竖直热壁冷却下降液膜瞬变传热及相界面波动

采用数值方法对恒热流密度竖直热壁表面自由下降液膜冷却流动过程进行瞬态研究,建立了简化为二维问题的物理模型和数学模型,选用RNG k-ε模型求解汽液两相湍流流动,基于VOF多相流模型结合自编程用户定义函数求解相变过程中的传热传质。得到了不同因素影响下,冷却降膜厚度在热壁不同位置的分布规律。结果显示,冷却降膜的流动过程中,其表面存在不同程度及类型的波动。热扰动会降低液膜相界面流动稳定性,提高液膜流量能够抑制液膜表面波动,两种影响因素对于液膜的流动稳定性是相互抑制的。核态沸腾发生时,液膜内汽泡的运动、变化会对液膜相界面波动产生显著影响。瞬态计算结果显示,不同工况下,降膜冷却传热过程中表面传热系数具有相同的变化趋势。液膜的热稳定性受到入口液流量及壁面热流密度的耦合影响。根据汽液两相流动及传热传质特性,分析了发生以上现象的原因。     

旋风降膜反应器中降膜流动特性试验研究

应用电导法测量壁面降液膜厚度,研究降膜反应器中液膜附着于壁面的均匀性和稳定性。采用平均膜厚及方差分别描述液膜厚度与波动特征,得到降膜反应器中表面受旋转气体剪切作用时液膜流动状态。以进口气速为试验因素,结果表明：表面气体剪切力对降膜流动形态产生显著影响,使水膜在筒体不同侧面及高度分布不均,进口段尤为明显,降膜流动急剧偏折。进口气速越大,干扰越显著。在液膜流率为0.16 L/(m×s),进口气速达20 m/s时,矩形进口管与圆筒相切处出现明显的三角形薄液膜区,平均膜厚为0.65 mm,接近破断。进口段液膜分布不均将直接导致下部主体段不同侧面液膜分布不均。     

用扩散层模型与多相流方法对空冷凝汽器逆流管内凝结与流动的数值模拟

针对空冷凝汽器上的逆流凝结管,用扩散层模型模拟管内空气–蒸汽的组分输运,用多相流理论中的VOF方法建立管内两相流的控制方程,分别用Lee模型与CSF模型计算方程中的质量与动量源项。在一根仿真样管(长宽高尺寸:1000mm?5mm?50mm,倾斜角:60?)上,运行9个算例,对管内两相流的凝结换热与流动进行数值模拟。数值结果表明,在样管出口管段,管壁上的热流密度波动较大;当样管入口的空气含量超过1.0%时,不可凝气体对管内蒸汽凝结的影响不可忽略。获得了管内气相组分浓度的标量场,发现,扩散层内存在的空气浓度梯度是管内蒸汽凝结性能恶化的原因。利用瞬态计算,捕捉到管内复杂的动力学特性,包括液膜悬空、液膜爬坡与液滴夹带,发现这些特性会破坏管内扩散层的稳定与完整,增强蒸汽凝结;用可视化的两相流体积分数云图,表现液膜悬空、爬坡溢出以及液滴从形成到抛起的连续过程,并分析这些现象发生时,两相流的速度特征;数值计算还得到了管壁上液膜的流型,将其定性为溪状流。     

热非平衡效应与切应力耦合作用下波状液膜流的稳定性

当液体薄膜流界面同时存在切应力和相变时,切应力和相变引起的非热平衡效应将改变液膜的流动状态和界面力平衡状态,二者的相互耦合将使流体动力学特性和稳定性更为复杂。基于完整边界条件,采用参数摄动法,建立了沿倾斜壁面下降的热非平衡效应与切应力耦合作用下的二维液膜流动的Orr-Sommerfeld方程,得到波速和扰动增长率的表达式,着重分析了相变和切应力的影响。结果表明：冷凝状态及其相变强度的增加使得液膜的稳定性得到加强;而蒸发状态及其相变强度的增加导致液膜稳定性减弱;反向切应力有利于流动稳定,正向切应力不利于流动稳定;热非平衡效应不仅影响扰动增长率,而且对临界波数和临界雷诺数也有影响。     

