Pilot study of a fluidized-pellet-bed technique for simultaneous solid/liquid separation and sludge thickening in a sewage treatment plant.

A fluidized-pellet-bed separator with movable sludge hoppers was applied in pilot scale for the separation and thickening of activated sludge mixture liquid. Under the condition of suspension SS around 4,000 mg/L, polymer (CJX103, cationic, MW 5 x 10(6)) dose at a dry solid ratio of 0.003 and upward flow rate at 5.4 m/hr, the fluidized pellet bed performed solid/liquid separation and sludge thickening well. The SS concentration of the treated water was about 5 mg/L on average and the moisture content of the sludge after screening for 5 min was less than 94%, which is much lower than that after conventional settling and thickening and easy to be finally disposed. At a higher upward flow rate of 7.2 m/hr, similar results could also be obtained but higher polymer dose (solid ratio of 0.004) was required. The morphological characteristics and density-size relationship of the granular particles formed in the fluidized pellet bed were also investigated by image analysis and settling velocity measurement of individual particles. The two-dimensional fractal dimension was evaluated to be 1.6-1.8, showing a good quasi-spherical morphology of the granular particles with their density much higher than the conventional flocs. The results of the pilot study indicate a possible way to innovate the conventional secondary settling and gravitational thickening processes for solid/liquid separation and sludge handling, especially for small scale wastewater treatment plants to reach the goal of space saving and higher treatment efficiency.     

Improvement of the thickening and dewatering characteristics of activated sludge by electroflotation (EF).

The performances of electroflotation (EF) on the thickening of activated sludge were investigated using laboratory scale batch flotation reactors. Four activated sludges including bulking sludges were tested. After 30 minutes of EF operation, 57-84% of sludge volume reduction could be achieved by EF, while only about 1.5-14% could be obtained by gravity thickening for the same period. After thickening the effluent water quality in terms of TCOD, SS, and turbidity was improved by EF operation for all sludge samples. In addition, the EF thickened sludge showed much better dewaterability both in SRF and cake solid content. It is induced that the air bubbles entrapped in the thickened sludge play a key role in the observed dewaterbility improvement.     

Characteristics of sludge reduction in an integrated pretreatment and aerobic digestion process.

In this study, integrated pretreatments and aerobic digestion processes were investigated in order to provide a feasible alternative that can achieve effective sludge reduction. An ozone treatment in the presence of ionic manganese, a catalyst, increased the sludge reduction ratio three times higher than that of a single ozonation, presumably due to an increase in OH radical production. The ozone treatment yielded the effective sludge reduction ratio with an increasing ozone dosage, and an effective dosage of the catalyst was found to be 4 mg-Mn/g-TS. When a mechanical pretreatment and an ozone/catalyst were applied in a series, the integrated process, even at a half mechanical intensity and a half level of ozone dosage, showed higher and faster sludge reduction than each single process did. In addition, the integrated pretreatment process showed the highest dewaterability of the treated sludges. A ratio of sludge cake generation, which was newly introduced to quantify overall performance of sludge treatment processes, showed that the integrated pretreatment followed by the aerobic digestion yielded approximately a half of the sludge cake volume compared to the single aerobic digestion. Therefore, the integrated pretreatment can be a feasible method for the effective reduction of total suspended solid and the final volume.     

长江水源水厂排泥水处理研究

对长江水源水厂排泥水处理进行了研究,确定了长江水源水悬浮固体含量与浊度的关系,对水厂干泥量和排泥水总量进行了估算;通过动态浓缩试验,确定了斜板浓缩池运行优化条件;测定了排泥水的颗粒粒径分布、固体成分组成和污泥比阻;并简要介绍了污泥机械脱水和泥饼处置方法.     

