飞溅颗粒动态特征监测等方面,总结了SLM过程中飞溅行为的研究现状,分析了飞溅行为的产生机制,探讨了激光–粉末–熔池相互作用下的熔池演变情况,表明金属蒸气、Marangoni效应和伯努利效应是诱发飞溅的主要因素;讨论了加工工艺与飞溅行为的相互关系,表明通过优化工艺参数和改善打印环境以抑制飞溅是行之有效的方法;阐述了飞溅诱导缺陷的机理,并讨论了SLM过程的监测方法,表明单一信号的局限性会导致监测结果失准,多信号融合监测是提升精准性的重要方法之一。最后,针对飞溅行为存在的关键科学问题和技术难题,展望了SLM加工中飞溅行为的研究方向。     

Microwave Processing of Materials and Applications in Manufacturing Industries: A Review

The main focused aim of developing new processing and manufacturing technologies are to reduce production or manufacturing costs, processing times, and to enhance manufactured product properties. The developed processing techniques should be widely acceptable for all types of materials including metal matrix composites, ceramics, alloys, and fiber reinforced plastics. Microwave materials processing is emerging as a novel processing technology which is applicable to a wide variety of materials system including processing of MMC, FRP, alloys, ceramics, metals, powder metallurgy, material joining, coatings, and claddings. In comparison to the conventional processes, microwave processing of materials offers better mechanical properties with reduced defects and economical advantages in terms of power and time savings. The present review work focuses mainly on global developments taking place in the field of microwave processing of materials and their relevant industrial applications.     

复杂型材智能加工制造系统的设计

目的 实现新一代信息技术背景下传统铝门窗幕墙型材加工行业的转型升级,以应对复杂型材加工制造存在的成本高、工序繁多等诸多挑战。方法 根据型材加工工艺流程及该行业定制化生产的特点,提出一种涵盖网上下单、订单自动处理、机床智能加工生产的复杂型材智能加工制造系统架构,重点针对自主开发的门窗幕墙型材一站式加工智能机床,研发出一套复杂型材智能加工制造系统。结果 研究了加工信息数字化模型、工艺数据库等关键技术。通过工艺数据库的构建,实现了自动编程系统的搭建。结合Web Service与XML技术,研发出订单自助处理系统、机床智能操作管理系统及其与ERP系统的集成互连,打通了生产各环节之间的技术壁垒,形成了复杂型材一体化加工工艺。结论 实际测试表明,经复杂型材智能加工制造系统一体化制造的复杂型材从接受订单到产品加工完成只需40分钟,大幅提高了生产效率和产品质量,降低了加工成本。本研究为复杂型材智能加工及其他传统制造行业的转型升级提供了有益的借鉴和参考。     

Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Chemiresistors: Does the Nanoscale Matter?

Sensor technology is one of the most important key technologies of the future with a constantly increasing number of applications, both in the industrial and in the private sectors. More and more gas sensors are used for the control of technical processes, in environment monitoring, healthcare, and automobiles. Consequently, the development of fast and sensitive gas sensors with small cross sensitivity is the subject of intense research, propelled by strategies based on nanoscience and -technology. Established systems can be improved and novel sensor concepts based on bottom-up approaches show that the sensor properties can be controlled by molecular design. This Review highlights the recent developments and reflects the impact of nanoscience on sensor technology.     

交流电力智能传感器粗信号处理实验平台的软件设计

在Keil集成开发环境中设计采用单片机的交流电力智能传感器实验平台的软件系统。该软件包括信号采集、信号预处理、粗信号处理等功能模块,分别完成电力信号的采样与保存,交流电力周期与偏移量的获取,基于定义法、相关分析法、最小二乘法的交流电力难测特征参数幅值与初相位的分析。实验表明,该软件能较好地实现交流电力智能传感器的多种粗信号处理方法,满足实验平台的要求。     

Materials and manufacturing technologies for solid oxide fuel cells

This article summarises recent developments in solid oxide fuel cell research regarding materials, processing and microstructure–property relationships. In the materials section, the various cell and stack materials are briefly described, i.e. electrolytes, electrodes, contact and protective layers, interconnects and sealing materials. The section on processing gives an overview of manufacturing technologies for cells including a view of different substrate materials and designs. Besides the widely used planar cell designs, the technologies for tubular designs are also described. In addition, the technologies are grouped with respect to the support, e.g. metal- or ceramic–metal (cermet anode substrate)-supported SOFCs. Finally, special emphasis is laid on the microstructure of functional layers which primarily govern the power output of the SOFC.     

Instrumentation for in vivo ultrasonic characterization of bone strength

Although it has been more than 20 years since the first recorded use of a quantitative ultrasound (QUS) technology to predict bone fragility, the field has not yet reached its maturity. QUS has the potential to predict fracture risk in several clinical circumstances and has the advantages of being nonionizing, inexpensive, portable, highly acceptable to patients, and repeatable. However, the wide dissemination of QUS in clinical practice is still limited and suffering from the absence of clinical consensus on how to integrate QUS technologies in bone densitometry armamentarium. Several critical issues need to be addressed to develop the role of QUS within rheumatology. These include issues of technologies adapted to measure the central skeleton, data acquisition, and signal processing procedures to reveal bone properties beyond bone mineral quantity and elucidation of the complex interaction between ultrasound and bone structure. This article reviews the state-of-the-art in technological developments applied to assess bone strength in vivo. We describe generic measurement and signal processing methods implemented in clinical ultrasound devices, the devices and their practical use, and performance measures. The article also points out the present limitations, especially those related to the absence of standardization, and the lack of comprehensive theoretical models. We conclude with suggestions of future lines and trends in technology challenges and research areas such as new acquisition modes,, advanced signal processing techniques, and modelization.     