扁平空冷翅片管内换热与流动特性数值研究EI北大核心CSCD

扁平翅片管结构复杂,换热方式耦合多样,以往研究难以用常规实验与关联式方法,完整复现并分析管内热流特性。基于分布参数热力学理论,提出耦合换热模型描述翅片管两相流与空气间的换热,并将模型应用于1m长度工程管,通过数值求解,得到管内温度、热流密度、换热系数、液膜厚度、剪切力、压力降沿两相流和冷却空气流向全域内的变化规律:随着冷却空气横向流动,扁平管凝结性能急剧降低,热流密度从空气入口处20000W/m^(2)降至出口处5000W/m^(2);翅片管钎焊层热流密度高达14000W/m^(2),因此应注重提升钎焊层对翅片管换热的增强效用。管内两相流定性为环状流,随着两相流动,倾斜管能有效地将平板液膜汇聚到下半圆,平板液膜厚度沿管深增长缓慢,全管段液膜增长范围为16~25μm;平板热流密度和凝结空冷翅片管空气侧对流换热系数管深无下降趋势,这与工程管对应管段的实验结果相符。     

水平管外冷态降膜流动特性研究

采用VOF(volume of fluid)方法建立水平管外冷态降膜流动的计算模型,对冷态液膜流动条件下水平管外的液膜厚度分布以及流体速度分布规律进行研究,分析喷淋密度、流动截面位置及壁面距离对速度场的影响。数值计算结果表明:液体喷淋密度越大,水平管外液膜的流动速度越快;在降膜液柱所在的截面处,液膜周向速度随周向角的增大而增大;在相邻降膜液柱的中间截面处,液膜周向速度随周向角的增大而增大,在30°~110°周向角内液膜周向速度快速增加,在120°~150°周向角内液膜周向速度变化较为平缓。     

热非平衡效应下蒸发或冷凝剪切液膜流的非稳定性

热非平衡效应下的液体薄膜流在相变和剪切力耦合作用下,气液交界面处的边界条件更为复杂,在一定程度上影响着液膜流动的非稳定性。通过建立热非平衡效应和剪切力耦合作用的液膜流动控制模型,得到扰动增长率与热非平衡效应、相变强度、剪切力、雷诺数和倾角间的理论表达式,探讨了不同因素对流动非稳定性的影响规律。研究表明,界面蒸发状态所引起的扰动将加剧流动非稳定性,而冷凝状态减缓其非稳定性;热非平衡效应及其相变强度的影响在小雷诺数下较为明显,随雷诺数增加,其影响逐渐减弱。扰动增长率随倾角呈单峰曲线变化,垂直液膜处于最不稳定状态,而水平流液膜最有利于减小流动的非稳定性;正向剪切力使表面波非稳定性增强,反向剪切力使其非稳定性减弱。     

磁场对水蒸气冷凝传热系数的影响

为了研究磁场对水蒸气冷凝传热系数影响,在建立测定实验装置后,在不同的液膜雷诺数下分别测定了磁感应强度为0.25T、0.36T和0.55T磁场下的水蒸气冷凝传热系数,研究其数值的变化.结果表明,水蒸气冷凝传热系数在实验范围内最大可比无磁场时增大10%,同时随着液膜雷诺数的升高,水蒸气冷凝传热系数受磁场的影响减弱.同时对磁场下水蒸气冷凝传热系数影响的基本方程进行了推导.     

水平管内超临界CO_2冷却传热特性数值分析

采用数值模拟的方法研究冷却条件下水平管内超临界CO_2(supercritical CO_2,S-CO_2)湍流传热特性。通过实验数据验证AB、YS、LS、AKN和SST k-ω五种湍流模型预测S-CO_2冷却传热的能力,确定SST k-ω低雷诺数湍流模型的预测能力最佳。基于S-CO_2在类临界温度Tpc处发生"类相变"的假设,通过获取圆管横截面内流体的物性分布和湍流分布,研究水平管内S-CO_2冷却传热机理,并阐述顶母线和底母线传热系数分布存在差异的原因。分析热流密度qw和质量流速G对传热性能的影响,计算结果表明,S-CO_2冷却传热特性与近壁区类液膜厚度、导热系数及径向湍动能分布等因素密切相关。该结论对S-CO_2布雷顿循环系统的冷却器设计和经济运行具有一定的指导意义。     

用不同辐射模型研究下降管内传热传质特性

分别采用离散传播辐射模型(DTRM)、基于球形谐波法的P1模型和罗斯兰德(Rosseland)模型对Texaco水煤浆气化炉激冷室下降管内的辐射换热进行数值模拟。探讨了合成气衰减系数在0.4~4范围内变化时，合成气与下降管内壁水膜的热质交换特性以及下降管内多相介质的轴向温度分布规律。将模拟结果与工业运行和实验结果进行比较，研究发现Rosseland模型模拟结果与实际吻合较好，下降管出口水温在500~600K，并且高温合成气温度降主要集中于下降管上半部分。应用Rosseland模型模拟下降管内的辐射换热过程具有一定的可靠性。     

