生物质高压液化技术研究进展

综述了国内外生物质高压液化技术的研究概况。对生物质高压液化的主要影响因素原料种类、催化剂与溶剂、反应温度与时间、反应压力、液化的气氛等进行了总结和分析。指出生物质高压液化技术是具有较大开发潜力的生物质转化途径之一。     

生物质高压液化生物油的研究进展

介绍了不同原料、溶剂、催化剂等各种工况条件下高压液化工艺中制得的生物油组成研究成果和分离方法,以及高压水热法制备生物油的工业化研究进展.     

生物质高压液化影响因素综述

综述了原料种类、溶剂、催化剂、反应温度、反应压力、液化时间、反应气氛、升温速率、抽提物、反应器类型等各种因素对生物质高压液化的影响,并简述了常见的液化油精制方法。     

生物质热解液化制备生物油技术研究进展

介绍了国内外生物质热解液化工艺、主要反应器及其应用现状;简述了生物质催化热解、生物质与煤共热解液化、微波生物质热解、热等离子体生物质热解几种新型热解工艺;并对目前生物质热解动力学研究进行了总结;对未来生物质热解液化技术的研究进行了展望。     

生物质加压液化制备生物油研究进展

回顾了生物质加压液化技术的发展历程,对生物质加压液化的反应机理进行了分析,分别探讨了生物质原料、液化溶剂、催化剂、液化气氛、液化温度、压力及反应时间对液化效果的影响。分析了目前液化生物油提质精炼的研究进展,指出在这方面的研究需进一步加深,为以后的工业化生产积累经验。     

生物原油化学法精炼生物质油技术综述

生物质快速热解制取的生物原油,经过精制提质,具有柴油或汽油的特点,可用于车用燃料。生物原油制取技术发展较快,技术较可控,但其精制提质过程复杂,需要突破的技术障碍明显。本文对国内外的生物原油精制提质研究进展与技术发展进行了系统的综述,认为生物油水相制氢和油相制油的技术路线更具发展前景,并提出了生物原油分级利用的建议。     

生物质液化技术的研究进展

生物质液化包括生物化学法生产燃料乙醇和热化学法生产生物油,热化学法又可分为快速热解液化和加压液化。着重介绍了目前达到工业示范规模的各种快速热解液化工艺,如旋转锥反应器、携带床反应器、循环流化床反应器、涡旋反应器、真空热解磨反应器等,以及处于实验室阶段的等离子体液化工艺。指出循环流化床工艺具有很高的加热和传热速率,且处理量可以达到较高的规模,是目前利用最多、液体产率最高的工艺。建议加强纤维素生物酶法糖化发酵生产燃料乙醇工艺的开发以及热化学法生物油精制新工艺的开发。     

生物质常压催化液化技术研究进展

生物质是种天然可再生资源,近些年来学者们对其加工利用技术做了大量研究工作,常压催化液化技术就是其中之一。对国内外生物质常压催化液化技术的发展和研究现状进行了介绍,分析了液化剂和催化剂对液化过程及产品组成的影响,提出了生物质常压催化液化技术存在的主要问题及未来研究的方向,展望了生物质利用的发展前景。     

生物质液化及提质改性研究进展

综述了近年来国内外生物质热化学转化技术的研究状况。介绍了生物质液化技术现状及生物质油精制提炼方法,包括苯酚液化、多元醇液化、弗托合成、催化加氢、催化裂解、催化酯化等。指出了现存问题和未来发展方向。     

木质生物材料多元醇液化及其在聚氨酯中的应用

液化技术是近年来生物质材料高效增值利用领域的研究热点,用多元醇等有机溶剂能将难溶、难熔的木质生物材料转化为可流动、具有反应活性的液态物质,拓宽了木材的应用领域。液化产物可作为合成高分子树脂的原料,能部分替代来源于石化产品的聚酯或聚醚多元醇。综述了木质材料多元醇的液化方法、液化机理及液化产物在聚氨酯中的应用。     

Experimental study of an extruder-feeder for biomass direct liquefaction

A new type of feeding system by an extruder-feeder was utilized to pump high concentrations of slurries into an advanced biomass liquefaction reactor operating at pressures of up to 25 MPa and temperatures of up to 400°C. The operability of such an extruder-feeder and the design criteria for this type of unit operation are described, and operational data are reported. Three types of extruder-feeders were used, and many different types of feedstocks were tested. The extruder-feeder proved to be effective in the biomass direct liquefaction process and could prove applicable in many other processes where high concentrations of solids are to be pumped, thus reducing drastically the size of the plant and the need for recycle of large amounts of liquid carriers for the solids. Typical experimental data and results of the flow rates and pressure generation for the various extruder-feeders and their operational conditions for several feedstocks are reported. The theoretical models developed for plasticating extruders were found to be acceptable also for the extruder-feeder of biomass feedstock, applying appropriate drag and pressure flow coefficients.     

