叠加训练序列OFDM系统的联合频偏与信道估计

频率偏移导致用于叠加训练序列系统中的一阶信道估计方法失效.文中提出一种利用叠加训练序列进行OFDM系统的联合频偏和信道估计的方案.在简单介绍所建立的OFDM系统后,文中利用训练序列的周期性推导出频偏特征向量,并根据阵列信号求子空间的原理,利用接收信号矩阵的奇异值分解求出上述向量所在的线性子空间,通过相关匹配求出频率偏移,最后获得时域信道参数.理论分析表明频偏估计范围反比于训练序列周期,因此算法具有估计范围大的优点,且适用于所有叠加周期训练序列系统.仿真分析表明了算法的有效性.     

ML estimation of time and frequency offset in OFDM systems

We present the joint maximum likelihood (ML) symbol-time and carrier-frequency offset estimator in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Redundant information contained within the cyclic prefix enables this estimation without additional pilots. Simulations show that the frequency estimator may be used in a tracking mode and the time estimator in an acquisition mode     

Carrier frequency offset estimation for OFDM systems using subcarriers

Carrier frequency offset (CFO) in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing(OFDM) systems, which can induce the loss of orthogonality among subcarriersand result in significant performance degradation, is critical to be estimatedand compensated for. In this paper, a suboptimal scheme is proposed to estimatethe CFO using subcarriers. In the proposed scheme, the CFO is dividedinto the fractional part and the integer part, with the fractional CFO estimatedfollowed by the integer CFO estimation. Compared with previous work using subcarriers and exhaustive search, the implementation complexity of theproposed scheme is significantly lower due to the fact that the main componentrequired is a simple correlator. Furthermore, with only one trainingOFDM symbol and proper subcarrier allocation, the estimation range ofthe proposed scheme can be the inverse of the sampling duration. In contrast,conventional schemes with the same estimation range and complexity require two OFDM symbols. To achieve good performance,it will be shown that the subcarrier allocation should be based uponsome specific binary sequences such as the proposed extended m-sequences. It willalso be shown by simulations that the same subcarrier allocation criterionshould be employed for optimal maximum-likelihood CFO estimation.     

一种改进的适用于分组传输的OFDM频偏估计方法

提出了一种改进的基于训练符号的频偏估计方法.该方法通过综合利用训练符号和循环前缀的信息得到时域的细频偏估计,通过峰值检测得到频域的粗频偏估计.仿真结果表明,在多径衰落信道下,在频偏估计范围达到整个信号带宽的同时,本算法的估计精度也有了明显的提高,并且当信噪比达到12dB时,可以使剩余频偏限制在子载波间隔的2％以内.     

Complex efficient carrier frequency offset estimation algorithm in OFDM systems

A new carrier frequency offset estimation scheme in the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system is proposed. The proposed algorithm is an extension of the Michele Morelli (M&M) algorithm. By dividing one training symbol into L>1 identical small blocks, the carrier frequency offset estimation range up to /spl plusmn/L/2 times subcarrier spacing can be obtained. The proposed algorithm can utilize the correlativity among all small blocks of a training symbol more sufficiently than the M&M algorithm, and thus it is more accurate and robust. Without increasing the estimation errors, the computational complexity of the proposed algorithm can be further reduced by increasing parameters H/sub l/ and H/sub h/ with a positive value simultaneously.     

A novel frequency offset estimation method for OFDM systems with large estimation range

In this paper, we proposed a novel frequency synchronization method which has larger estimation range than conventional method proposed by Tufvesson. A two steps frequency offset estimation method is performed in the new method. In the first step the received signal is correlated with local training sequence to eliminate the influence of training sequence which makes the estimation range of frequency offset is independent of period of the repeated data in the training sequence. The received signal is correlated with its delay in the second step to obtain the fine estimation of frequency offset. Precise estimation can be achieved in the proposed method than Tufvesson's method. The period of the repeated data in the training sequence determines the estimation range of the frequency offset in the conventional method, while in the new method they are irrelevant. Tens of subcarriers spacing can be estimated by the new method. The new method can be used in other cases as long as a known sequence is transmitted, which will introduce valuable flexibility in training sequence design. The validity of the algorithm is verified in AWGN channel and multipath fading channel.     

