覆冰条件下风力机翼型气动性能的研究

应用CFD软件,对几种典型覆冰形态的流场进行研究。分析结果表明:前缘覆冰改变了翼型的气动外形,使流动更易出现分离现象,造成升力减小,阻力增大,零升迎角i0增大。沿弦向生长的覆冰保持流线型的截面形状,对边界层流动影响相对较小;向上翼面或下翼面生长的覆冰可使该翼面边界层流动分离,造成翼型气动性能的下降。随着前缘覆冰长度的增加,覆冰可导致翼型的升力增加、失速滞后,这种现象类似于前缘襟翼效应。     

主动式气动滑片对翼型气动及噪声特性影响研究

动态失速现象严重影响风力机气动性能,在翼型前缘布置主动式气动滑片可有效改善失速现象。为此基于NACA0012翼型,通过数值模拟研究气动滑片对翼型气动性能及噪声特性的影响。结果表明：前缘气动滑片可有效提高翼型上仰过程中的气动性能,较原始翼型气动滑片翼型的平均升力系数提高24.2%、阻力系数降低11.7%;翼型上仰过程中,气动滑片可抑制前缘分离涡向尾缘发展,延缓前缘与尾缘分离涡的融合,阻止分离涡从翼型表面脱落;气动滑片并未增加翼型噪声水平,但降低了翼型尾缘压力功率谱主频;当改变翼型折合频率时,气动滑片翼型的总声压级与原始翼型保持一致。     

基于FLUENT的风力机叶片翼型NREL S809覆冰的数值模拟

对经典风力机叶片翼型NREL S809的覆冰过程和翼型覆冰前后的气动性能进行了研究。利用FLUENT软件自带的离散相模型DPM及用户自定义函数UDF,求解出翼型表面的水滴运动轨迹方程、水滴的撞击极限和局部收集系数;选用经典的Messinger积冰传热模型计算积冰厚度,得到积冰形状;并分析在不同的攻角下,洁净翼型与覆冰翼型的气动性能。研究指出,覆冰导致翼型的气动性能发生畸变,升力系数下降,阻力系数上升,升阻比减小,升阻比最大降幅达到85.97%;覆冰后的翼型会提前进入失速区,破坏了翼型原有的流线,会造成翼型空气动力特性恶化。     

风力机翼型覆冰形态及其失速特性研究

为研究风力机翼型覆冰形态及其失速特性,采用覆冰软件FENSAP计算风力机翼型的雾凇、雨凇覆冰形态。使用Fluent流体仿真软件计算覆冰前后空气流场,翼型升力系数、阻力系数。研究结果表明,风力机翼型雾凇覆冰呈规则流线形,雨凇覆冰呈角状冰。覆冰后,翼型空气动力特性发生较大变化,其升力系数减小,阻力系数增大,失速攻角减小。雨凇加剧破坏翼型气动外形,对翼型升阻特性的影响最严重。     

水平轴风力机分裂翼型气动特性数值模拟

为提高水平轴风力机的风能利用率,以NREL S809为原始翼型研究了分裂翼型缝道相对位置和缝道相对宽度对翼型流场结构、翼型气动性能、升力和阻力特性的影响。结果表明:分裂翼型缝道会对翼型周围涡的发展与变化产生影响,不仅能明显改善翼型的失速特性,还提高了翼型的气动性能;缝道相对位置为40/90、缝道相对宽度为1.0%时分裂翼型的升力系数达到最大,与原始翼型相比,其升力系数提高约10.797%,分裂作用对于提高翼型气动性能的效果较佳。     

偏航工况下风力机动态失速特性的数值模拟

采用基于滑移网格模型的三维非稳态CFD方法,对NREL Phase VI风力机在偏航工况下的动态失速特性进行计算,分析旋转周期内翼型攻角和升力系数的变化,并进一步分析非稳态流动对动态失速的影响。结果表明:偏航工况时,来流风的水平分量和翼型的非稳态绕流会延缓气流分离涡的形成和失速现象的发生,伴随的动态失速现象会显著增加叶片的动态负荷;越靠近叶根动态失速特征越明显,翼型承受的非稳态升力系数最大可达静态升力系数的5倍以上,升力系数迟滞环面积也更大。计算结果能够为风力机优化设计和运行提供理论指导。     

