Speciation of chromium in soil inoculated with Cr（Ⅵ）-reducing strain, Bacillus sp. XW-4

Cr(VI)-amended soil was inoculated with Cr(VI)-reducing strain, Bacillus sp. XW-4 and incubated at 28 °C in an incubator. Cr(VI) reduction, available Cr and Cr fraction in soils were studied. The results show that addition of Bacillus sp. XW-4 can promote Cr(VI) reduction, but inoculation of this strain has a negative effect on the decrease of available Cr content in soil. In controls (without this strain) amended with 100 and 200 mg/kg of Cr(VI), Cr(VI) contents decrease to about 41 and 92 mg/kg respectively after incubation of 4 d, while in soil inoculated with XW-4, Cr(VI) contents decrease to about 18 and 60 mg/kg, respectively. The content of available Cr in soils with inoculation of XW-4 is higher than that in controls. Chromium is partitioned into water soluble Cr, exchangeable Cr, precipitated Cr, Cr bound to organics and residual Cr. The highest content of Cr is observed in residual form and water soluble Cr is not detected for all treatments after 42 d, but the soils inoculated with Bacillus sp. XW-4 contain higher content of exchangeable Cr and lower content of precipitated Cr than the soil without the inoculum. Inoculation of Bacillus sp. XW-4 can increase chromium activity in soils. Foundation item: Project(20050532009) supported by the Doctoral Foundation of Ministry of Education of China; Project supported by Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University     

Removal of Cr（Ⅲ） and Cr（Ⅵ） from aqueous solution by adsorption on sugarcane pulp residue

Sugarcane pulp residue (SPR), a waste from sugar-refinery, which possesses a large surface area, can be used for removing chromium (Cr(III) and Cr(VI)) from wastewater. In this work, the kinetics, isotherms of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) adsorption and their removal by SPR were investigated. The results show that the removal percentages of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) increase with increasing SPR dosage and temperature and decrease with increasing SPR particle size and the initial concentration of chromium ions. However, the influence of pH value on the Cr(VI) removal differs from that of the Cr(III) removal. The Cr(VI) removal percentage decreases with increasing pH values, while the Cr(III) removal percentage increases with increasing pH value. The adsorption kinetics of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) well fits with pseudo-second-order model. Langmuir adsorption isotherm can well describe the adsorption phenomena of chromium ions with the maximum adsorption capacity of 0.567 mg/g for Cr(VI) and 3.446 mg/g for Cr(III). Moreover, SPR reveals higher adsorption capacity for Cr(III) than that for Cr(VI), which implies that SPR has more potential application for Cr(III)-containing wastewater treatment than that for Cr(VI)-containing wastewater treatment. Foundation item: Projects(2006AA06Z374, 2007AA021304) supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China; Project(2008SK2007) supported by the Key Program of Science and Technology of Hunan Province, China     

Adsorption of copper（ Ⅱ ） and chromium（Ⅵ） on diaspore

The adsorption of Cu（ Ⅱ ） and Cr（Ⅵ） on diaspore was studied with the help of X-ray diffraction analysis, BET measurement, zeta potential measurement and atomic adsorption spectrometry. The adsorption equilibrium almost reaches within 60 min. The adsorption isotherms of Cu（ Ⅱ ） and Cr（Ⅵ） could be well described by the Langmuir equation. The adsorption capacities of Cu（Ⅱ） and Cr（Ⅵ） are 1.944 and 1.292 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption percentage of Cr（Ⅱ ） increases with the increment of solution pH, but the adsorption percentage of Cr（Ⅵ） decreases. This could be explained by zeta potential theoretical and electrostatic attraction between metal ions and diaspore surface.     

