头基含羟基的季铵盐双子表面活性剂的合成与性能

以溴代烷、二乙醇胺和1,4-二溴丁烷为原料,通过两步反应合成了一类头基含羟基的季铵盐双子表面活性剂亚丁基-1,4-双(烷基二羟乙基溴化铵)(m-4-m(OH),m=8,10,12,14),通过核磁共振氢谱(~1H NMR)和质谱(MS)对中间体和目标产物的结构进行表征。通过表面张力仪和电导率仪测定m-4-m(OH)在水溶液中的平衡表面张力(γ_(cmc))和临界胶束浓度(cmc),并测定了其水溶液的乳化性能和泡沫性能。结果表明,烷基链越长,表面活性剂越容易自发形成胶束,14-4-14(OH)的cmc最低,可达0.48 mmol/L,γ_(cmc)为33.6 mN/m;头基中引入羟基可有效降低表面活性剂的cmc和γ_(cmc);随着烷基链的增长,乳化性能越好;起泡性随着烷基链的增长呈先升后降的趋势。     

烷基四甲基胍双子表面活性剂的合成与性能

以十二烷基伯胺和四甲基脲为原料合成了十二烷基四甲基胍及其盐酸盐.后者再与环氧氯丙烷反应制备了十二烷基四甲基胍双子阳离子表面活性剂,通过IR和~1HNMR鉴定了其结构,并考察了其性能.结果表明,十二烷基四甲基胍双子表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(cmc)为2.5×10~(-4)mol/L,γ_(cmc)为28.5 mN/m,其表面活性明显高于单十二烷基胍盐酸盐.最后以十二烷基四甲基胍双子表面活性剂为模板剂制备了纳米SiO_2粒子.     

季铵盐双子表面活性剂的合成及缓蚀性能研究

Gemini表面活性剂作为一类新型的表面活性剂,是由两个双亲分子的离子头基经联接基团通过化学键连接而成的,在众多不同结构以及不同类型的表面活性剂产品中,其性能尤为突出,所以成为目前研究的热点。本文以异烟酸、亚硫酰氯、正癸醇和1,4-二溴丁烷经一系列连续性反应合成了一种季铵盐双子表面活性剂,并用红外光谱对其结构进行了表征,并对其表面活性和缓蚀性能进行了研究。实验结果表明:所合成的季铵盐双子表面活性剂有着较好的表面活性,cmc值为0.671mmol/L时表面张力为22.1mN/m。使用失重法在0.5mol/L盐酸溶液中其对Q235钢具有良好的缓蚀作用,缓蚀效率可达98.45%。     

一种新型双子磺酸盐型表面活性剂的合成

双子表面活性剂是具有高的表面活性的一类新型表面活性剂,但是,由于其生产成本过高而限制了其应用范围。以脂肪醇、环氧氯丙烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸氢钠和四丁基溴化铵等为原料合成一种由两个疏水烃基和两个磺酸基组成的双子表面活性剂。该合成方法原料成本较低,而且分子结构中各基团间由醚键连接。将中间产物3-辛氧基-2-羟基-1-丙烷磺酸钠(OHPS)和终产物1,2-二(1-辛烷氧基-3-磺酸钠-2-丙烷氧基)乙烷(DOSPE)的表面活性进行比较,DOSPE的cmc较OHPS低一个数量级,但γcmc相反,并且DOSPE的表面活性剂具有优良的抗盐性能。     

一种二聚甜菜碱型表面活性剂的合成及表面性能

以十四酸、四甲基乙二胺为主要原料,制备了二聚甜菜碱型表面活性剂双[亚甲基二甲基(十二烷基羧酸钠基次甲基)]溴化铵(BQS - 14),用红外光谱和元素分析对产物结构进行了分析表征,并测试了其表面性能.结果表明,BQS - 14的临界胶束浓度(cmc)为0.30 mmol·L-1,临界胶束浓度下的表面张力( γcmc)为36.9 mN· m-1;BQS - 14与十二烷基磺酸钠复配产生了协同作用,当物质的量比为1:2时,cmc降为0.12 mmol·L-1,γcmc为31.0 mN·m-1;BQS - 14还具有较好的稳泡性能.     

