三价铬镀铬工艺及其新型阳极的初步研究

镀铬层具有高硬度、耐磨、耐蚀和独特的外观,在电镀行业中应用广泛。针对六价铬的限用,提出了三价铬镀铬工艺,介绍了镀液的基本配方和涂层钛阳极的使用,并指出了当前三价铬电镀工业化应用的不足。     

IrO_2/TNTs/Ti阳极的制备及其在三价铬电镀中的应用

以钛纳米管阵列(TNTs)为模板,通过热分解法制备IrO_2/TNTs/Ti阳极。采用扫描电镜(SEM)对电极的表面及截面形貌进行分析。通过线性扫描伏安曲线研究电极在三价铬电镀液中的阳极行为,并探究不同热处理温度制备的阳极在不同电流密度下的镀铬电流效率。结果显示,所制阳极表面无裂纹且规整。在镀铬应用中,与传统的石墨电极相比,IrO_2/TNTs/Ti阳极对三价铬的氧化电位明显正移,更有利于析氧反应,阴极电流效率可达到18%。     

三价铬电镀

回顾了三价铬镀铬的历史。介绍了三价铬镀铬的主要优点与缺点。从几个方面综述了三价铬镀铬的研究进展,包括镀液稳定性、三价铬电镀厚铬及其它几种类型的三价铬镀铬、电镀非晶态铬、电极材料等。     

含锡锑中间层的析氧阳极的制备及性能研究

从延缓涂层钛阳极基体钝化的角度出发,采用热分解法制备了含SnO2-Sb2O5中间层的钛基铱钽电极.利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、能谱等方法对Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5/IrO2-Ta2O5阳极表面的形貌,相结构、元素组成和电化学性能进行了分析.结果表明,Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5/IrO2-Ta2O5阳极的使用寿命较Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5阳极有大幅度的提高,并且具有更高的电催化活性.Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5/IrO2-Ta2O5是一种在酸性环境中非常具有前景的析氧阳极.     

钛基IrO2+SnO2电极的析氧性能及其在电合成丁二酸中的应用

通过热分解法制备了IrO2+ SnO2/Sb2 O3+ SnO2/Ti、IrO2+ SnO2/Ti、IrO2+ Ta2O5/Sb2O3+ SnO2/Ti电极,通过线性伏安、电化学阻抗、强化寿命测试等研究了钛基涂层电极在1 mol· L-1硫酸溶液中的析氧性能.采用EDX、SEM等考察了电极的表面元素分布和电极强化寿命测...     

IrO_2-SiO_2涂层钛阳极的失效行为研究

为探讨氧化物涂层阳极的失效原因,采用热分解法在不同焙烧温度下制备了60%IrO2-40%SiO2/Ti氧化物阳极,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDX)和循环伏安测试(CV)分析了阳极在硫酸溶液的强化电解过程前后表面形貌、涂层组成和电化学性能的变化。结果表明,IrO2-SiO2涂层钛阳极失效的主要原因是钛基体和涂层之间形成了不导电的TiO2层。在强化电解过程中,低焙烧温度制备的阳极活性组分的电化学溶解和涂层的机械脱落促进TiO2层的生长。高焙烧温度制备的阳极中已生成一定量的TiO2,在电解时加速电极的失效。600℃焙烧温度下制备的电极的强化寿命最高。     

介绍一种快速提高电镀铬溶液中三价铬离子的新方法

镀铬质量的好坏与镀铬溶液中三份铬离子的含量密切相关。当三价铬离子含量过低时,电镀铬沉积速度慢,镀层软,溶液均镀能力差;而当三价铬离子含量过高时,镀层光亮度差,光亮范围缩小。通常镀铬溶液中三价铬离子含量应保持在2—4g/L。提高镀液中三价铬离子一般采用小阳极大阴极电解处理方法,这种方法要求在特定条件下进行     

铅合金阳极在镀铬中的应用

对于镀铬过程来说,若使用可溶性铬阳极,铬将以三价铬离子的形式进入溶液.在通常情况下,三价铬离子的积累将影响电流效率、电力消耗和镀层质量,最终将使镀液无法使用.镀铬阳极应当使进入镀液的三价铬离子能氧化成六价铬离子,从而保证镀液的三价铬离子在一定范围内.含锑6～8%的铅锑合金阳极能满足这一要求.但它在不同的镀铬溶液中.腐蚀作用不同.在常规镀铬槽中,它是可行的,但在含氟化物的镀铬溶液中,其腐蚀速度     

用草酸还原法维持镀铬电解液中的三价铬含量

在量具制造业中,电镀的主要镀种有普通镀铬和量具刻度保护镀黑铬两种。在这些镀铬电解液中,其主要成份是铬酐,此外还加有少量的阴离子(如 SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、F~-等),并维持一定量的 Cr~(3+).在镀铬的阴极反应过程中,六价铬在阴极上放电得到镀层,SO_4~(2-)和 Cr~(3+)等虽然不直接参与电极反应。但在铬的沉积中却起着重要作用.因此,在镀铬电解液中,要求含三价铬2～4g/L。新配制的镀铬电解液,由于三价铬的含量极低,如直接用于生产,往往得不到良好的镀层。     

钛基纳米晶IrO_2-Ta_2O_5氧化物涂层阳极的研究

介绍运用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、循环伏安测试及加速寿命实验等方法研究了钛基纳米晶IrO2-Ta2O5氧化物涂层的制备和电化学性能。在使用热分解法获得纳米晶氧化物的过程中,钛基体机械前处理、涂层成分、烧结温度、烧结时间等制备因素均影响最终所得涂层氧化物纳米晶粒尺寸,从而使电极的电化学性能发生变化。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。