大米镉结合蛋白的分离纯化及纯度鉴定

采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法（graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry,GFAAS）测定不同品种、不同加工精度大米及大米4 种蛋白质中的镉含量。选用镉含量较高的大米为实验原料,采用Osborne分级法提取大米中的4 种蛋白质（清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白）,以及超滤、离子交换色谱从镉含量较高的大米蛋白中分离纯化出均一纯度的大米镉结合蛋白（rice Cd-binding protein,RCBP）,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）鉴定RCBP的纯度及测定分子质量。结果表明：籼米中镉含量高于糯米及粳米;随着加工精度的增加,同种大米中的镉含量依次降低。4 种大米蛋白中的镉含量分别为0.66、0.31、0.63、0.23 μg/g,清蛋白中镉含量最高。超滤分离大米清蛋白（rice albumin,RA）得到大米超滤清蛋白（rice ultrafiltration albumin,RUA）,离子交换色谱纯化RUA得到目标镉结合蛋白（组分c）,SDS-PAGE鉴定组分c为单一条带,分子质量为14 kD。     

大米镉结合蛋白的分离及理化特性

本实验选用一种镉含量较高的大米为原料,采用碱法提取大米蛋白（alkali-extractable protein,AP）,依次用热变性和乙醇沉淀分离AP,制备大米镉结合蛋白（rice Cd-binding protein,RCBP）,并分析了RCBP的紫外吸收特征、氨基酸组成、分子质量及二级结构。结果显示：AP、热变性蛋白（thermally denaturated protein,TP）和乙醇沉淀蛋白（ethanol-precipitated protein,EP）均在210 nm波长处有最大吸收峰,氨基酸组成类似;热变性去除了分子质量为94 kD的蛋白质,分子质量为5 094 kD的蛋白质含量减少,乙醇沉淀进一步减少了分子质量分别为50 kD和14 kD的蛋白质。AP的二级结构主要为α-螺旋和β-转角,有少量β-折叠;TP的二级结构只含有β-折叠和β-转角,且以β-折叠为主;EP的二级结构主要为β-折叠和β-转角,还含有少量α-螺旋和无规卷曲。表明热变性和乙醇沉淀使得AP中的镉结合蛋白得到分离,可以作为一种分离RCBP的方法。     

丰年虫水溶性蛋白的分离纯化及体外抗氧化性研究

目的:对丰年虫水溶性蛋白进行分离纯化,获得体外抗氧化活性最好的水溶性蛋白组分,并测定其分子质量。方法:丰年虫水溶性粗蛋白经硫酸铵沉淀、透析、DEAE-Sepharose FF离子交换层析和Sephadex G-100凝胶层析分离纯化,对纯化后的蛋白质进行体外抗氧化活性的研究,利用SDS-PAGE电泳测定蛋白质分子质量。结果:丰年虫水溶性蛋白经DEAE-Sepharose FF离子交换层析,梯度洗脱得到4个洗脱峰(峰1～4),峰2的体外抗氧化活性最强。峰2经Sephadex G-100凝胶层析分离纯化得到3个洗脱峰(峰2-1～2-3),峰2-1的体外抗氧化活性最强。利用SDS-PAGE对峰2-1进行鉴定,得到单一蛋白条带,纯度较高,蛋白分子质量为82.47kD。体外抗氧化活性比较,峰2-1远远强于水溶性粗蛋白。结论:蛋白组分峰2-1体外抗氧化活性最强,为单一蛋白组分,其分子质量为82.47kD。     

鱼鳞明胶与哺乳动物明胶性质的比较

研究了酶法制备的草鱼鱼鳞明胶的理化性质,并将其与哺乳动物明胶的性质作了比较。研究发现,草鱼鱼鳞明胶中富含甘氨酸、脯氨酸、羟脯氨酸和丙氨酸,而亚氨基酸、总疏水性氨基酸的含量以及平均疏水性值要小于哺乳动物明胶;分子质量分布主要以α组分和β组分为主,占明胶分子总量的88%;胶凝温度和熔化温度分别为20.8℃和26.9℃,低于哺乳动物明胶;特性黏度约为0.73;表面疏水性指数为259.59,有较好的乳化性和起泡性。此外发现,明胶的高凝胶强度和胶凝速度主要取决于明胶(α+β)组分的含量,而明胶胶凝和熔化温度则主要取决于亚氨基酸的含量,不同来源明胶的特性黏度η仅与其α组分(α1+α2)的含量存在线性相关。     

内生多黏类芽孢杆菌纤溶酶的纯化及其体外溶栓作用

植物内生菌株 EJS-3 发酵液经离心除菌,硫酸铵分级沉淀,Hiprep phenyl FF 疏水层析,RESOURCEM Q离子交换层析和Sephacryl S-300HR 凝胶过滤,获得电泳纯的多黏芽孢杆菌纤溶酶(PPFE-I),聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)测定其分子质量为63kD,高效液相色谱法(HPLC)鉴定其纯度为94.1%。每升发酵液中可获得1.6mg 活性蛋白,每毫克蛋白活力达2096IU,纯度提高了14.5 倍,回收率为3.3%。纯化后的纤溶酶PPFE-I 具有明显的体外溶栓作用。     