Rapid biosorption and reduction removal of Cr（Ⅵ） from aqueous solution by dried seaweeds

Four types of common seaweeds（Laminaria japonica,Undaria pinnatifida,Porphyra haitanensis,and Gracilaria lemaneiformis） were examined to remove Cr（Ⅵ） ions from aqueous solution.The experimental parameters that affected the biosorption process including pH,biomass dosage,contact time and temperature were investigated via batch experiments.The surface characteristics of seaweeds before and after Cr（Ⅵ） adsorption were studied with scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The results show that an initial solution with the pH of 1.0 is most favorable for Cr（Ⅵ） adsorption.Rapid adsorption is observed in the initial stage and adsorption equilibrium state is reached within 1 h.The adsorption efficiency by Porphyra haitanensis is the maximum among four types of seaweed powders,followed by Laminaria japonica and Undaria pinnatifida with biosorption efficiency up to 90%.The removal rate of Gracilaria lemaneiformis is less than 60%.The kinetic data obtained using the seaweeds are found to follow pseudo-second order kinetic model.Experimental sorption data adequately correlate with the Langmuir model.FTIR indicates that amino and carboxyl groups play an important role in the process of Cr（Ⅵ） adsorption and a large percentage of Cr（Ⅵ） ions are reduced by reductive groups on the surface of seaweeds.     

Study on the adsorption of Cr（VI） onto landfill liners containing granular activated carbon or bentonite activated by acid

The adsorption capacity of landfill liners containing granular activated carbon (GAC), or bentonite activated by acid, for Cr(VI) was investigated by batch testing. The results show that both GAC and activated bentonite could be used as sorptive amendments for trapping Cr(VI) in landfill liners. The Cr(VI) sorption to GAC and activated bentonite is much greater than Cr(VI) sorption to natural clay. The adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) onto all the soils increases with increasing temperature; adsorption ca-pacity is also significantly influenced by soil-solid concentration. As the soil-solid concentration increases the adsorption capacity first decreases logarithmically, but then stabilizes when the soil-solid concentration exceeds a critical value (e.g. 400 g/L). Perme-ability tests were conducted in the laboratory. The results indicate that the hydraulic conductivity of landfill liners containing GAC or activated bentonite can meet the engineering requirement of 1 nm/s. One-dimensional transport simulations for Cr(VI) were performed to evaluate the effect of GAC and activated bentonite on landfill liners. The results of the simulations indicate that land-fill liners containing GAC, or activated bentonite, significantly retard the transport of Cr(VI) relative to a conventional clay liner.     

Growth changes and tissues anatomical characteristics of giant reed （Arundo donax L.） in soil contaminated with arsenic, cadmium and lead

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to elucidate the growth changes and tissues anatomical characteristics of giant reed (Arundo donax L.), a perennial rhizomatous grass, which was cultivated for 70 d in soils contaminated with As, Cd and Pb. The results show that giant reed rapidly grows with big biomass of shoots in contaminated soil, possessing strong metal-tolerance with limited metal translocation from roots to shoots. When As, Cd and Pb concentrations in the soil are less than 254, 76.1 and 1 552 mg/kg, respectively, plant height and dried biomass are slightly reduced, the accumulation of As, Cd and Pb in shoots of giant reed is low while metal concentration in roots is high, and the anatomical characteristics of stem tissues are thick and homogeneous according to SEM images. However, plant height and dried biomass are significantly reduced and metal concentration in plant shoots and roots are significantly increased (P<0.05), the stems images become heterogeneous and the secretion in vascular bundles increases significantly when As, Cd and Pb concentrations in the soil exceed 334, 101 and 2 052 mg/kg, respectively. The giant reed is a promising, naturally occurring plant with strong metal-tolerance, which can be cultivated in soils contaminated with multiple metals for ecoremediation purposes.     

Adsorption and desorption properties of D318 resin for Cr（Ⅵ）

The adsorption capability of D318 resin for Cr(VI) was investigated by chemistry analysis. Experimental results show that D318 resin has the best adsorption ability for Cr(VI) at pH=3.16 in HAc-NaAc medium. The statically saturated adsorption capacity of the resin is 265.4 mg/g. The thermodynamic adsorption parameters, enthalpy change ΔH and free energy change ΔG ₂₉₈ of the adsorption reaction are 4.81 and −5.16 kJ/mol, respectively. The apparent activation energy E _a is 22.4 kJ/mol. The adsorption behavior obeys the Freundlich isotherm. The molar coordination ratio of the functional group of resin to Cr(VI) is 3:2. Cr(VI) adsorbed on D318 resin can be eluted by 5%NaOH-5%NaCl quantitatively. Foundation item: Project (Y304121) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China     

Removal of Cr (VI) from Aqueous Solution Using Ultrafine Coal Fly Ash

Coal fly ashes WSRA and BQRA were ball milled for 5 h to produce their ultrafine coal fly ashes WSUA and BQUA, respectively. Batch kinetic, isotherm and pH effect on adsorption were studied to evaluate removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions by ultrafine coal fly ashes comparing with raw coal fly ashes. The kinetics of adsorption indicates the process to be intraparticle diffusion controlled and follows the Lagergren first-order kinetics for all coal fly ashes. The first-order rate constants (k1) of Cr (V...     

