酸铜染料型光亮剂的优缺点

目前光亮硫酸盐镀铜生产中,国产的MN型光亮剂与进口复配的染料型光亮剂并行使用,这2种类型光亮剂各有优缺点。染料型光亮剂能在宽电流密度范围内获得均匀的光亮整平镀层外观,更适用于复杂件电镀,镀液调整较为简单。由于染料的盐析与聚沉,镀层易起麻砂。MN型光亮剂在高中电流密度区光亮整平性优于染料型,而且允许液温较低。笔者正在开发的一种染料型光亮剂,多项性能均有所提高,操作液温上下限拓宽至9~35°C,达到全镜面光亮。     

复合染料型酸性镀铜工艺

染料型酸铜光亮剂能在宽电流密度范围内获得均匀的光亮整平镀层外观,更适用于复杂件电镀,镀液调整也较为简单。研制了以碱性硫代嗪染料、噻嗪染料、吩噻嗪染料等为主要成分的920染料型酸铜光亮剂,使用该光亮剂的硫酸盐酸铜镀液,工作温度可达40°C,深镀能力、分散能力及电化学性能等方面与进口光亮剂相当。     

光亮酸铜液中Cl^-含量对镀层外观的影响试验

对703型微染料及×××公司染料型酸铜光亮剂在不同液温段下Cl^-含量对镀层外观影响的试验结果表明：Cl^-对不同体系的影响不尽相同；含量低时共同表现是使镀层高Jc处产生发白粗糙沉积，而含量过高时主要是降低镀液整平性及低Jc处镀层光亮性。液温稍高，允许含量上限提高。在最佳（Cl^--含量时，微染料型能在（7—40）℃宽温范围内得到镜面光亮镀层，而染料型宜在（20-31）℃范围内使用。工业生产中应防止Cl^-积累并及时去除过量Cl^-。     

实践逼出来的点滴创新第二部分——浓差极化与"中酸中铜"

对无强配位剂的镀液,适度的浓差极化具有重要意义。在装饰性光亮硫酸盐镀铜中,适当降低硫酸铜含量并提高硫酸含量,采用“中酸中铜”工艺,镀液组分和工艺条件为160~180g/LCuSO4·5H2O,70~80g/LH2SO4,60~120g/LCl-,适量光亮剂,1~5A/dm2,10~35℃,阴极移动,连续过滤。使用高质量的原材料,妥善控制和维护光亮剂配比,能用价格十分低廉的改进国产MN型工艺替代昂贵的染料型工艺。该工艺中、高电流密度区光亮整平性好,允许液温可达40℃,优于染料型工艺。     

问题解答

问 :在光亮酸性镀铜电解液中 ,氯离子起什么作用 ?(广东番禺　姜华 )答 :酸性光亮镀铜电解液中的氯离子 ,对镀层的光亮和整平起辅助作用。氯离子的含量在采用不同配方时稍有不同 ,一般在 1 0～ 80 mg/L范围内变动 ,通常维持在 2 5～ 60 mg/L。氯离子含量不足将有树枝状镀层析出 ,低电流密度区镀层不亮 ;含量过高时 ,高电流密度区镀层烧焦 ,严重时将成为无光镀层。电解液中氯离子含量是否适宜 ,可用霍尔槽试验确定。试验用总电流 2 A,电镀 5 min,如果试片高电流密度区有粗糙镀层 ,即表明氯离子含量过高。若在低电流密度区镀层不亮 ,在添加…     

锌粉除去酸性光亮镀铜液中过量氯离子的探讨

酸性光亮镀铜是近十几年发展起来的一项新工艺。然而,氯离子的含量对酸性光亮镀铜影响极大,适量的氯离子具有良好的作用,它能提高镀层的整平性和光亮度,降低镀层内应力。按照酸性光亮镀铜工艺要求,其含量范围为10～80mg/l,如果含量过低,镀液的整平性能和镀层的光亮度均下降,且易产生光亮树枝条纹,严重时镀层粗糙,甚至烧焦;如果含量过高,镀层光亮度下降,并产生白雾,低电流密度区发暗;严重时,阳极钝化,电流下跌,光亮剂失去作用,整个镀层不亮。目前除去酸性光亮镀铜溶液中过量氯离子有如下几种方法:即电解法、银盐法、氧化亚铜和锌粉法等。现在我们就锌粉法进行如下的探讨:     

温度对酸性光亮镀铜的影响

正酸性镀铜溶液所允许的理论温度为11~41℃。升高温度能提高镀液的导电性,但温度过高,会使光亮范围缩小,甚至镀不出光亮镀层。操作温度应根据所选用的光亮剂来定。有机染料具有一定的还原性,染料型的温度上限较低,MN型的允许温度较高。文献[1]介绍的光亮剂可在15~45℃范围内工作,温度上限高达45℃。9年过去了,但至今未见后续推广应用的报道。文献[]介绍的酸铜配方的     

不同镀镍光亮剂的电化学性能比较

通过赫尔槽试验及稳态极化曲线、循环伏安曲线测量,比较了广州二轻工业科学技术研究所、东莞永星化工有限公司和安美特(广州)化学有限公司的半光亮剂和全光亮剂在瓦特镍镀液中的电化学性能.结果表明,在瓦特镍镀液中添加三厂家的半光亮剂和全光亮剂时阴极极化都增大,其电化学性能基本接近.三厂家的半光亮剂只能使赫尔槽试验的试片在低电流密度区光亮,而东莞永星化工有限公司的光亮区范围最宽.三厂家的全光亮剂都能使赫尔槽试验的试片在全范围内光亮,而广州二轻工业科学技术研究所的全光亮剂效果最佳.三厂家的半光亮剂和全光亮剂的阴极极化作用和细化结晶作用基本相当,对镀层减薄和镀速减缓的影响并不显著.     

氰化物光亮镀铜工艺的研究

介绍了高效率、高韧性、全有机氰化物光亮镀铜工艺。其BC系列、碱铜系列光亮剂能够大幅度提高铜镀层的沉积速度，光亮电流密度范围为0．15—5．0A／dm^2，以2A／dm^2的电流密度电镀时电流效率达到85％以上，沉积速度每分钟达到0．85μm以上。碱铜99A型光亮剂能够镀出镜面镀层。特别适用于锌基合金、铝合金电镀。     

问题解答

1 光亮镀镍层无光泽是何原因? 亮镍镀层不亮的原因有: 1)光亮剂不足当镀层全部不亮时应添加第二类光亮剂,若高电流密度区不亮则应添加第一类光亮剂;     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。