黑曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶的分离纯化及酶学性质研究

利用硫酸铵盐析、季氨乙基-琼脂糖凝胶FF（Q-Sepharose FF）离子交换层析、苯基-琼脂糖凝胶6 FF（Phenyl-Sepharose 6 FF）疏水层析和丁基-琼脂糖凝胶HP（Butyl-Sepharose HP）疏水层析对黑曲霉来源β-葡萄糖苷酶进行分离纯化,采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）测定其分子质量,并对其酶学性质进行研究。结果表明,经分离纯化后得到分子质量约为116 kDa的β-葡萄糖苷酶,纯化倍数达到50.39倍,回收率为4.65%,比酶活为103.80 U/mg,该β-葡萄糖苷酶的最适反应温度为60 ℃,最适反应pH值为5.0,在温度30～50 ℃,pH 2.0～8.0之间具有较好的稳定性。     

三文鱼过敏原小清蛋白分离纯化 及免疫结构鉴定

小清蛋白是鱼类的主要过敏原,三文鱼小清蛋白具有不同的亚型,分子量相近,序列基本相同,给分离纯化带来了不小的挑战。本试验采用硫酸铵盐析、Qxl-Sepharose离子交换结合凝胶过滤等方法定向纯化小清蛋白β1型,并应用免疫印迹法对纯化的小清蛋白进行过敏原性鉴定,结合激光辅助解析/飞行时间质谱进行结构鉴定。结果显示,硫酸铵盐析、离子交换层析结合凝胶过滤纯化方法可以得到纯度达90%以上的小清蛋白β1型,且蛋白具有很强的免疫反应活性。针对该蛋白的研究不仅有利于过敏原检测方法的建立,也可为低致敏性水产品的开发提供理论依据。     

牛乳中主要过敏原的分离纯化研究进展

牛乳中含有3 种主要的过敏原蛋白：酪蛋白、β- 乳球蛋白和α- 乳白蛋白。本文详细叙述沉淀法、离子交换层析法、凝胶过滤层析法、羟基磷灰石层析法、疏水相互作用层析法、高效液相色谱法以及膜技术等分离纯化技术在牛乳主要过敏原分离纯化中的研究进展。其中,离子交换层析与凝胶层析已被广泛使用,而沉淀法一般作为粗提纯过的步骤。羟基磷灰石层析与疏水相互作用层析法也较为常见,既可单独分离过敏原,又可与其他方法结合来分离过敏原。另外高效液相色谱法与膜技术则是进一步纯化的后续工作,以提高过敏原的纯度。     

戊糖乳杆菌群体感应信号肽AIP的纯化及鉴定

目的:对戊糖乳杆菌31-1的群体感应信号肽进行提取、纯化和鉴定。方法:经硫酸铵盐析、超滤、疏水层析、凝胶层析和RP-HPLC步骤纯化戊糖乳杆菌31-1的群体感应信号肽。用MALDI-TOF质谱测定纯化后的小肽AIP的分子质量,并用EDMAN降解法对其N端氨基酸测序。用组氨酸蛋白激酶抑制剂——氯氰碘柳胺验证其群体感应信号肽分子功能。结果:纯化的信号肽AIP的比活力达160 000 IU/m L,纯度提高了800倍。该小肽的分子质量为2 985.16 u。其N端前15个氨基酸序列为NH2-KSSAYSLQMGATAIK。氯氰碘柳胺所造成的戊糖乳杆菌31-1细菌素合成功能的缺失,不能通过添加小肽AIP而得以恢复,证实了小肽AIP的群体感应信号肽分子功能。结论:群体感应信号肽AIP的获得为戊糖乳杆菌31-1细菌素的发酵调控奠定了基础。     

大豆7S和11S蛋白中氨基酸组成与表面疏水性的相关性研究

以6个具有代表性的大豆品种为实验材料提取7S和11S蛋白,经Superdex 200凝胶柱层析纯化制得纯品7S和11S蛋白,用SDS-PAGE和蛋白质纯化仪凝胶柱层析两种方法验证其纯度在90%以上。研究了7S和11S蛋白中氨基酸组成与表面疏水性的相关性。结果表明:7S和11S蛋白的表面疏水性与甘氨酸、脯氨酸、胱氨酸/半胱氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、酪氨酸、天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、组氨酸的含量呈正相关;与异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、丝氨酸、赖氨酸的含量呈负相关;与谷氨酸和精氨酸的含量不相关。疏水性氨基酸总量与7S和11S蛋白的表面疏水性呈正相关,亲水性氨基酸总量与其表面疏水性不相关。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.