Promotion effect of KOH on preparation of dissolved Fe (VI)

In order to improve the yield and stability of ferrate in solution, dissolved Fe (VI) prepared with NaOH and KOH respectively was compared in this study. The results showed that KOH is more suitable than NaOH for the preparation of dissolved Fe(VI) at temperature over 50 ℃. It is found that the dissolved Fe(VI)prepared with KOH increases quickly at first, and then slowly with the increasing concentrations of OH- and ClO~- , while it increases rapidly at first and then decreases rapidly with the increasing dosage of Fe(NO_3)_3·9H_2O. These results are different from that prepared with NaOH. It can be explained that solid K_2 FeO_4 salts can be formed in KOH solution, and it will lower the Fe (VI) concentration, counteract the decomposition of Fe(VI), and improve the yield of Fe(VI). The maximum ferrate concentration is 0. 163 mol/L obtained by 100 g/L Fe(NO_3)_3· 9H_2O and 6. 16 moL/L KOH at 65℃. The stability of Fe(VI) is greatly improved due to the hypochlorite existed in the dissolved ferrate, and only 24% Fe(VI) has been decomposed after 16 d for 1 mmol/L Fe(VI) at 25 ℃.     

壳聚糖(CHT)吸附Cr(VI)的机理研究

动力学研究表明，ＣＨＴ能迅速和有效的从水溶液中吸附铬（ＶＩ），在初始铬（ＶＩ）浓度２０ｍｇ／Ｌ和ｐＨ３．２时，ＣＨＴ对铬（ＶＩ）的吸附１小时内可达９０％，按Ｌａｇｅｒｇｒｅｎ方程计算出一级速率常数为３．０５ｈ－１，吸附平衡的实验数据符合Ｌａｎｇｍｅｒｕｉｒ和Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｉｃｈ关系式，光谱研究表明，壳聚糖中—ＮＨ＋３与Ｃｒ２Ｏ２－７离子的相互作用主要是以氢键形式存在的静电引力。     

Biosorption mechanism of Cr （Ⅳ） onto cells of Synechococcus sp.

The biosorption mechanism of Cr （Ⅳ） ions on Synechococcus sp. biosorbent was studied by analyzing the biosorption kinetics as well as speciation change and bond formation during the biosorption process. The kinetics study shows that the adsorption process of Cr （Ⅳ） consists of a very fast stage in the first several minutes, in which more than half of the saturation adsorption is attained, and a slower stage that approximately follows the first order kinetic model, basically Freundlich isotherm models were observed. Comparative studies of FT-LR spectra of K2Cr2O7, free cells of Synechococcus sp., and Cr-bound cells of Synechococcus sp show that the speciation of chromium that binds to the cells ofSynechococcus sp. is Cr （Ⅲ）, instead of Cr （Ⅳ）, and the carboxylic, alcoholic, amido and amino groups may be involved in the binding of Cr （Ⅲ）. Integrative analyses of the surface electric potential, the effect of pH value on adsorption behavior of Cr （Ⅵ）, and the results of FT-IR show that the biosorption of Cr （Ⅵ） follows two subsequent steps, biosorption of Cr2O7 ^2- by electrostatical force at the protonated active sites and reduction of Cr2O7^2- to Cr^3＋ by the reductive groups on the surface of the biosorbents.     

改性粉煤灰除去水中六价铬的研究

用水泥对火电厂废渣-粉煤灰进行改性,利用改性粉煤灰吸附去除水中的Cr(VI)离子,试验研究了Cr(VI)初始浓度、吸附剂用量、吸附时间、溶液的酸度和吸附剂颗粒大小对吸附效果的影响,找出了吸附的最优条件。在最佳条件下,改性粉煤灰对Cr(VI)的去除率达95%以上。