A stationary gas analyzer of nitric and sulfur oxides

The дOΓ-04 automatic gas analyzer ensures continuous measurements of NO and SO₂ concentrations in flue gases of fuelburning installations. The instrument measures the value of the differential absorption in the UV frequency range. The measurement limits are 0–500 mg/m³ for both components. The duration of one measurement cycle is ≤ 10 s. The information on the measured concentration is shown on the display and is supplied, in the form of standard current signals with amplitudes of 0–5 mA, to external self-recorders and, in digital form, to the COM port of a computer. Periodical automatic calibration of the gas analyzer can be performed in the course of measurements.     

Reducing the Energy Consumption of a Laser Photo-Acoustic SF<Subscript>6</Subscript> Gas Analyzer

Experimental studies of the operating modes of a laser photo-acoustic SF₆ gas analyzer that were aimed at reducing its energy consumption were carried out. It was shown in the experiments that an average power of CO₂ laser radiation of at least 100 mW is required for the assured detection of low SF₆ concentrations (less than 100 ppb). To reduce the energy consumption of the gas analyzer, it is proposed to decrease the repetition frequency of CO₂ laser pulses by several times and operate on subharmonics of the resonance frequency of the photo-acoustic detector. The experimental results made it possible to reduce the energy consumption of the gas analyzer to ~15 V A and use a Li-ion battery from a laptop to power it. The duration of the continuous operation of the gas analyzer on one battery charge was at least 6 h.     

Study on the radiative transfer through non-gray gas mixtures within an irregular 3-D enclosure by using the modified weighted sum of gray gas method

In this study the modified weighted sum of gray gases model (WSGGM) using the gray gas regrouping technique and the discrete ordinates interpolation method (DOIM) are applied to analyze the radiative transfer within an irregular 3-D enclosure filled with non-gray gas mixture of CO₂, H₂O and N₂. The computer code developed in this study is successfully applied for solving the non-gray gas radiation within a 3-D rectangular enclosure and the gray gas radiation within an irregular 3-D enclosure by showing fairly good agreements with the existing results. In this paper the radiative transfer within an irregular 3-D enclosure filled with non-isothermal non-gray gases with uniform mixtures of CO₂, H₂O and N₂ is studied to demonstrate the applicability of the modified sum of gray gases model for irregular systems and to examine the effect of the concentrations of CO₂ and H₂O on the radiative transfer within modern combustors. Results show that the wall heat fluxes and the radiative heat source terms are increased as the concentrations of CO₂ and H₂O are increased. Results also show that the radiative fluxes caused by the mixture gases with high concentrations CO₂ and H₂O which can be observed in oxy-fuel combustion systems can reach up to nearly twice of those found in ordinary air-fuel combustion systems.     

Colorimetric detection of hazardous gases using a remotely operated capturing and processing system

This paper presents an electronic system for the automatic detection of hazardous gases. The proposed system implements colorimetric sensing algorithms, thus providing a low-cost solution to the problem of gas sensing. It is remotely operated and it performs the tasks of image capturing and processing, hence obtaining colour measurements in RGB (Red–Green–Blue) space that are subsequently sent to a remote operator via the internet. A prototype of the system has been built to test its performance. Specifically, experiments have been carried out aimed at the detection of CO, CO₂, NO, NO₂, SO₂ and formaldehyde at diverse concentrations by using a chromogenic array composed by 13 active and 2 inert compounds. Statistical analyses of the results reveal a good performance of the electronic system and the feasibility of remote hazardous gas detection using colorimetric sensor arrays.     

AN ALL-FIBER GAS SENSING SYSTEM USING HOLLOW-CORE PHOTONIC BANDGAP FIBER AS GAS CELL

An all-fiber compact gas sensing system using a hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber (HC-PBF) as a gas cell is proposed in this paper. Compared with the present reported microstructured optical-fiber gas cells, the HC-PBF gas cell proposed here has relatively lower transmission loss and much simpler construction. The total transmission loss through the HC-PBF gas cell is demonstrated experimentally to be as low as 1.5 dB and the time taken for gas to get into the 90-cm-cell, under the free diffusion condition, is approximately 11 min. Combining the HC-PBF gas cell with a tunable fiber laser, an all-fiber gas sensing system is developed. The properties of the proposed system are demonstrated experimentally by detection of carbon monoxide (CO) and acetylene (C₂H₂). Approximately linear relationships between the system responses and the concentrations of the detected gases are experimentally demonstrated. The minimal detectable concentration of CO of 300 ppm and C₂H₂ of 5 ppm are also achieved respectively by the experiments.     