高性能的OFDM频偏估计新方法

频偏估计是OFDM的关键技术.本文提出了一种具有高精度的OFDM频偏估计新方法.新方法首先将接收信号与本地训练序列作相关来消除训练序列的影响,然后进行频率粗同步.补偿粗频偏后再利用消除训练序列影响的序列或循环前缀作相关实现频率精同步.新方法具有频率偏移估计范围大和估计精度高的优点.文中分析并得出这两种估计方法的频偏估计下界.此频偏估计方法使训练序列的设计更加灵活,可按时间同步或信道估计等性能最优来设计.     

Maximum likelihood method for integer frequency offset estimation of OFDM systems

A novel method for integer frequency offset estimation of OFDM systems is derived, which is based on the maximum likelihood (ML) technique and exploits the differential information between two consecutive blocks of OFDM data symbols in the frequency domain. The reason why the proposed ML method has better performance than the conventional method is analysed.     

OFDM系统一种精确的频率误差估计

OFDM在对抗多径方面是一种有效的宽带数字通信技术,但是由于频率误差的存在,使得OFDM(正交频分复用)子载波之间的正交性遭到破坏,系统在频率选择性衰落信道中的传输能力大大下降。本文提出了一种精确的频率误差估计法,可以很好地恢复频率同步。该方法的主要特点是以FFT为界分别在时域和频域内进行频率误差估计,并在时域中进行频率误差校正。     

Joint estimation of channel response, frequency offset, and phase noise in OFDM

Accurate channel estimates are needed in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), and easily obtained under the assumption of perfect phase and frequency synchronization. However, the practical receiver encounters nonnegligible phase noise (PHN) and carrier frequency offset (CFO), which create substantial intercarrier interference that a conventional OFDM channel estimator cannot account for. In this paper, we introduce an optimal (maximum a posteriori) joint estimator for the channel impulse response (CIR), CFO, and PHN, utilizing prior statistical knowledge of PHN that can be obtained from measurements or data sheets. In addition, in cases where a training symbol consists of two identical halves in the time domain, we propose a variant to Moose's CFO estimation algorithm that optimally removes the effect of PHN with lower complexity than with a nonrepeating training symbol. To further reduce the complexity of the proposed algorithms, simplified implementations based on the conjugate gradient method are also introduced such that the estimators studied in this paper can be realized efficiently using the fast Fourier transform with only minor performance degradation. EDICS: SPC-MULT, SPC-CEST, SPC-DETC.     

Analysis of pilots for residual frequency offset estimation in MIMO OFDM systems

This paper analyses the estimation of residual frequency offset in MIMO OFDM systems using pilot subcarriers embedded in the data payload. A closed-form expression for the MSE is derived and it shows how the frequency and spatial correlation influence performance. It is also shown that an orthogonal design ensures robust performance, which is independent of the frequency correlation of the channel.     

Blind estimation of symbol timing and carrier frequency offset inwireless OFDM systems

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems are highly sensitive to synchronization errors. We introduce an algorithm for the blind estimation of symbol timing and carrier frequency offset in wireless OFDM systems. The proposed estimator is an extension of the Gini-Giannakis (see IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.46, p.400-411, 1998) estimator for single-carrier systems. It exploits the cyclostationarity of OFDM signals and relies on second-order statistics only. Our method can be applied to pulse shaping OFDM systems with arbitrary time-frequency guard regions, OFDM based on offset quadrature amplitude modulation, and biorthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems. We furthermore propose the use of different subcarrier transmit powers (subcarrier weighting) and periodic transmitter precoding to achieve a carrier frequency acquisition range of the entire bandwidth of the OFDM signal, and a symbol timing acquisition range of arbitrary length. Finally, we provide simulation results demonstrating the performance of the new estimator     

Robust and consistent pilot designs for frequency offset estimation in MIMO OFDM systems

This paper presents pilot designs for consistent frequency offset estimation of MIMO OFDM systems in frequency selective fading channels. We derive the sufficient consistency condition for the pilots in MIMO OFDM systems to yield unambiguous estimation, and present corresponding consistent pilot designs. We discuss robustness of the frequency offset estimation against outliers at low to moderate SNR values and present an efficient criterion to choose robust and consistent pilots. Furthermore, we develop pilot designs which satisfy both consistency over a limited frequency offset estimation range and the optimal channel estimation condition in MIMO OFDM systems. Simulation results corroborate that both the consistent pilot design condition and the robustness criterion are efficient in choosing pilot patterns yielding better frequency offset estimation performance.     