覆冰翼型气动性能和噪声特征的数值研究

利用Fluent软件预测了风力机翼型在覆冰状态下的气动性能和气动噪声,采用大涡模拟与基于Lighthill声类比的FW-H模型相结合的方法模拟了不同覆冰状态下的声压级频谱和功率谱密度分布特征,分析了攻角和来流风速对声压级频谱和功率谱密度分布特征的影响。结果表明:覆冰使翼型的气动性能下降,升力减小,气流与壁面提前分离并进入失速区;明冰对翼型气动性能的影响最显著,霜冰次之;翼型覆冰后气动噪声明显增大,尤其覆明冰时翼型的气动噪声更突出;翼型覆冰前后气动噪声均随攻角增大而提高,未达到和超过失速攻角时气动噪声分别呈低频离散特性和宽频特性;来流风速对气动噪声的影响体现在总声压级上,各监测点的总声压级均随来流风速的增大而增强。     

基于Theodorsen理论的新型动态失速预测模型及其应用

风力机叶片动态失速时的非定常气动特性及严重的迟滞现象使得风力机功率实测值严重偏离其静态预测值。鉴于此,基于Theodorsen理论、基尔霍夫势流理论,在忽略低阶附加质量引起的下洗气流加速度项及状态变量转换后,提出一种包括翼型附着流和后缘动态分离流的新型动态失速模型。利用该模型分析NREL 5 MW海上风力机叶片6种翼型的非定常动态失速特性得出：通过翼型的气流在完全附着流与完全分离流之间不断转换,受附着流脱落尾诱导的动态下洗气流影响及边界层动态分离产生的压力滞后的双重作用,动态升力系数变化曲线和静态升力现象曲线偏差较大,6种翼型动态升力系数变化曲线均呈非常明显的迟滞环现象。DU40、DU35、DU30、DU25、DU21和NACA64这6种翼型动态升力系数增幅明显,分别达17.6%、60.9%、60.7%、55.1%、63.7%和40.8%。动态失速攻角极大地超过静态失速攻角,分别增大到36.53°、21.40°、20.20°、17.68°、16.97°和21.42°。6种翼型动态失速预测结果与公开实验数据结论一致,证实所提出的动态失速气动模型计算结果准确可信,具有较强通用性。     

前缘改形对翼型气动噪声特性影响

为得到高气动性能、低噪声的风力机专用翼型,基于参数化建模翼型,研究前缘外形对风力机翼型气动性能及气动噪声的影响规律。通过分离涡模拟方法和声学类比方程建立噪声预测方法。针对非对称翼型S809通过样条函数参数化处理前缘改形进行气动噪声计算。结果表明:翼型压力面前缘加厚,对翼型升阻力系数无明显影响,但大攻角时翼型周围压力分布均匀,流动相对稳定,且气动噪声声压级低于原始翼型,随压力面厚度增加气动噪声越大;吸力面加厚使得翼型升力系数增大,阻力系数减小,能抑制翼型失速时尾缘涡与前缘涡的生成,变形量越大气动噪声越小;翼型前缘上弯,翼型在失速区升力系数减小,阻力系数增大,流动越加不稳定,声压级随着攻角的增加呈递增趋势;翼型前缘下弯,翼型处于失速区升力系数增大,阻力系数减小,能抑制流动分离,未生成前缘涡和尾缘涡,当前缘下弯不变时,随加厚厚度增加翼型声压级呈减小趋势,且前缘下弯翼型声压级小于前缘上弯。     

尾缘襟翼动态气动特性与控制策略研究

为改善风力机动态气动特性及延长其运行寿命,基于NACA0012翼型,设计应用于垂直轴风力机的襟翼翼型,通过CFD计算得到运行时流场、力矩系数及升阻力特性。以此为基础给出两种襟翼控制策略,通过改变不同方位角下襟翼摆角,达到抑制尾涡分离、延迟动态失速和降低气动力剧烈波动变化幅度的目的。计算结果显示翼型上仰过程中脱落的涡主要呈条状,而下俯过程中脱落的涡则呈圆形,且条状尾涡的升阻力特性明显优于圆形尾涡。由此提出一种减幅控制策略,极大地减少了尾涡分离现象,减小最大转矩达50%。同时为防止风力机转速过快,提出一种襟翼控制策略调节翼型失速从而达到气动刹车效果,增大襟翼摆角可促使翼型尾缘失速涡快速脱落,迅速增大翼型的阻力系数,且随襟翼摆角的增大,力矩系数也随之减小,减速效果越明显。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

生物质催化热裂解技术的研究进展

生物质催化裂解是生物质热化学转化的一种重要途径。综述了生物质催化热裂解技术使用的反应器、催化剂类型,以及催化热裂解过程中热裂解温度、吹扫气、升温速率、生物质原料等条件的影响,展望了生物质催化热裂解技术的发展趋势。