燃煤电厂300MW机组循环水系统运行优化研究

以某燃煤电厂2×300 MW机组循环水系统为研究对象,充分考虑外界环境因素,基于循环水泵运行优化理论建立了冷却塔、凝汽器与汽轮机低压缸耦合的冷端优化数学模型。基于麦克尔焓差理论建立冷却塔热力计算模型并给出冷却塔出塔水温的计算方法,研究了环境温度、相对湿度和循环水量对冷却塔出塔水温的影响。研究了机组背压、循环水量与排汽流量对凝汽器真空的影响。绘制全工况下循环水泵运行方式间的等效益曲面,确定了不同的机组负荷、环境温度及相对湿度下循环水泵最佳运行方式。对比传统循环水泵优化方式,可知新型等效益曲面方法具有一定的合理性。对火电机组实际运行中循环水系统优化有一定的指导意义。     

超超临界汽轮机全负荷段性能优化试验研究

为了得到机组经济性在全负荷段变化较小时的滑压曲线,对某1 000 MW超超临界汽轮机组进行了全负荷段工况性能试验、宽负荷配汽方式性能试验、变背压特性性能试验及循环水泵优化试验,对全负荷段工况滑压曲线进行优化,并根据机组实际背压特性曲线和循环水泵优化试验结果调整滑压曲线,得到了经济性较优且满足负荷响应速率的滑压曲线。结果表明:同负荷下不同高压调节阀开度运行时,全开方式运行高压缸效率最高,热耗率最低,经济性最好,但负荷响应却较慢,采用38%高压调节阀开度可以满足负荷响应速率需求。     

火电厂循环水系统的分析与优化

针对火电厂中循环水泵不同运行模式间的临界转换条件较难确定的问题,在分析汽轮机、凝汽器和循环水泵特性的基础上,以某300MW的汽轮机发电厂为例,详细阐述了汽轮机通用曲线的全工况拟合方法,并建立通用曲线的数学模型。提出了在负荷一定的条件下,循环水泵不同运行模式时的功率增量与循环水进口温度关系的模型,从而获得了等功率增量曲线,对提高电厂的经济效益具有一定的指导意义。     

汽轮机冷端优化运行和最佳背压的研究与应用

根据对电厂330MW汽轮机组冷端系统的试验结果,结合机组微增功率和背压关系曲线以及凝汽器变工况特性,经过认真研究和分析,建立了冷端优化数学模型,并结合循环水泵运行优化调整试验,提出了机组在不同运行负荷和冷却水进口温度下冷端循环水泵的最佳运行方式,从而确定了凝汽器最佳运行背压。研究结果应用于某电厂,在夏季工况时取得了较好的经济效益,验证了该方法具有较强的实践意义。     

1000 MW超超临界机组冷端优化研究

针对某1 000 MW超超临界燃煤机组在实际运行存在的能耗较高的现状,用自主开发的电厂热力系统模块化集成优化软件对机组热力系统进行模拟,分析了循环水泵运行方式的经济性以及机组冷端优化方案的节能效果,分析结果表明:对于机组在循环水温越高的工况,定频冷端优化煤耗与变频冷端优化煤耗一致,定频调节和变频调节并无差异。而在循环水温较低的工况,变频冷端优化煤耗比定频冷端优化煤耗更低。循环水泵变频经济性优势主要集中在较高的运行负荷以及较低的循环水温的工况范围。冷端优化主要通过影响汽轮机的出力和耗能设备如循环水泵等耗功进而影响机组经济性,随着机组运行工况负荷越低,冷端优化收益越显著。研究结果对同类型机组的节能改造具有一定借鉴和指导意义。     

凝汽器变工况特性计算分析

通过汽轮机、凝汽器变工况计算相结合可以得到不同机组负荷、不同循环水进口温度下循环水泵的机组负荷切换点。在凝汽器变工况时,两台循环水泵可以灵活改成一台运行方式,合理调节循环水量,使机组在最佳真空下运行。     

630 MW燃煤机组循环水系统运行优化研究

以某630 MW燃煤机组的开式循环水系统为研究对象,分别建立循环水泵优化调度模型和机组背压预测模型。为提高模型计算准确性,基于自主开发的热力仿真设计平台中的湿汽透平模块,建立完整的机组仿真模型,计算低压缸排汽流量和排汽焓值。将三个模型耦合,实现机组循环水泵的优化调度。分析了不同电负荷及循环水入口温度下的最佳循环水泵的运行方式,并通过历史运行数据验证了优化模型的准确性,结果表明所建的循环水泵优化调度模型能有效提高机组的运行经济性,降低机组能耗。研究了全负荷段下不同循环水温的循环水泵最优运行方式,以指导机组深度调峰时的循环水泵调度。开发了循环水泵实时优化调度系统,基于现场实时数据给出当前工况下最佳的循环水泵运行方式,为现场运行人员循环水泵调度提供指导建议。     

基于实时稳态模型的汽轮机冷端系统闭环优化控制

汽轮机冷端系统是火电机组的重要辅助系统,其运行状态的好坏直接关系到机组的安全、经济运行。分析汽轮机冷端系统的换热机理,通过对汽轮机末级变工况计算模型、凝汽器换热变工况计算模型以及变频循环水泵变工况特性分析,建立汽轮机冷端系统最佳真空稳态计算模型。分析了机组在不同边界条件下的最佳运行真空,进而利用稳态计算模型构建最佳真空闭环优化实时控制系统,实现对机组循环冷却水流量的连续调节,提高了机组的运行经济性。     

600MW机组给水泵技术分析

随着参与电网调峰机组数量的增多,要求大功率的机组参与调峰运行,这要求机组汽动给水泵不仅在长期运行工况下具有良好的经济性和稳定性,在其他变工况时汽轮机给水泵能耗指标也不能上升过大。为得到汽动给水泵最佳性能工作点,采用汽动给水泵的额定转速性能曲线和相似理论,对汽轮机给水泵进行效率计算。结合现场汽动给水泵设备特点,热力设计特性,给水泵运行参数、小汽轮机参数与主机负荷的关系,通过对汽轮机给水泵各个运行工况进行比较和理论计算。得出汽动给水泵首先滑压运行变速调节方式最佳,其次是定压运行变速调节方式,定压运行给水泵定速调节方式最差。     

水冷火电机组冷端优化研究

针对电厂汽轮机冷端优化分析问题,从凝汽器和循环水泵的整体角度出发,对冷端系统的运行特性进行优化,建立了不同工况下循环水优化系统分析计算模型,得出不同负荷下汽轮机排汽压力、循环水温度对机组热耗的影响.通过现场试验,计算了不同负荷之间排汽压力对热耗率影响系数关系,以此构建了不同负荷排汽压力对热耗率影响系数模型,提高了低负荷工况优化结论的准确性。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.