分析温室气体及CO2碳同位素比值的傅里叶变换红外光谱仪

改进了傅里叶变换红外分析仪（FTIR）的硬件设计以实现温室气体及CO₂碳同位素比值的多组分、高精度、连续自动测量。首先,对FTIR分析仪测量系统进行了设计和理论分析,引入了温度和压力监控系统以及全密封气路干燥系统。然后,讨论了光谱的定量分析过程。最后,设计了标准气体对比测量实验。实验结果表明：分析仪测量CH₄,CO,CO₂和δ¹³CO₂值的标准偏差分别为0.01×10^-6,0.011×10^-6,0.239×10^-6和0.572‰,与常规FTIR测量系统相比,其检测的标准不确定度分别提高了6.3,8.45,10.54和14.73倍,其系统误差分别提高了2.88,1.93,4.67和4.66倍;对比分析仪与同位素质谱仪对δ¹³CO₂值的测量结果,标准偏差分别为0.572‰和0.171‰,二者测量的标准不确定度相近。所设计的温室气体及CO₂碳同位素比值FTIR分析仪能够满足多组分、高精度、连续自动测量的需要。     

Development and research of a laser photo-acoustic SF<Subscript>6</Subscript> gas analyzer

An analysis of various optical schemes for the development of a laser SF₆ gas analyzer based on a CO₂ laser operating in free-running mode and a resonant photo-acoustic detector (PAD) is presented. The use of a sealed gas-filled cell to normalize PAD signals on the absorbed power in the cell is suggested. Compensation for the influence of the tuning of the CO₂ laser wavelength near 10.6 μm on measured SF₆ concentration is possible. The results of experimental studies of a laser photo-acoustic SF₆ gas analyzer at various concentrations, including in the air flow, are presented. It is shown experimentally that the relative measurement error of the SF₆ concentration due to the instability of the laser radiation wavelength does not exceed 5% in the range from ~80 ppb to 40 ppm. The limit of the sensitivity of the developed gas analyzer was ~1 ppb SF₆.     

Contamination of vacuum environment due to gas emission stimulated by friction

Mechanical elements may produce significant contamination of ultrahigh vacuum due to emission of gases from materials under stress and rubbing. Composition of emitted gases and behavior of gas emission was studied for various materials and surface coatings of interest for vacuum engineering. It is suggested that gases dissolved and occluded in the material bulk (H₂ and Ar) and tribochemical reactions (C_xH_y) are the main sources of gas emission. Frictional heating was discarded as the driving force for gas emission. Mathematical apparatus of specific parameters for characterization of gas emission is proposed.     

变温加热和神经网络方法检测混合气体

研究了采用单只气敏元件通过变温加热和神经网络信息处理,对乙醇和醋酸混合气体的识别和浓度检测的方法。根据气敏元件的灵敏度随加热温度发生改变的特点,在气敏元件上施加锯齿波加热电压,测量了周期变温条件下25种不同浓度乙醇和醋酸混合气体的归一化电导—温度曲线。然后,采用由64个输入节点和2个输出节点组成的BP网络,以及Levenberg-Marquardt算法对测量数据进行处理。结果说明,该气体分析系统对乙醇和醋酸混合气体有较好的分类识别效果。     

Development of fast-response portable NDIR analyzer using semiconductor devices

In this paper, a novel fast response NDIR analyzer (FRNDIR), which uses an electrically pulsed semiconductor emitter and dual type PbSe detector for the PPM-level detection of carbon dioxide (CO₂) at a wavelength of 4.28 μm, is described. Modulation of conventional NDIR energy typically occurs at 1 to 20 Hz. To achieve real time highspeed measurement, the new analyzer employs a semiconductor light emitter that can be modulated by electrical chopping. Updated measurements are obtained every one millisecond. The detector has two independent lead selenide (PbSe) with IR band pass filters. Both the emitter accuracy and the detector sensitivity are increased by thermoelectric cooling of up to —20 degrees C in all semiconductor devices. Here we report the use of semiconductor devices to achieve improved performance such that these devices have potential application to CO₂ gas measurement and, in particular, the measurement of fast response CO₂ concentration at millisecond level.     

