World-wide lightning location using VLF propagation in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide

Worldwide lightning location (WWLL) using only 30 lightning sensors has been successfully achieved by using only VLF propagation in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide (EIWG). Ground propagation or mixed "sky" and ground propagation is avoided by requiring evidence of Earth-ionosphere waveguide dispersion. A further requirement is that the lightning strike must be inside the perimeter defined by the lightning sensor sites detecting the stroke. Under these conditions, the time and the location of the stroke can be determined, along with the rms errors. Lightning strokes with errors exceeding 30 Ps or To assist with identifying impulses from the same lightning stroke, the lightning sensor threshold is automatically adjusted to allow an average detection rate of three per second. This largely limits detection to the strongest 4% of all lightning strokes, of which about 40% meet the accuracy requirements for time and location.     

基于表面等离激元的谐振腔侧面耦合MDM结构波导滤波器色散关系及透射谱

研究了一类L形和矩形谐振腔侧面耦合MDM结构亚波长表面等离激元滤波器的色散关系和透射谱。研究结果表明等效折射率的实部和虚部在短波部分变化较大,在长波部分（800 nm-2000 nm）趋于稳定值,传播距离随着波长的增加和介质层厚度的增加均增加,当波导宽度在50 nm以上时,SPPs的传播距离在所研究的波长范围为4-9 um,可以满足纳米光子器件的尺寸要求;通过对侧面 型谐振腔和矩形谐振腔耦合的透射谱研究表明在保持腔体总长度不变的情况下,两种耦合方式所产生的光谱曲线完全相似,说明禁带的出现只与谐振腔的长度有关系,对集成光子器件的研发具有一定的参考意义。     

Propagation in Twisted Square Waveguide

The problem of propagation of TE modes in twisted rectangular waveguides has been solved except for the case where one of the propagating modes becomes degenerate. The purpose of this paper is to show how to obtain a solution for degenerate modes in a twisted rectangular waveguide, with emphasis on the particular case of the square waveguide, for which the lowest order mode is degerate. It is shown that the propagation constant for the twisted square waveguide can be expressed as an asymptotic series, the first term being the propagation constant for a straight square waveguide and the first order correction term being of order 1/ L where L is the distance in which the guide makes one full rotation. The propagation constant for a nondegenerate mode in a twisted rectangular waveguide, on the other hand, can be expressed in a similar manner except that the first-order correction term is of order 1/ L/sup2/. Some comments are offered on the nature of the transition when the propagating mode is almost degenerate.     

条形介质加载型表面等离子体波导传输特性的研究

采用二维时域有限差分(FDTD)法,分析对比了 介质-金属(IM)结构和金属-介质-金属(MIM) 结构波导对光波传输特性的影响,以及通过对IM结构的尺寸、折射率进行优化得到最佳传 输长度。数值 结果表明,IM结构波导能使光波传输距离更长。对IM波导结构研究发现,当介质层厚为 300nm,金属 层厚为200nm时,传输效果最佳。基于这个参数的IM结构,计算介质 层折射率对IM波导光传输特性的影响发现,介质层折射率为1.5时, 在模场约束较好的情况下,传输损耗降低,表面等离 子体波的传输长度最长。整体优化后的条型波导可以实现最大传输距离为37μm。这一设计和优化波导结构 参数的方法不仅拓宽了介质加载型表面等离子体激元(SPP)波导结构的理论基础,在纳米光 学集成器件研究上也具有一定的应用潜能。     

Nonreciprocal Magnetooptic Waveguides

The longitudinal magnetooptic effect can be used in a unique way to mix TE and TM modes of a planar dielectric waveguide where the strength of mixing is dependent upon propagation direction (forwards or reverse). A detailed study of Faraday effect circulators in optical dielectric waveguides is presented and accurate design data for a practical version are offered. At this writing, experimental confirmation has been hampered by lack of success optically contacting two dissimilar materials.     

一种带有锥形多模过渡区的Y分支光波导

为减小Y分支波导的分支损耗,提出在输入波导和两输出波导间引入锥形多模过渡波导.与已被用于减小Y分支波导分支损耗的矩形多模过渡波导相比,所引入的锥形多模过渡波导,不仅可以减小过渡波导的长度,还可进一步减小分支损耗.利用三维有限差分光束传播法,对具有锥形过渡波导的退火质子交换铌酸锂Y分支光波导进行了数值模拟.数值结果为该类Y分支光波导的设计和制备提供参考.     

Electromagnetic Wave Propagating in Uniform Waveguides Containing Inhomogeneous Dielectric

Uniform waveguides filled with inhomogeneous dielectric whose permittivity varies along one dimension are studied. Emphasis is given to the modes of propagation and to the calculation of the propagation constants. Exact solutions are given for some special cases. In some of these only asymptotic or polynomial solutions have been available previously. No restriction is placed on the waveguide dimensions so that results developed here apply to the transmission of optical frequency waves as well as to microwaves and millimeter waves. In the waveguide problems of this paper, results obtained cannot be directly found in the existing literature and have been worked out from fundamental theory of differential equations. The theory of the confluent hypergeometric function has been of great help in our treatment of these problems.     