地下水除铁除锰水厂铁泥处理试验研究

通过试验,探讨了地下水除铁除锰水厂内铁泥的沉淀、脱水性能及其影响因素。结果表明,随着含固率的降低,铁泥沉淀速度提高;投加絮凝剂后,铁泥成层沉淀速度显著增加,并且在一定范围内,随着絮凝剂投加量的增加而增加;有机高分子絮凝剂CPF的助沉效果明显优于无机高分子絮凝剂PAC;随着pH的提高,铁泥沉淀效率降低,当pH为9.57时,铁泥基本上不沉淀;温度越低, 铁泥沉淀速度越慢;投加高分子絮凝剂,降低pH,可改善铁泥的脱水性能。     

长沙市第八水厂排泥水脱水工艺设计

长沙市第八水厂排泥水处理工程包括第八水厂和第三水厂(总规模80万m3/d)的排泥水处理,处理流程为排泥→浓缩→贮泥→脱水。其脱水工艺具有不加药,处理后泥饼含固率≥45%,卸泥方便,自动化程度高等特点。介绍了不加药脱水系统主要处理单元设计、设备选型、运行步骤、工艺特点等。     

新型浓缩澄清综合池试验研究

设计开发了一种新型的集浓缩澄清为一体的综合池中试装置.以江苏某湖水作为试验原水,考察了速度梯度G、进水水力负荷、回流泥渣浓度、泥渣回流比及污泥固体负荷等因素对综合池出水浊度和排泥水含固率的影响.研究结果表明,在达到设计进水负荷及回流泥渣浓度的条件下,控制搅拌梯度在100～115 s~(-1),其出水浊度达到1～2 NTU,排泥水含固率为4.2%～3.9%,此时泥渣回流比为2.5∶1～3∶1.当进水负荷增大至原来的1.2倍时,改变速度梯度至105～120 s~(-1),也可达到最佳运行工况,此时浊度在1～2 NTU,但排泥水含固率减至3.1%～3.0%,泥渣回流比为2.5∶1～2.8∶1.这种新型的浓缩澄清中试装置具有良好的应用前景和工程推广价值.     

Thermal drying of wastewater sludge with crack formation.

We examined in this work the drying characteristics of wastewater sludge. The drying flux of the constant-rate period for sludge cake could be up to 40% higher than that from a sand bed. Owing to the considerable volume shrinkage of cake, cracks would form and develop on the crack surface, which yielded three-dimensional but rather than the one-dimensional cake structure assumed in conventional drying theories. The crack length was fully developed in the first 30 min of drying, while the width of crack increased linearly with time. Using these data the drying flux from the cracks was estimated. Enhanced drying flux was noticeable which depended on the crack shape and the crossflow velocity.     

二沉池一维动态模型的研究进展

对基于固体通量理论的二沉池一维动态模型研究进行较为全面的综述。二沉池一维动态模型大致可分为两类:考虑通量约束的模型和考虑弥散作用的模型,重点介绍了近年来有较大影响的模型。对模型中污泥重力沉降速率表达式、弥散系数、模拟过程中二沉池的分层数以及污泥混合液导致的密度流及短流进行了较详尽的讨论。最后,对二沉池一维动态模型的进一步研究工作提出展望。     

给水厂排泥水浓缩试验研究

给水厂排泥水的小试和现场中试研究结果表明,投加PAM后快速搅拌排泥水(不小于300r/min)30s左右,矾花出现早,絮凝颗粒大,泥水分离效果好。斜板浓缩池的斜板间距5～8.6cm对出水效果的影响不显著,浓缩效果相差不大。最佳斜板间距为5.5～8cm。当投加PAM出水效果不佳时采用快速机械搅拌装置能较好地提高排泥水的浓缩效果。     

Influence of anaerobic digestion on particle surface charge and optimal polymer dosage.

Anaerobic digestion leads to significant changes of the sludge structural matrix, affecting particle size distribution and dewaterability. The surface charge, determined by means of streaming current, can be effectively used to monitor the complex phenomena of floc disruption, colloid formation and chemical conditioning. To study the relation between surface charge and optimal dosage, two different cationic polyelectrolytes were used: Praestol 644, polymer with high molecular weight and low charge density, and Poly Dadmac, with relatively low molecular weight but high charge density. The optimal Poly Dadmac dosage strictly met the value required to neutralise particle charge whereas the optimal dosage of Praestol 644 indicated that the relevant charge was considerably lower than the one required for charge neutralisation. Mechanisms of action are therefore clearly different. Another objective was to investigate the changes of dewatering characteristics of secondary sludge during anaerobic digestion tests at different inoculum content by determining charge density, and optimal polymer dosage. The optimal polyelectrolyte dosage remains almost constant during digestion at high inoculum, but a significant increase in the first period is observed at low inoculum, thus suggesting that the release of colloidal and supracolloidal material from sludge affects dewaterability, especially in the first days of digestion.     

Membrane-coupled anaerobic digestion of municipal sewage sludge.