智能化双组分红外气体分析器的研制

介绍了智能化双组分红外分析器的工作原理、结构及特点。仪器采用8098单片机对信号进行处理及控制,通过键盘设置或更改显示、测量、校正、输出等参数。通过采用前后气室结构的接收器、相应的软件及相敏整流电路等,较大地提高了仪器的稳定性和抗干扰能力。     

CCD磁动式氧含量分析仪的分析与设计

介绍常见气体磁化率，利用氧气顺磁性，且磁化率明显高于其它气体的物理特性，分析磁动式测量混合气体中氧气含量的方案。通过在非均匀磁场悬挂一对充氮玻璃小球构成测量池；采用光杠杆对哑铃球扭转的角度信号进行放大，由CCD对光点位置信号进行探测，以提高分析仪灵敏度和精度；由NO、NO2的磁化率特性分析这两种气体对分析仪的影响，说明测氧仪的应用环境。通过对CCD像元值随气体氧含量、温度变化规律的分析，得出分析仪的分辨率可达0．048％以上；CCD像元值随氧含量变化、随温度变化基本呈线性关系，数据处理后可使仪器有较高的精度。     

中红外傅里叶气体分析软件系统的设计

中红外傅里叶多组分气体分析仪已逐渐成为环境污染检测,工业生产过程监控的有力工具。文中基于自行研制的PFTS型中红外傅里叶多组分气体分析仪,介绍了相应的中红外傅里叶多组分气体分析软件系统构成和设计方法,并重点描述了软件系统的主要模块:光谱连续采集,光谱识别与具基线自补偿能力的多组分浓度分析方法的实现原理和具体算法。现提出的设计方法对光谱研究人员开发产品化的多组分气体分析软件有一定的借鉴之处。     

Combustion and emission characteristics of HCNG in a constant volume chamber

Finding an alternative fuel and reducing environmental pollution are the main goals for future internal combustion engines. Hydrogenmethane (HCNG) is now considered an alternative fuel due to its low emission and high burning rate. An experimental study was carried out to obtain fundamental data for the combustion and emission characteristics of pre-mixed hydrogen and methane in a constant volume chamber (CVC) with various fractions of hydrogen-methane blends. A pre-mixed chamber was used to obtain a good mixture of these gases. Exhaust emissions were measured using a Horiba exhaust gas analyzer for various fractions of hydrogen-methane blends. The results showed that the rapid combustion duration was shortened, and the rate of heat release elevated as the hydrogen fraction in the fuel blend was increased. Moreover, the maximum mean gas temperature and the maximum rate of pressure rise also increased. These phenomena were attributed to the burning velocity, which increased exponentially with the increased hydrogen fraction in the fuel blend. Exhaust HC and CO₂ concentrations decreased, while NO_X emission increased with an increase in the hydrogen fraction in the fuel blend. Our results could facilitate the application of hydrogen and methane as a fuel in the current fossil hydrocarbon-based economy and the strict emission regulations in internal combustion engines.     

Reduction of fume and gas emissions using innovative gas metal arc welding variants

New environmental, health and safety legislation, both in the EU and in the USA, is driving the need for the study of new welding processes, and the selection of the operational procedures that will reduce fume emissions and will promote a healthier, safer and more productive work environment. Actually, there are a significant number of publications related with gas metal arc welding hazards. However, for the new gas metal arc welding hazards variants, especially cold metal transfer, there is no data available concerning fumes and gases emissions. This paper attempts to point out ways of reducing the harmful effects of gas metal arc welding processes using different filler materials, different shielding gases, different operational welding procedures and three welding processes: gas metal arc welding process and two variants, pulsed gas metal arc welding and cold metal transfer. The effect of nitrogen oxide addition to the shielding gas composition on the amount of welding fumes and gaseous emissions produced during welding is also analysed. The amount of fume and gases generated during welding was measured over a range of current intensity and arc voltages, using the standard procedures contained in EN ISO 15011-2 [1]. The data presented give a summary of the different gas metal arc welding variants and their relations to fume generation rates and gases emitted. The results obtained give indications on measures to be taken in order to reduce fume and gas emissions. In general, the minimisation of fume formation rate can be achieved by using lower energy gas metal arc welding variants, gas shielding with low CO₂ and O₂ contents and “green” wires.     