木质纤维素生物质水热液化的研究进展

对木质纤维素生物质的模型化合物(纤维素、半纤维素和木质素)的水热液化机理进行了剖析。纤维素和半纤维素降解路径主要是水解成单糖并进一步生成酸类、醛类、酮类等。木质素结构较复杂,液化产物中含有大量苯系化合物,具体木质纤维素生物质的水热液化反应更为复杂,不同的木质纤维素生物质原料水热液化产生的生物油含量不同;分析了原料种类、催化剂、反应温度、反应压力、对水热液化过程以及产品组成和收率的影响;对生物质水热液化制备生物油的研究进行了展望,认为发展木质纤维素生物质水热条件下降解的数学模型,开发新型反应器、研制催化剂,是今后生物质水热液化工程实验的发展方向。     

我国煤液化制烯烃研究进展

概括了我国发展煤制烯烃产业的可行性和必要性,介绍了直接液化和间接液化技术的生产原理和工艺流程及我国煤液化制烯烃研究的进展状况,阐述了煤液化技术在乙烯、丙烯制备方面的应用,指出了煤液化技术在我国具有广阔的市场前景、发展空间及巨大的研究价值。煤液化技术对我国国民经济持续、健康、稳定的发展和国家安全以及缓解我国原油紧缺的压力都具有非常重要的意义。指出了发展煤液化技术是保证我国煤炭工业可持续发展、缓解环境恶化、解决石油短缺、优化能源结构、保证能源供应安全的有效途径之一。     

Production of bio‐crude from forestry waste by hydro‐liquefaction in sub‐/super‐critical methanol

Hydro‐liquefaction of a woody biomass (birch powder) in sub‐/super‐critical methanol without and with catalysts was investigated with an autoclave reactor at temperatures of 473–673 K and an initial pressure of hydrogen varying from 2.0 to 10.0 MPa. The liquid products were separated into water soluble oil and heavy oil (as bio‐crude) by extraction with water and acetone. Without catalyst, the yields of heavy oil and water soluble oil were in the ranges of 2.4–25.5 wt % and 1.2–17.0 wt %, respectively, depending strongly on reaction temperature, reaction time, and initial pressure of hydrogen. The optimum temperature for the production of heavy oil and water soluble oil was found to be at around 623 K, whereas a longer residence time and a lower initial H₂ pressure were found to be favorite conditions for the oil production. Addition of a basic catalyst, such as NaOH, K₂CO₃, and Rb₂CO₃, could significantly promote biomass conversion and increase yields of oily products in the treatments at temperatures less than 573 K. The yield of heavy oil attained about 30 wt % for the liquefaction operation in the presence of 5 wt % Rb₂CO₃ at 573 K and 2 MPa of H₂ for 60 min. The obtained heavy oil products consisted of a high concentration of phenol derivatives, esters, and benzene derivatives, and they also contained a higher concentration of carbon, a much lower concentration of oxygen, and a significantly increased heating value (>30 MJ/kg) when compared with the raw woody biomass. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

Bio-oil production from oil palm biomass via subcritical and supercritical hydrothermal liquefaction

This paper presents the studies on the liquefaction of three types of oil palm biomass; empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm mesocarp fiber (PMF) and palm kernel shell (PKS) using water at subcritical and supercritical conditions. The effect of temperature (330, 360, 390 °C) and pressure (25, 30, 35 MPa) on bio-oil yields were investigated in the liquefaction process using a Inconel batch reactor. The optimum liquefaction condition of the three types of biomass was found to be at supercritical condition of water i.e. at 390 °C and 25 MPa, with PKS yielding the maximum bio-oil yield of 38.53 wt%, followed by EFB and PMF, with optimum yields of 37.39 wt% and 34.32 wt%, respectively. The chemical compositions of the bio-oils produced at optimum condition were analyzed using GC–MS and phenolic compounds constituted the major portion of the bio-oils, with other minor compounds present such as alcohols, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons and esters.     

微藻水热液化生物油化学性质与表征方法综述

微藻水热液化生物油由于性质较差,不能直接作为车载燃料使用,与现代石油炼制工艺结合是一种新的应用途径。综述了微藻生物油的化学性质,包括化学组成、官能团组成与杂原子化合物组成等信息,比较分析了GC-MS、FTIR、NMR和FT-ICR MS等表征方法的异同,简要回顾了微藻水热液化反应机理和精制方法。重点指出微藻水热液化生物油中含氧、含氮化合物含量较高,并具有较高的芳香度和不饱和度,催化加氢精制能够有效脱除杂原子,并增加烷烃含量。微藻基生物燃料的发展,不仅需要精制工艺的提升,也有赖于表征方法的进步。     

Hydrothermal catalytic production of fuels and chemicals from aquatic biomass

One of the promising avenues for biomass processing is the use of water as a reaction medium for wet or aquatic biomass. This review focuses on the hydrothermal catalytic production of fuels and chemicals from aquatic biomass. Two different regimes for conversion of aquatic biomass in hydrothermal conditions are discussed in detail. The first is hydrothermal liquefaction, and the second is hydrothermal gasification. The goals of these processes are to produce liquid‐fuel‐range hydrocarbons and methane or hydrogen, respectively. The catalytic upgrading of biocrude resulting from noncatalytic liquefaction and the stability and degradation of catalysts in high temperature water are also discussed. The review concludes with a brief discussion of the outlook for and opportunities within the field of hydrothermal catalytic valorization of biomass. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

微藻水热液化生物油物理性质与测量方法综述

微藻水热液化生物油由于性质较差,不能直接作为车载燃料使用,而作为原料油与现代石油炼制工艺相结合是一种新的应用途径。本文综述了微藻水热液化生物油的物理性质,包括密度、黏度、酸性、热值与元素组成、沸程、平均分子量等信息,介绍了常用的测量方法与手段。简要回顾了微藻水热液化生物油的精制研究,分析比较了不同精制方法及其效果。重点指出微藻水热液化生物油与重质原油和常减压渣油等劣质原料油相比,具有密度和黏度相近、酸值较高、氮氧元素含量较高、热值较低、重质组分和大分子含量较高等特点,加氢精制能够有效提升微藻水热液化生物油性质,但受反应器结焦、催化剂成本和氢气消耗等因素制约,至今未有突破性成果。