NASA C3X叶片前缘气膜冷却的数值模拟

对NASA C3X叶片前缘部分建立了合理简化模型,在此基础上数值研究了流动参数和气膜孔斜角角度对前缘气膜绝热冷却效率的影响。结果表明:①在吹风比为0. 5～2. 5,不同吹风比下,以小吹风比的冷却效率较高,吹风比为0. 75时效率最高;主流雷诺数为100 000和200 000时,大雷诺数比小雷诺数下的冷却效率高;主、射流温度比不同时,冷却效率随温度比增大而增大;主流湍流度对冷却效率影响较小。②取射流孔斜角分别为30°、45°和60°,随着射流角度增加冷却效率降低。     

涡轮叶片前缘复合冷却换热性能的实验研究

本文使用由半圆柱前缘和平直尾部组成的钝物体来模拟涡轮叶片前缘,利用高温风洞实验测试平台,对前缘区域进行了内部射流冲击+外部气膜冷却的实验研究,通过红外热像仪测量了叶片表面的温度场分布,分析了气膜吹风比、前缘位置、主流雷诺数对冷却效率的影响规律。实验中吹风比的变化范围为0.24~1.67,主流雷诺数的变化范围为55 420~111 615。实验结果表明:冷却效率随吹风比的增大而增大,在本文实验参数范围内,最佳吹风比约为0.81;位置2处的冷却效率最高;随着主流雷诺数的增大冷却效率有所提高。     

重型燃气轮机透平第一级动叶气膜冷却特性数值模拟研究

采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型,并结合Simple算法和有限体积法对三维定常不可压缩N-S方程进行离散,对某重型燃气轮机透平第一级动叶在不同吹风比和主流湍流度条件下的气膜冷却效率进行了数值模拟。结果表明:气膜冷却能够有效地降低叶片表面的温度,但叶片前缘吹风比的改变对冷却效果的影响不是很大,在前缘滞止线两侧仍然存在较大的高温区;在压力面侧和吸力面侧,随着吹风比的增大,沿叶片展向平均冷却效率分布都得到了提高;低吹风比时,吸力面靠前缘区域孔排中的冷却孔保持单孔冷却特点,孔间区域冷却效果较差;主流湍流度对气膜冷却效果产生了明显的影响,但影响趋势因不同吹风比而各不相同,其对冷却射流的影响主要集中在气膜孔下游扩散上。     

透平叶片表面单排孔气膜冷却效率试验研究

采用稳态红外法试验测量了透平叶片压力面和吸力面气膜孔后冷却效率的分布,分析了吹风比对叶片表面不同位置处单排孔后气膜冷却效率的影响规律,结果发现:吸力面孔排1下游气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而降低;孔排2出口附近气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加先增加后减小,远离孔下游区域的气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而增加。压力面孔排1出口附近气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而减小,远离孔下游区域的气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而增加;孔排2下游气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而增加。研究成果可为燃气轮机透平叶片气膜冷却结构设计和冷却空气流量的选取提供参考。     

孔间距对燃气轮机动叶气膜冷却效果的影响

为了提高燃气轮机动叶的气膜冷却效果,采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型,并结合Simple算法和有限体积法对三维定常不可压缩N-S方程进行离散,在不同吹风比和主流湍流度条件下,分析了某重型燃气轮机孔间距对动叶气膜冷却效率的影响.结果表明:在一定条件下,随着孔间距的增大,冷却气体覆盖程度变差,冷却效率下降;受到叶片前缘孔排冷气的动量叠加,叶片后缘孔排气膜冷却效率明显高于前缘孔排气膜冷却效率;相同孔间距下,随着吹风比的增大,叶片综合冷却效率呈现升高的趋势;在其他条件一定的情况下,吹风比M=1.4时,主流湍流度越大,气膜冷却效率越低,但影响较小.     

燃气轮机叶片前缘气膜冷却的数值模拟

采用数值模拟方法,对燃气轮机叶片前缘气膜冷却问题进行了数值模拟研究。对比分析了在不同吹风比时,叶片吸力面气膜冷却效果的变化规律以及前缘表面不同位置冷却气膜孔排的下游曲率变化对冷却效果的影响。结果表明:不同冷却排孔的冷却效果向下游呈现出逐渐减弱的趋势,每排气膜孔减弱程度各不相同;当吹风比小于1. 0时,吸力面气膜冷却效果随着吹风比的增大而逐渐明显;当吹风比大于1. 0时,吸力面气膜冷却效果随着吹风比的增大而逐渐减弱。     

气膜孔形状对冷却效率影响的数值研究

采用控制容积法对三维定常不可压缩雷诺时均紊流方程(N-S方程)进行了离散,并在吹风比M为0.6和1.2的情况下,利用非结构化网格及两层k-e湍流模型,对气膜孔几何形状对涡轮叶片气膜冷却效率的影响进行了数值模拟,得到气膜孔附近的流场分布.结果表明:圆柱形孔的冷却效率随吹风比的增大而明显降低.前向扩张孔的冷却效率优于圆柱形孔,射流在叶高方向上扩展较广,在侧向孔间区域的气膜冷却效率较高.缩放槽缝孔在不同吹风比下的冷却效率均高于圆柱形孔和前向扩张孔,而且在孔下游较远区域,2个孔之间沿叶高方向的气膜覆盖性较好.缩放槽缝孔和前向扩张孔不同程度地抑制了反向涡旋对的产生,因而提高了射流对壁面的贴附性,增强了壁面的冷却效果.     

涡轮单排气膜孔与前缘结状凸起耦合数值研究

气膜冷却作为涡轮的主要冷却方式之一,如何提高其冷却效率是当前研究重点.本研究在涡轮前缘构造结状凸起结构,采用源项技术模拟气膜孔,研究吹风比分别为1,3下,前缘结状凸起对单排气膜孔冷却效率的影响,详细分析温度以及涡量等参数.结果表明:单排气膜孔处于相同吹风比时,改型叶片并没有比原型叶片带来更好的改善效果;单排气膜孔吹风比...     

吹风比与湍流度对涡轮叶片压力面气膜冷却影响的实验研究

为研究不同吹风比下主流湍流度对涡轮导叶气膜冷却的影响,采用可进行全表面换热特性参数测量的瞬态液晶传热测量技术,获得了叶片压力面侧圆柱形孔排气膜绝热有效度和表面传热系数比的全表面分布数据。结果表明:吹风比的变化对气膜绝热有效度影响显著,随着吹风比的增大,相同主流湍流度下的气膜绝热有效度明显下降,然而吹风比的增大仅对气膜孔附近区域的对流传热系数比有一定的提升作用;随着主流的湍流度增加,强化了主流和二次流的掺混,导致二次流温度快速接近主流温度,气膜射流在叶片压力面的覆盖范围变窄,绝热气膜有效度降低;由于高湍流度下的光滑叶片对流传热系数显著提高,造成对流传热系数比随着主流湍流度的增大而减小。     

圆形孔排的气膜冷却曲率实验研究

在低速大尺度叶栅风洞中对放大五倍的叶片模型进行实验,采用红外热像仪进行温度场的测量,研究在叶背表面不同曲率位置、不同主流Re、不同吹风比对气膜冷却效果的影响.结果表明:叶背处气膜冷却效果随着吹风比的增大而降低;主流Re对冷却效果有不同程度的影响,在吹风比不变时,冷却效果随Re增大呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;凸面曲率特征的气膜冷却容易造成射流脱壁,沿程冷却效果下降幅度较大,在附着区域相对较小;在研究范围内,气膜冷却效果随着曲率值的增加先增加再减小.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.