Membrane-coupled anaerobic digestion utilizes a concept of simultaneous sludge digestion and thickening. Membranes may successfully be applied to eliminate the need for thickening polymers and avoid their likely inhibitory effect on anaerobic biomass. A 550 L completely mixed anaerobic digester was operated under mesophilic conditions (35 degrees C). Two ultrafiltration membrane systems were evaluated for their potential in membrane-coupled anaerobic digestion: vibrating and cross flow. A volatile solids reduction of 590% was achieved at an average mixed liquor suspended solids concentration of 1.8%. The substrate utilization rate was 1.3 d(-1). The vibrating membrane operated at a flux of 1.6-2.0 m3/m2-d and the tubular membrane fluxes in the range 3.4-3.6 m3/m2-d.     

Evaluation of the importance of various operating and sludge property parameters to the fouling of membrane bioreactors

A single-fibre microfiltration system was employed to investigate the importance of various operating and sludge property parameters to the membrane fouling during sludge filtration. The sludge was obtained from a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR). A series of comparative and correlative filtration and fouling tests were conducted on the influence of the operating variables, sludge properties and the liquid-phase organic substances on the membrane fouling development. The test results were analysed statistically with Pearson's correlation coefficients and the stepwise multivariable linear regression. According to the statistical evaluation, the membrane fouling rate has a positive correlation with the biopolymer cluster (BPC) concentration, sludge concentration (mixed liquor suspended solids, MLSS), filtration flux and viscosity, a negative correlation with the cross-flow velocity, and a weak correlation with the extracellular polymeric substances and soluble microbial products. BPC appear to be the most important factor to membrane fouling development during the sludge filtration, followed by the filtration flux and MLSS concentration. The cross-flow rate also is important to the fouling control. It is argued that, during membrane filtration of SMBR sludge, BPC interact with sludge flocs at the membrane surface to facilitate the deposition of the sludge cake layer, leading to serious membrane fouling.     

Comparison of some characteristics of aerobic granules and sludge flocs from sequencing batch reactors.

Physical, chemical and biological characteristics were investigated for aerobic granules and sludge flocs from three laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). One reactor was operated as normal SBR (N-SBR) and two reactors were operated as granular SBRs (G-SBR1 and G-SBR2). G-SBR1 was inoculated with activated sludge and G-SBR2 with granules from the municipal wastewater plant in Garching (Germany). The following major parameters and functions were measured and compared between the three reactors: morphology, settling velocity, specific gravity (SG), sludge volume index (SVI), specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), distribution of the volume fraction of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and bacteria, organic carbon and nitrogen removal. Compared with sludge flocs, granular sludge had excellent settling properties, good solid-liquid separation, high biomass concentration, simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Aerobic granular sludge does not have a higher microbial activity and there are some problems including higher effluent suspended solids, lower ratio of VSS/SS and no nitrification at the beginning of cultivation. Measurement with CLSM and additional image analysis showed that EPS glycoconjugates build one main fraction inside the granules. The aerobic granules from G-SBR1 prove to be heavier, smaller and have a higher microbial activity compared with G-SBR2. Furthermore, the granules were more compact, with lower SVI and less filamentous bacteria.     

猎德污水处理厂污泥系统除臭工程设计

根据已建污水处理厂的实际情况,对污泥浓缩池采用加高盖臭气收集方法,对污泥脱水间采用重点区域强化抽吸的臭气收集方法,并采用洗涤-生物滤床联合除臭工艺进行臭气处理;对污泥码头采用喷洒天然植物提取液除臭工艺进行除臭.介绍了除臭工程的设计参数和运行情况,工程实施后,污水处理厂的恶臭状况得到明显改善.     

The impact of reduced phosphorus levels on microbial floc properties during biological treatment of pulp and paper wastewaters.