磺酸盐双子表面活性剂乙撑-双(N-乙磺酸-十二酰胺)钠盐的合成与性能

以乙二胺、月桂酸、三氯化磷和2-溴乙基磺酸钠等为原料,制备磺酸盐双子表面活性剂乙撑-双(N-乙磺酸-十二酰胺)钠盐,对其中间体合成工艺进行优化,对产物结构进行表征,并对其相关性能如表面活性、起泡性以及乳化性进行测定。结果表明:该表面活性剂的水溶液在24℃条件下,其临界胶束浓度(cmc)为0.53 mmol/L,相应表面张力(γcmc)为29.73 m N/m,该表面活性剂的表面活性、起泡性以及乳化性较好。     

聚乙二醇双子表面活性剂合成与评价

本文以二乙醇胺、溴代十二烷为原料合成N,N-二羟乙基十二烷基叔胺中间体,然后将N,N-二羟乙基十二烷基叔胺与聚乙二醇进一步反应合成聚乙二醇双子表面活性剂,得到一种既能降低表面张力,又能增加水相流动黏度的新型双子表面活性剂。通过红外光谱、热分析和产品性能评价,证实合成产物为季铵盐阳离子双子表面活性剂。聚乙二醇双子表面活性剂表面张力≤24m N·m~(-1),临界胶束浓度(cmc)≤5×10~(-5)mol·L~(-1)。室内驱油实验表明,采收率提高19%以上。     

不对称型磺基琥珀酸双酯盐双子表面活性剂的合成与性能

以十二醇、顺丁烯二酸酐及月桂酸单乙醇酰胺为原料,合成了一种不对称型磺基琥珀酸双酯盐双子表面活性剂。通过单因素试验法优化了双酯化反应条件,其较佳反应条件为:n(十二醇马来酸单酯)∶n(月桂酸单乙醇酰胺)=1∶1,反应温度为140℃,反应时间为6 h。通过傅里叶红外光谱、核磁共振对所得表面活性剂的结构进行了表征,并对其表面张力、泡沫性能、乳化力等进行了测定。结果表明:该双子表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(cmc)为2.21×10-5mol/L,γcmc为31.1 m N/m;乳化分水时间为278 s,起泡性和稳泡性良好。     

吗啉双子表面活性剂的性能研究

通过对新型阳离子双子表面活性剂α,ω-二(烷基吗啉鎓)烷烃的性能测定,研究了表面活性剂结构中疏水基和连接基碳链长度对表面性能、润湿性能、泡沫性能以及乳化性能的影响,确定了产物结构与其性能的关系.结果表明,α,ω-二(烷基吗啉鎓)烷烃双子表面活性剂的表面张力、泡沫性能以及乳化性能均优于其相应单子表面活性剂,润湿性能单子表面活性剂要比双子表面活性剂好;双子表面活性剂中,疏水基相同时,缩短连接基,表面活性剂的性能更优;连接基相同时,缩短疏水链,表面活性剂性能下降.     

三硅氧烷咪唑离子液体表面活性剂的合成与表面活性

以氯丙基甲基二甲氧基硅烷和六甲基二硅氧烷为原料,在浓硫酸催化下合成了氯丙基三硅氧烷,再与1-甲基咪唑进行季铵化反应,制备了三硅氧烷咪唑离子液体表面活性剂.用傅里叶红外光谱仪以及氢谱和碳谱核磁共振仪表征了产物的结构;并对其临界胶束浓度(cmc)及表面张力(γ)进行了测定.结果表明,与长链烷基咪唑类离子液体表面活性剂相比,三硅氧烷咪唑离子液体表面活性剂具有更好的表面活性,其cmc为15.5 mmol/L,γcmc为24.0 mN/m.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.