Bidirectionality of Reciprocal, Lossy or Lossless, Uniform or Periodic Waveguides

Using the scattering-matrix equations for two antennas placed in the fields of a waveguide, it is proven that all reciprocal, lossy or lossless, uniform or periodic waveguides are bidirectional. Since Maxwell's equations imply directly that propagation constants on a lossless reciprocal waveguide come in pairs (beta,-beta*), "complex waves" on a lossless reciprocal, uniform or periodic waveguide come in quadruplets with propagation constants (beta,-beta, beta*,-beta*).     

Transmission line models for lossy waveguide interconnections in VLSI

At high frequencies the waveguide nature of interconnections in VLSI circuits becomes important. Moreover, losses in interconnection are a major feature, not a perturbation. Here it is shown that even for such lossy waveguide structures an exactly equivalentRLGCtransmission line can be found. Equations are given determining these transmission line parameters in terms of the waveguide propagation constant and complex average power, and also in terms of integrals over the electric and magnetic field varibles. The resultingL,C, andGparameters differ from the usual static values when losses are important, and R is not restricted to the usual formula based upon a perturbation treatment of the skin effect. Consequently, semiconductor substrates can be treated. "Current" and "voltage" are found to have an abstract meaning in the equivalent transmission line. For a waveguide in a medium where conductivity and permittivity vary with position (such as a many-layered medium) an explicit formula relating "current" and "voltage" to weighted averages of transverse waveguide fields is given. A brief discussion of the reformulation of Thevenin equivalent circuit parameters in terms of reflection coefficients avoids terms such as "open circuit voltage" that are difficult to interpret for the equivalent transmission line. The framework presented allows construction of equivalent circuits for lossy waveguide interconnections, drivers, and terminations that provide correct spatial dependence in the direction of propagation and correct power relations despite the abstract nature of "current" and "voltage" in these lines.     

Computation of TM and TE modes in waveguides based on a surfaceintegral formulation

The surface integral formulation is used for the computation of TM and TE modes propagating in dielectric loaded waveguides. This formulation makes use of the surface equivalence principle whereby the field at any point internal or external to the waveguide can be expressed in terms of equivalent surface currents. This procedure reduces the original problem into a set of integro-differential equations which is then reduced to a matrix equation using the method of moments. The solution of this matrix equation provides the propagation characteristics of the waveguide and the equivalent surface currents existing on the waveguide walls. The equivalent surface currents can be used to compute the fields at all points, both inside and outside the waveguide. The surface integral method has been used to compute the propagation characteristics of waves propagating in dielectric loaded waveguides. The computed results agree very well with analytical and published data. A method that can be used to remove spurious modes is illustrated     

硅包层质子交换条形光波导的频率响应

退火质子交换工艺已成为一种制备低损耗铌酸锂光波导的重要技术.但目前对该类光波导传输特性的研究还不多.利用半矢量光束传播法,对硅包层X切退火质子交换铌酸锂条形光波导的频率响应特性进行了数值分析.给出了几种波导结构参数下的计算结果.结果表明,波导传输模式的衰减特性与波长相关.波导的衰减特性,可以通过调整波导表面中心处折射率增量,硅包层厚度,及缓冲层的折射率和厚度来控制.硅包层光波导可以用来制作光频滤波器.     

An SBR/image approach for radio wave propagation in indoorenvironments with metallic furniture

In this paper, we propose a deterministic approach to model the radio wave propagation channels in complex indoor environments. This technique applies the modified shooting-and-bouncing-ray (SBR) method to find the equivalent sources (images) for each launched ray tube. In addition, the first-order wedge diffraction from furniture is included and the diffracted rays also can be attributed to the corresponding images. By summing the contributions of all these images coherently, we can obtain the total received field at a receiver. Besides, the vector-effective height (VEH) of an antenna is introduced to consider the polarization coupling effect resulting from multiple reflection inside the rooms. We verify this approach by comparing the numerical results in three canonical examples where closed-form solutions exist. The good agreement indicates that our method can provide a good approximation of high-frequency radio propagation inside rooms where multiple reflection is dominant. Work reported in this paper has shown that the propagation loss in indoor environments varies considerably according to furniture and polarizations     

A modified conical cavity for submillimeter wave applications

The conical cavity has been modified for use in electron beam devices. In this new cavity resonator a short radial line section couples the beam hole with the conical region providing a suitable interaction gap. Operated in a higher order TM0p0mode the cavity size is large compared to wavelength making it attractive for millimeter or submillimeter applications. In this mode, both Q0and Rshuntare large. For analysis, the modified conical cavity can be considered as a composite consisting of a circular waveguide at cutoff, a radial waveguide, and a shorted "quasi-wedge" guide. Resonant frequencies are found by impedance matching at a transverse plane in the cavity. UnloadedQand Rshuntare found by calculating total energy stored and power loss along with an equivalent voltage across the gap. An experimental cavity was tested. This cavity was scaled forXand Ku bands and operated in TM0p0modes from p=5 to p=9. Measured results agreed well with theory. At the p=9 mode, the radial dimension of the cavity was 4.2 λ. Design curves are presented for the modified conical cavity without beam hole.     

