Quality Management in Pakistan's Knitwear Industry

Although quality is a critical success factor for all types of business, its salience is to be driven home in Pakistan's business environment in general and its export-oriented business segment in Pakistan in particular. As a first part of this effort, we chose to study quality management in Pakistan's knitwear industry, whose combined share with readymade garments in Pakistan's total exports rose to 16.7% by 1997/1998. We mailed a postal self-completion questionnaire to 59 members of the Pakistan Knitwear and Sweaters Exporters Association. The response rate was 29%. It was found that Pakistan's knitwear industry was in various stages of development in quality management, with greater concentration in the quality inspection mode. Although there are attempts to graduate to quality assurance and beyond, it was found that considerable distance has yet to be traversed before Pakistan's knitwear industry acquires a quality philosophy as a part of its overall business approach industrywide. As part of a statistical test, however, advanced quality management concepts were found applicable in Pakistan, although the application is currently limited. These concepts must gain in popularity.     

Quality Management in Pakistan's Bedwear Industry

Pakistan's bedwear industry contributes significantly to Pakistan's industry in general and to its textile industrial output and exports in particular. The exports of bedwear have increased steadily. However, its key basis of competitive advantage has been low cost. After greater liberalization from 2005 onwards and due to tariffication of quotas, the bedwear industry will not only have to scale higher tariff walls but will be more exposed to the threat of anti-dumping duties as it relies primarily on low prices to penetrate the export markets. To enhance its competitiveness, it will have to combine better quality with low costs and quick response. Research in quality management in Pakistan's bedwear industry was, therefore, undertaken. A postal self-completion questionnaire was mailed to 38 members of Pakistan Bedwear Manufacturers' and Exporters' Association (PBMEA). The response rate was almost 79%. It was found that this industrial segment was in various stages of development. This study demonstrates both the effectiveness and the limits of quality assurance in improving the levels of quality which remain a moving target in a dynamic liberalizing international trade environment that is more competitive since 2005. The bedwear industry, therefore, needs to graduate to advanced practices in quality management in order to remain competitive in rapidly changing times.     

质量检验与企业质量改进

质量改进是企业质量管理中的重要一环，质量检验方法虽然由来已久，但随着检验观念，检验技术的发展和变革，它在生产过程中正发挥着越来越重要的作用，对于质量改进这一目标更是必不可少，计算机视觉系统（AVI）具有速度快，精度稳定，无损检测等特点，是实现在线实时检测的优良工具，值得推广和应用。     

广东省食品冷冻冷藏业现状及发展趋势

本文对广东省食品冷冻冷藏业于本世纪初的现状和前景作了叙述。提出：行业新的多元化经济已逐步适应市场经济机制,并已发挥了规范市场的作用,令市场进入有序状态。行业的生产管理、工艺技术、产品质量、流通方式都在向国际水平靠拢,由于冷链是新兴产业,交成为我国国民经济新的增长点。     

What's new in reliability engineering?

Reliability engineering is responding to the trend to computer-aided design (CAD), and the current emphasis on improving competitiveness through quality. Islands of automation addressing reliability for both hardware design and software engineering exist which are not yet connected, though government–industry teams are developing integrated software packages of reliability (and maintainability) tools. TQM (total quality management) principles are being adopted in many industries, and the U.S. Qualified Manufacturers List (QML) programme, which requires qualification of a process rather than a product, is now used for procuring microcircuits. However, government regulations remain a barrier to creating a ‘quality culture’. ISO 9000 is seen by industry as a requirement for international competitiveness, but criticized by some as counterproductive. Research and development of reliability engineering tools reflect the need for implementation in CAD frameworks, and fuzzy logic analysis has attracted the attention of the theorists.     

A study of the quality management methods employed by U.K. automotive suppliers

This paper reports on the results of a postal questionnaire survey of quality management methods, awareness and attitudes of suppliers to three major companies in the U.K. automotive industry. The main issues discussed include the quality management systems operated by suppliers, the methods by which quality improvement is pursued, quality-related training, and suppliers' interaction with both their own customers and vendors. The findings to specific questions were disappointing and illustrate the poor state of quality management development in some suppliers; overall the survey evidence indicates that many suppliers have a traditional attitude towards quality management. For example: it is possible to inspect quality into a product; component quality can be graded at different levels according to individual customer requirements; if the customer does not return the product then quality must be satisfactory; the quality manager is responsible for the quality improvement programme. Quality management tools and techniques are often seen as an end in themselves rather than a means to an end, that of improvement. It is clear that a number of suppliers assume that introducing statistical process control is the same as developing a total approach to quality management. There also appears to be a dilution of the quality message as requirements are passed down the supply chain, and in general communication and feedback between customer and supplier is poor.     