Analysis of pressure distribution for the various gas flow vacuum system in the range from 1 Pa to 133 Pa

The measurement and control of gas flow are critical in many manufacturing processes. Semiconductor manufacturers, in particular, require a number of different process gases for etching, deposition, oxidation, doping and inerting applications. In many of these, as well as other industrial and research processes including measurement of partial pressures with residual gas analyzers (RGAs), calibration of vacuum gauges, and conductance of a conductance-reducer , accurate measurement and stability of the gas pressure within the reaction vacuum chamber is essential. In the present work, pressure distribution in the chamber of a newly developed flow control system was investigated for three gases (Ar, N₂, and He) range from 1 Pa to 133 Pa. For all the gases, the relative deviations in pressure distribution near the gas inlet and outlet were in the range of −1.3% and 1.2% respectively.     

Development of a radiative transfer model for the determination of toxic gases by Fourier transform–infrared spectroscopy with a support vector machine algorithm

Abstract

This report describes a radiative transfer model for Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to create close-to-reality toxic gas spectra by reflecting the unique spectral responses of detectors and using the atmospheric radiative transfer code, MODTRAN. This system can be highly useful in overcoming the limitations for measuring toxic gases in open environments. The emulated gas spectra can be used to train support vector machine (SVM) for chemical gas detection. Its detection performance is evaluated with nerve agents (tabun, sarin, soman, and cyclosarin) and a simulant gas (sulfur hexafluoride) for indoor and outdoor experiments by using two off-the-shelf FT-IR gas detectors. The experimental results show that the proposed SVM algorithm successfully detected and classified targeted gases while reducing false negative and false positive detection rates.     

A Digital Analyzer for a 3-mm-Band Radiospectrometer

The digital analyzer is a part of a multichannel modulation-type radiometric detector intended for studying radiation lines of impurity gases in the Earth's atmosphere in a frequency range of 96–110 GHz. The signal passing through one of the radiospectrometer's analog filtering channels is digitized at an intermediate frequency of 30 MHz. A digital filtering algorithm based on the quadrature conversion is described. Software implementing this algorithm was developed. The structure of the input system and the interface between the analog-to-digital converter and the control computer are described. A distinct feature of the interface is its 32-Kbyte buffer memory. The test results are presented.     

注入锁定腔增强拉曼光谱微量气体检测技术

为了提高微量气体的拉曼散射强度,本文设计并搭建了注入锁定腔增强拉曼光谱微量气体检测平台。半导体激光器(波长为638nm,功率为15mW)输出到由三块高反镜组成的V型增强腔中,结合注入锁定技术,腔内激光强度达到7.5 W,实现了500倍的增强效果。利用该实验平台对微量单一气体及其混合气体进行了拉曼检测,并根据拉曼特征谱峰选取原则及信噪比大于3的原则,确定了H2、CO、CO2、CH4、C2H6、C2H4、C2H2的特征拉曼谱峰分别为4 156,2 143,1 388,2 918,2 955,1 344,1 975cm-1,最小检测极限分别为10.2,21.7,9.4,2.1,8.9,4.9,3.3Pa。腔增强拉曼光谱法可以实现微量同核双原子气体检测及利用单一波长激光的混合气体同时检测,具有替代气体检测传统光谱方法的潜力。     

光谱吸收型光纤多气体传感系统

基于气体的近红外吸收机理，研究了一种可以检测多种气体的全光纤传感方法，采用光纤光栅波分复用技术．通过光纤光栅和压电陶瓷（PZT）对宽带光源LED进行波长调制，获得与相应气体吸收峰相对应的窄带反射出射光，检测二次谐波，实现对多种气体的较高灵敏度测量。利用二次谐波与光纤光栅透射光强的比值来消除光路干扰。建立了谐波检测的数学模型，进行了光纤C2H2和CO气体测量系统的实验研究。