The effect of limiting P in activated sludge was investigated in laboratory scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) fed effluent from a container board mill. Floc characterization included measurement of hydrophobicity, surface charge, and analysis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Reactor performance was assessed by monitoring COD and inorganic P removal, MLSS, and sludge settleability (SVI and batch settling flux) over a period of eight months. Control reactors (BOD:N:P of 100:5:1) were compared to reactors run under P-limited conditions (100:5:0.3; 100:5:0.1). Reactor performance at lower temperatures (14 degrees C; control = 26 degrees C) was also studied to assess the impact of P-limitation. Changes in floc structure and the composition of EPS occurred within 1 to 3 days following a reduction in P levels. There was an insignificant increase in SVI; however, gravitational settling velocity and batch settling flux values for low P floc were consistently higher than for floc generated under control conditions. Lower temperatures (14 degrees C) resulted in a deterioration in floc settling properties at a BOD:N:P of 100:5:1. This impact on settling was significantly reduced at a BOD:P of 100:0.1. Reducing P concentrations in the wastewater treatment system has the potential to improve sludge settleability and reduce final P discharges.     

造粒流化床浓缩技术处理给水厂排泥水的中试研究

以南方某给水厂排泥水为处理对象,利用造粒流化床污泥浓缩工艺进行了处理规模为 1-2．5 m3／h的中试研究。研究结果表明,对于排泥水有机物、藻类含量高的南方水厂而言,采用一 体化造粒流化床浓缩工艺进行处理是切实可行的,且具有处理效率高、出泥含水率低、脱水性能好、 出水浊度低等特点;中试条件下,流化床水流上升速度可达38-50 cm／min,最佳搅拌转速为 5 r／min,PAM药耗比普通重力浓缩-调质工艺节省25％-40％,污泥含水率可从99％降至95％- 97％。并通过试验确定了相关工艺参数。     

Application of heat shock protein assay and proteome assay to water from wastewater treatment plant.

In this study we applied bioassay using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with a heat shock protein (HSP) 47 promoter to the effluent of the wastewater treatment plants in Sapporo and we observed the statistically significant HSP production. This implied the effluent contained some organic matter which can stress the CHO cells. To investigate the possible causes of the toxicity of the effluent, we applied the assay to the rejected water from the sludge treatment plant, the mixtures of sewage and rejected water. The evolution of HSP production during the aerobic decay process and thickening process of sludge was also examined. These assay results showed that dissolved microbial products generated and/or released from activated sludge during its decay process in the aeration tank and during thickening and dewatering process in the sludge treatment train contributed to develop HSP production. The proteomics analysis was also applied to the effluent and detected the production of elongation factor 1beta. This result implies that the effluent from wastewater treatment plants may cause changes in cell proteins involved in allergic reaction.     

Enhanced separation of water quality parameters in the DAF (Dissolved Air Flotation) system using ozone.

Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) has been used in water and wastewater treatment because it has an excellent separation capability. It was found that the separation capability of the DAF system could be even more enhanced by ozone. Ozone was applied as a substitute for air in the DAF system, so that the system was named as the DOF (Dissolved Ozone Flotation) system. Ozone not only enhances coagulation as is well known, but also provides larger micro-bubble volume because the solubility of ozone in water is much higher than that of air. Ozone enhanced the separation rate of SS by 13.6%, and turbidity by 21% in the DOF system compared to the DAF system. T-P was also removed 7.7% more in the DOF system. 41.5% of color and 7.4% of COD(Cr) were enhanced in their removal rate. Coliform and heterotrophic bacteria were removed 54% and 57.3% more in the DOF system. Separation capability of the DOF system was greatly enhanced for most of the water quality parameters because ozone provides strong oxidation power with large volume of micro-bubbles.     

Process performance and change in sludge characteristics during anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge with ozonation.

A new process configuration combining anaerobic digestion with ozonation, and operated at long SRT, was studied with the objective of on-site reduction in sludge quantity and improving biogas recovery. The process performance with respect to solid reduction efficiency and other important process parameters like accumulation of inorganic solids, changes in sludge viscosity and dewatering characteristics were evaluated from the data of long term pilot scale continuous experiments conducted using a mixture of primary and secondary municipal sewage sludge. Due to sludge ozonation and long SRT, high VSS degradation efficiency of approximately 80% was achieved at a reactor solid concentration of 6.5%. A high fraction of inorganic solid (>50%) consisting mainly of acid insoluble and iron compounds was found to accumulate in the reactor. The high inorganic content accumulated in the digested sludge did not, however, contribute to the observed increase in sludge viscosity at high solid concentration. The sludge viscosity was largely found to depend on the organic solid concentration rather than the total solid content. Moreover, higher inorganic content in the digested sludge resulted in better sludge dewaterability. For a quick assessment of the economic feasibility of the new process, an economic index based on the unit cost of digested sludge disposal to unit electric cost is proposed.