Beam propagation modeling of polarization rotation in deeply etchedsemiconductor bent waveguides

A rigorous study of polarization rotation in deeply etched semiconductor optical waveguide bends has been carried out and results are presented, using the finite element-based fully vectorial beam propagation method. It has been shown that by careful adjustment of the waveguide width, the slant sidewalls and the bending radius, a very compact polarization rotator design, only 60 μm long, with extremely low overall loss, and nearly 100% polarization conversion ratio can be achieved     

Rectangular Waveguide With Metallic Nanostructure Driven by Magnetic Field

The changes in the propagation constant of the TE₁₀ mode of a rectangular waveguide with a metallic nanostructure, occurring under an external magnetic field have been investigated. Expressions for complex reflection and transmission coefficients have been derived. The dependence of the reflection coefficient upon the intensity of the external magnetic field is analyzed. It is shown that the experimental values of the propagation constant or the reflection and transmission coefficients can be used to estimate the value of the microwave magnetoresistance of nanostructures. Experiments on the measurement of the reflection and transmission coefficients in a waveguide with an (Fe/Cr)n nanostructure have been performed in millimeter and centimeter wave bands.     

应用等效折射率模型研究光子晶体光纤

应用等效折射率模型研究了光子晶体光纤(PCF)的传播特性.介绍了光子晶体光纤的等效折射率模型.通过求解标量波动方程得到了光子晶体光纤包层基空间填充模的模式折射率,利用阶跃光纤的理论来研究光子晶体光纤的导模特性.应用此模型对不同结构光子晶体光纤包层区的等效折射率与波长的关系进行了讨论.包层区等效折射率与芯子的折射率差随波长的增加而增大,并由此阐述了光子晶体光纤的单模特性.数值分析得到光子晶体光纤的基模的模式折射率,并由此研究了光子晶体光纤的波导色散与结构参量的关系.分析表明,光子晶体光纤的波导色散随空气孔孔距的变化符合Maxwell方程的比例性质.空气孔的相对孔径对波导色散有重要的影响.这些分析表明光子晶体光纤具有可以灵活设计其色散特性的潜在应用前景.     

Design of three-dimensional silica on a silicon single-mode single-polarization waveguide

We present a design of three-dimensional(3D) silica on a silicon single-mode single-polarization waveguide (SMSPW) by taking into consideration the induced birefringence effect of the silica.This can cut off the TM mode and transmit the TE mode.The characteristics of the light propagating across the polarization maintaining waveguide were simulated by 3D beam propagation methods(3D-BPM).The result showed that the SMSPW has a high extinction ratio over 50 dB for the TM mode.Without increasing the complexi...     

同轴监测激光深熔焊熔池小孔的特征分析

为了研究激光焊接工艺参量以及焊接材料对熔池、小孔形貌的影响,搭建了激光焊接同轴监测系统,对比研究了有无辅助光源和不同工艺条件下、采用中心波长分别为532nm和808nm窄带滤光片同轴监测的熔池、小孔图像特征。结果表明,采用808nm激光辅助光源照明和808nm窄带滤光片,可清晰地拍摄到熔池、小孔以及穿透孔特征图像;相同的工艺条件下,熔池变化小,小孔动态波动且波动幅度小,穿透孔的时变动态特征较小孔则明显不同;熔池宽度随激光功率的增加而增大,随焊接速率增大而减小;不同材料激光焊接的熔池、小孔和穿透孔的同轴监测验证了本监测系统的稳定性。该研究对激光焊接质量实时监控有理论指导意义。     

硅基二氧化硅单模单偏振光波导的设计

在不增加工艺难度的前提下,利用硅基二氧化硅光波导的双折射效应并结合有效折射率方法, 设计了一种新型单模单偏振波导, 使得两个正交偏振模式中的TM 模式被截止, TE 模式可以通过. 利用三维有限差分光束传输法(3D -BPM ) 进行数值模拟,结果显示,对于TM 模式消光比可高达到50dB 以上.此种结构的光波导可以直接制作偏振器, 同时还易与其他波导器件集成.     

Propagation Constants in Rectangular Waveguide Partially Filled with Dielectric (Correspondence)

There is considerable current interest in the production of guided electromagnetic waves having phase velocities equal to or less than the speed of light in free space (for example, in the design of traveling-wave slot antennas and of devices involving electron traveling-wave interactions). Such phase velocities can be obtained conveniently by partially loading a rectangular waveguide with dielectric material. In antenna work particularly, because of the field configurations, it is usually desirable to place the dielectric interface so that it is parallel to the broad face of the waveguide, as indicated in Fig. 1. The calculation of phase velocities in such a waveguide has been considered in the literature, and there is published information on some of the cutoff frequencies, but (since in this case there is no convenient relationship between the cutoff frequencies and the propagation constants) there has been little detailed information available concerning the phase velocities as a function of waveguide proportions and dielectric material. Thus a compilation has been made of such information for the dominant (hybrid) mode.