MIMO OFDM系统中同步和信道的联合估计

提出了一种MIMO OFDM系统的定时恢复、频率同步和信道估计的联合算法。为了减少算法的复杂度，算法分两步完成：首先利用接收信号的自相关函数进行粗同步和信道估计，得到时延和频偏的粗估计，然后在粗估计基础上采用最大似然准则进行精确的同步和信道估计。仿真结果表明，该算法能够达到很好的效果，系统误码率接近已知信道响应时的情况。     

Modified nonlinear least square approaches to carrier frequency offset estimation in OFDM systems

Two modified nonlinear least square (NLS) estimators for carrier frequency offset (CFO) in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems are proposed. In the modified NLS CFO estimators, slot elements in an OFDM block symbol are weighted in terms of their received energies. Simulation results show that the proposed new estimators outperform the original one especially in a low signal-to-noise ratio range.     

OFDM系统中一种新型盲载波频偏估计

正交频分复用(OFDM)是一种能够有效地抗频率选择性衰落的技术。由于载波频偏的存在会引起载波间干扰,导致系统性能的严重下降。在分析载波频偏对系统影响的基础上,提出了一种联合译码的新型盲频偏估计算法。该算法只需要一个OFDM符号,将BICM译码的硬判决反馈信息作为虚拟训练序列,利用该反馈信号与接收信号的相关性进行频偏估计。通过BICM迭代译码,更新译码反馈信息,提高频偏估计精度。仿真结果表明,提出的算法经过3次迭代,可以有效地进行频偏估计。     

ML-based symbol timing and frequency offset estimation for OFDM systems with noncircular transmissions

This paper deals with the problem of joint symbol timing and carrier-frequency offset (CFO) estimation in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with noncircular (NC) transmissions. Maximum-likelihood (ML) estimators of symbol timing and CFO have been derived under the assumption of nondispersive channel and by modeling the OFDM signal vector as a circular complex Gaussian random vector (C-CGRV). The Gaussian assumption is reasonable when the number of subcarriers is sufficiently large. However, if the data symbols belong to an NC constellation, the received signal vector becomes an NC-CGRV, i.e., a CGRV whose relation matrix (defined as the statistical expectation of the product between the vector and its transpose) is not identically zero. Hence, in this case, previously mentioned estimators, termed MLC estimators, are not ML estimators. In this paper, by exploiting the joint probability density function for NC-CGRVs, ML estimators are derived. Moreover, since their implementation complexity is high, feasible computational algorithms are considered. Finally, refined symbol timing estimators, apt to counteract the degrading effects of intersymbol interference (ISI) in dispersive channels, are suggested. The performance of the derived estimators is assessed via computer simulation and compared with that of MLC estimators and that of modified MLC (MMLC) estimators exploiting only ISI-free samples of the cyclic prefix.     

On timing offset estimation for OFDM systems

Two timing offset estimation methods for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems as modifications to Schmidl and Cox's method (see IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.45, p.1613-21, 1997) are presented. The performances of the timing offset estimators in additive white Gaussian noise channel and intersymbol interference channel are compared in terms of estimator variance obtained by simulation. Both proposed methods have significantly smaller estimator variance in both channel conditions     

Joint weighted least-squares estimation of carrier-frequency offset and timing offset for OFDM systems over multipath fading channels

This work presents an algorithm for joint estimation of carrier-frequency offset and timing offset for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems in the tracking mode. The proposed weighted least-squares algorithm derives its estimates based on phase differences in the received pilot subcarrier signals between two symbols. Moreover, the optimal weights in two different channel conditions are derived. Both analysis and simulation show that the weighted least-squares algorithm can effectively and accurately estimate the carrier-frequency offset as well as the timing offset of OFDM signals in multipath fading channels.