制造质量记录信息管理系统的总体设计与开发

本文首先论述了质量记录在计算机辅助质量管理（ＣＡＱＭＳ）中的作用及地位，随后阐述制造质量记录信息管理系统的总体设计方案，以上工作在计算机集成制造系统（ＣＩＭＳ）应用中将得到体现。     

定制家具行业现状及标准化研究初探

随着人们对家具产品要求的提高、个性化的追求,定制家具展现了良好的发展潜力.本文介绍了定制家具行业现状,并从通用名称术语、通用设计规范、组合组装标识技术要求、产品质量检验及质量评定、挥发性有害物质现场检测方法等方面进行了标准化研究,通过本研究将加强定制家具的生产和管理,保证家具产品质量,提升我国家具产品的国际竞争力.     

嵌入式技术推动工业工程发展的战略思考

通过研究嵌入式技术应用与发展前景,探讨了嵌入式技术与工业工程的互动关系.提出了嵌入式技术拓展制造业信息化的范围,将成为工业工程发展新推动力的观点,并从工业工程的角度对嵌入式企业管理的模式进行了研究,指出工业工程专业的建设必须根据我国科学技术发展现状进行重新界定和革新,补充新的内容,嵌入式技术将是现代工业工程发展的重要支撑条件.     

Physical-chemical characterization and polymorphism determination of two nimodipine samples deriving from distinct laboratories

Knowing the characteristics of raw materials in pharmaceutical practice is both important and useful. Firstly, evaluating the physical-chemical properties of the substances that will be used must be the primary step for quality control in the pharmacy industry. This work aims at analyzing the physical-chemical characteristics of two nimodipine samples I and II derived from distinct laboratories through thermal analysis (DSC and TG/DTG), HPLC, crystallography, and microscopy. Thermal analysis showed that sample II was more unstable than I. Morphological differences concerning shape, size, and crystallinity of particles were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction. To sum up, the techniques used in this study can be said to have been efficient in the characterization and evaluation of quality control of the raw material.     

Physical-Chemical Characterization and Polymorphism Determination of Two Nimodipine Samples Deriving from Distinct Laboratories

Knowing the characteristics of raw materials in pharmaceutical practice is both important and useful. Firstly, evaluating the physical-chemical properties of the substances that will be used must be the primary step for quality control in the pharmacy industry. This work aims at analyzing the physical-chemical characteristics of two nimodipine samples I and II derived from distinct laboratories through thermal analysis (DSC and TG/DTG), HPLC, crystallography, and microscopy. Thermal analysis showed that sample II was more unstable than I. Morphological differences concerning shape, size, and crystallinity of particles were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction. To sum up, the techniques used in this study can be said to have been efficient in the characterization and evaluation of quality control of the raw material.     

China’s Engineering Education: Situation & Outlook

Since China's drive in 1978 to implement national reforms and open it up to the outside world,its higher education sectorhas made rapid progressin the field of engineering and has been able to achieverapid expansion of scale,Positive change in educational structure,more education investment, improved teaching quality, Educational reform and international cooperation. While praising the achievements,we need toacknowledgethat there are also some problems in China's engineering education, asimbalancebetweensupplyanddemand,homogeneity of goals and patterns, Lack of practice,curriculum system not aligned with the characteristics of engineering,insufficient importance attached to innovation and entrepreneurial education, Poor competence mix.In light of China's process of modernization and the Outline, we forecast that:competition between universities will intensify and the supply-demand imbalance will be alleviated, differentiation depends on the reform of engineer system and administrative university classification,quality of engineering education will be improved with a complete quality assurance system,industrial transformation will be conducive to joint talent development by universities and businesses,instructors will be the mainstay of educational reform,quality of students should be improved in many different ways. As China's modernization accelerates, the quality of its engineering education is getting better and better. We expect to work closely with foreign colleagues to improve the quality to turn out engineering talents meeting the demand of national development.     

INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMATION IN AUSTRIA, NORWAY AND SWEDEN

The pursuit of industrial success or international competitiveness has become a principal policy goal for governments and industries in the advanced countries. It has become a topic for analysis in the fields of management and public policy (Porter 1990; Thurow 1992) and has provoked some concerned reactions from within the discipline of economics (Krugman 1994). The concept of competitiveness raises concerns amongst the neo-classical economists because it implies the need to capture market share in industries that will result in expanding domestic incomes in the form of higher wages and profits. It goes beyond the need to achieve efficiency or productivity in industries in which a nation has a natural advantage (Reinert 1995). In contravention of neo-classical thought, the concept of competitiveness implies that some industries are more important for national economic prosperity than others, suggesting that it is desirable to build industrial capacity in key (usually medium and high value-added manufacturing) industries (Kitsch and Michie 1996). The debate about competitiveness has focused attention on the role of the state in influencing industry structure and industrial transformation (Weiss 1998).     

工业射线照相胶片的感光性能、质量与选用要求

从无损检测实际应用角度，概述工业射线照相对射线胶片的性能和质量要求及选用考虑，旨在为工业射线胶片的制造和使用与国际接轨提供意见。     

The Japanese point of view on the ISO 9000 standards

On the whole, Japanese quality management sits rather uneasily with a certification system based on ISO standards. This is because, whereas the certification system is constructed from the purchaser's standpoint, the main stream of Japanese quality activities is from the supplier's standpoint. However, the ISO system has many advantages also for suppliers, and reassessing Japanese quality management in comparison with ISO standards and reconstructing it on the firm foundation which these standards provide, Japanese quality management will be raised to even higher levels internationally.     

无损检测在特殊工业建设工程质量监督中的应用

化工、电力、煤炭、冶金等特殊工业建设工程科技含量高,技术风险大,工程质量问题具有隐蔽性,涉及公共利益和公众安全。特殊工业建设工程质量监督是根据国家的法律、法规和相关工业工程建设强制性标准,对责任主体和有关机构履行质量责任的行为以及工程实体质量进行监督检查,维护公众利益的行政执法行为,必须体现出一定的科学性。无损检测作为建设工程质量监督机构抽查工程实体质量并据以评价工程质量的重要技术手段,在工程质量监督、工程质量评价以及工程质量鉴定中发挥了重要的作用。     

2012年我国制冷空调行业市场分析

通过对我国制冷空调市场统计数据的全面分析,详细阐述了2012年我国制冷空调市场发展情况及变化趋势。受国际经济形势及国内宏观调控的双重影响,2012年我国制冷空调行业增幅大幅回调,全年实现稳中略升。指出行业的产业结构调整、自主创新能力建设的加强、节能环保产品的研发与推广等将是中国制冷空调行业未来一段时间的发展目标。     

Metal matrix composites – From science to technological significance

Over the past two decades – a period coinciding with publication of Composites Science and Technology – metal matrix composites (MMCs) have been transformed from a topic of scientific and intellectual interest to a material of broad technological and commercial significance. The worldwide MMC markets in 1999 accounted for 2500 metric tons valued at over $100M. Important MMC applications in the ground transportation (auto and rail), thermal management, aerospace, industrial, recreational and infrastructure industries have been enabled by functional properties that include high structural efficiency, excellent wear resistance, and attractive thermal and electrical characteristics. A suite of challenging technical issues has been overcome, including affordable primary and secondary processing, material design and development methodologies, and characterization and control of interfacial properties. This article describes the technological features that characterize the MMC industry. Matrix/reinforcement systems and primary and secondary processes of commercial significance will be broadly described. Several metrics that underscore the growing maturity of the MMC industry will be discussed, including the emergence of a second tier support industry and the growth of standardized materials and methods. MMC applications in the major markets of ground transportation, thermal management, aerospace, industrial, recreational and infrastructure will be described. Successful commercialization strategies will be discussed and insights for achieving expanded MMC applications will be given. A forward look at candidate approaches for the next generation of MMCs will be provided, including projections of new MMC paradigms.     

基于组织机构代码数据的中山五金产业结构现状分析与发展对策研究

本研究利用组织机构代码数据库对中山五金制品的产业现状从区域分布、经济行业、机构类型、经济类型、投资金额等方面进行剖析。针对产业转型升级中存在的问题,从产业布局、结构优化、人才建设、创新体系、吸引外资、环保意识等5方面提出五金产业发展优化对策和措施,从而为地方政府提供决策参考,为行业协会和企业开展管理、生产等活动提供数据支持。     

提高科技创新实力实现我国炼油工业的持续发展

指出21世纪我国炼油工业要持续发展，国际竞争能力要大力提高，涉及到的原油资源战略、现代化企业管理、行业体制和机制、企业结构调整、人才机制以及科技创新等多方面问题。并就产品质量、深度加工、油化一体化、信息技术和运输燃料替代技术，以及如何提高科技创新力度、加强科技开发等技术发展战略，提出了一些对策和建议。