树脂基复合材料关键制造技术的研究进展与制约因素分析

详细介绍了树脂基复合材料的关键制造技术——成型工艺技术、固化工艺技术及连接工艺技术的特点、适用范围、国内外研究进展及我国与国外的差距,重点分析了我国树脂基复合材料发展的主要制约因素,并提出了促进复合材料产业快速发展的研究建议。     

Out-of-autoclave cure cycle study of a resin film infusion process using in situ process monitoring

Liquid resin infusion (LRI) of textile tailored reinforcements (TRs) is increasingly applied in new processing technologies for manufacturing carbon fibre composites. This work presents a cure cycle study of an out-of-autoclave toughened resin film infusion (RFI) process as part of the examination of an alternative manufacturing process for composites. To successfully produce laminates using resin film infusion in combination with a fast-curing process, the flow behaviour of the selected resin material under changed processing conditions was investigated. The effect of processing parameters, specifically heating rates and dwell times, on resin viscosity and laminate infiltration was evaluated through experimental work and supported by in situ process monitoring. A DC-resistance sensor system was applied to track the change in resin viscosity during cure. Results showed that cure cycles with a relatively short dwell time and higher heating rate compared to an autoclave cure led to enhanced flow properties of the toughened resin system. High quality laminates, comparable to autoclave panels, were manufactured with vacuum pressure only by modifying the original vacuum bagging arrangement.     

Feedstock powder processing research needs for additive manufacturing development

Additive manufacturing (AM) promises to redesign traditional manufacturing by enabling the ultimate in agility for rapid component design changes in commercial products and for fabricating complex integrated parts. By significantly increasing quality and yield of metallic alloy powders, the pace for design, development, and deployment of the most promising AM approaches can be greatly accelerated, resulting in rapid commercialization of these advanced manufacturing methods. By successful completion of a critical suite of processing research tasks that are intended to greatly enhance gas atomized powder quality and the precision and efficiency of powder production, researchers can help promote continued rapid growth of AM. Other powder-based or spray-based advanced manufacturing methods could also benefit from these research outcomes, promoting the next wave of sustainable manufacturing technologies for conventional and advanced materials.     

金属增材制造零件变形研究现状

金属增材制造(也称为3D打印)被认为是制造业最有前景的技术之一,主要应用在航空航天领域,用于加工传统方法难以制备的大型复杂零件。该技术面临的一个关键瓶颈是零件的变形,这将严重影响零件的尺寸精度,甚至导致零件开裂而无法使用。首先介绍了研究增材零件变形的主要试验方法,明确了激光位移传感器及数字图像相关技术是研究瞬态变形的有效实验手段。然后介绍了变形预测的数值模拟方法,明确了热源模型、热边界条件及材料的力学性能本构是影响变形预测准确性的主要因素。最后总结了当前国内外变形快速计算方法的研究进展及发展动向。     

High gradient magnetic separation theory and applications

This paper discusses key technical and economical achievements which have extended the range of application of magnetic separation methods into the commercial processing of micron size feebly magnetic materials. Commercial application of magnetic methods in the cleaning of kaolin clay is reviewed and a discussion of magnetic separation principles is given with emphasis on identification and utilization of important process parameters. Possible future developments in magnetic processing of municipal and industrial wastewaters and of applications of magnetic methods to the preparation of clean fuels from coal are discussed.     

铁磁性管道腐蚀远场涡流检测性能的改进

远场涡流检测由于信号微弱、探头过长等缺点限制了其进一步应用.本文结合有限元仿真和实验方法,研究了改进远场涡流技术性能的几种方法,即: 采用电磁屏蔽、磁路进行传感器优化设计以缩短探头长度、增大信号强度;改进信号调理电路以提高细微缺陷检出能力;利用同态滤波、小波变换以及误差修正等数字信号处理技术确保检测结果的可靠性.实验结果表明,采用上述方法后系统性能得到很大提高,可以有效检测出管道外壁的细微缺陷.     

航天用镍基高温合金及其激光增材制造研究现状

新型航天器用镍基高温合金部件呈现出复杂化、薄壁化、复合化、一体化的发展趋势,使得传统的铸造或锻造加工技术无法胜任。基于逐层堆积的激光增材制造(LAM)技术是实现这类复杂部件制备的理想解决方案,能够进一步赋予高温合金更高的价值,极大地推动航天装备的发展。首先介绍了航天领域常用的镍基高温合金种类,然后以研究最多的IN 718和IN 625合金为例,总结了镍基高温合金增材制造的研究现状:归纳了镍基高温合金增材制造工艺优化方法,表明增材制造综合加工图和实验设计方法是两种行之有效的方法;指出了增材制造镍基高温合金材料的微观组织特点,讨论了增材制造后续热处理对材料微观组织和力学性能的影响规律,表明增材制造技术极快速冷却的特点引起镍基高温合金材料内部存在普遍的局部微观偏析现象,导致常规热处理工艺不再是最优工艺;并通过5个典型的增材制造镍基高温合金航天构件案例展示了增材制造技术的优势。在此基础上,针对镍基高温合金增材制造过程中存在的关键科学问题和技术难题,展望了增材制造镍基高温合金未来的研究方向。     

A perspective on the recent progress in solution-processed methods for highly efficient perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were developed in 2009 and have led to a number of significant improvements in clean energy technology. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs has increased exponentially and currently stands at 22%. PSCs are transforming photovoltaic (PV) technology, outpacing many established PV technologies through their versatility and roll-to-roll manufacturing compatibility. The viability of low-temperature and solution-processed manufacturing has further improved their viability. This article provides a brief overview of the stoichiometry of perovskite materials, the engineering behind various modes of manufacturing by solution processing methods, and recommendations for future research to achieve large-scale manufacturing of high efficiency PSCs.