Electrohydrodynamic Induction Pumping of Liquid Film in Vertical Annular Configuration

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) induction pumping of two-phase medium is attractive for terrestrial and outer space applications, since it is nonmechanical, lightweight, and involves no moving parts. In addition to pure pumping purposes, EHD induction pumps are also used for the enhancement of heat transfer, as an increase in mass transport often translates to an augmentation of the heat transfer. Applications include two-phase heat exchangers (evaporators and condensers), heat pipes, and capillary pumped loops. A theoretical model for the EHD induction pumping of an annular liquid/vapor medium where the charges are induced at the two-phase interface as well as within the bulk of the liquid phase in a vertical configuration is presented. The dimensionless numerical results are obtained, and the flow physics are discussed in conjunction with the effect of the controlling parameters. The controlling parameters include the following: liquid-film thickness, voltage, wavelength, frequency, external pressure, and gravity.     

Effect of Channel Geometry and Properties of a Vapor–Gas Mixture on Volume Condensation in a Flow through a Nozzle

A method of direct numerical solution of the kinetic equation for the droplet size distribution function was used for the numerical investigation of volume condensation in a supersonic vapor–gas flow. Distributions of temperature for the gas phase and droplets, degree of supersaturation, pressure, fraction of droplets by weight, the number of droplets per unit mass, and of the nucleation rate along the channel were determined. The influence of nozzle geometry, mixture composition, and temperature dependence of the mixture properties on the investigated process was evaluated. It has been found that the nozzle divergence angle determines the vapor–gas mixture expansion rate: an increase in the divergence angle enhances the temperature decrease rate and the supersaturation degree raise rate. With an increase or decrease in the partial pressure of incondensable gas, the droplet temperature approaches the gas phase temperature or the saturation temperature at the partial gas pressure, respectively. A considerable effect of the temperature dependence of the liquid surface tension and properties on gas phase parameters and the integral characteristics of condensation aerosol was revealed. However, the difference in results obtained with or without considering the temperature dependence of evaporation heat is negligible. The predictions are compared with experimental data of other investigations for two mixtures: a mixture of heavy water vapor with nitrogen (incondensable gas) or n-nonane vapor with nitrogen. The predictions agree quite well qualitatively and quantitatively with the experiment. The comparison of the predictions with numerical results from other publications obtained using the method of moments demonstrates the usefulness of the direct numerical solution method and the method of moments in a wide range of input data.     

Accounting for the Effect of Noncondensing Gases on Interphasic Heat and Mass Transfer in the Two-Fluid Model Used in the KORSAR Code

A model is presented of the interphasic heat and mass transfer in the presence of noncondensable gases for the KORSAR/GP design code. This code was developed by FGUP NITI and the special design bureau OKB Gidropress. It was certified by Rostekhnadzor in 2009 for numerical substantiation of the safety of reactor installations with VVER reactors. The model is based on the assumption that there are three types of interphasic heat and mass transfer of the vapor component: vapor condensation or evaporation on the interphase under any thermodynamic conditions of the phases, pool boiling of the liquid superheated above the saturation temperature at the total pressure, and spontaneous condensation in the volume of gas phase supercooled below the saturation temperature at the vapor partial pressure. Condensation and evaporation on the interphase continuously occur in a two-phase flow and control the time response of the interphase heat and mass transfer. Boiling and spontaneous condensation take place only at the metastable condition of the phases and run at a quite high speed. The procedure used for calculating condensation and evaporation on the interphase accounts for the combined diffusion and thermal resistance of mass transfer in all regimes of the two-phase flow. The proposed approach accounts for, in a natural manner, a decrease in the rate of steam condensation (or generation) in the presence of noncondensing components in the gas phase due to a decrease (or increase) in the interphase temperature relative to the saturation temperature at the vapor partial pressure. The model of the interphase heat transfer also accounts for the processes of dissolution or release of noncondensing components in or from the liquid. The gas concentration at the interphase and on the saturation curve is calculated by the Henry law. The mass transfer coefficient in gas dissolution is based on the heat and mass transfer analogy. Results are presented of the verification of the interphase heat and mass transfer used in the KORSAR/GP code based on the data on film condensation of steam-air flows in vertical pipes. The proposed model was also tested by solving a problem of nitrogen release from a supersaturated water solution.     

水平管内流型转换区湿气流经多孔板的压降特性

较之于传统的单孔板,多孔板有压损系数小、整流、低噪声等多方面优点,在湿气流量测量中具有重要应用价值。以空气和水为两相工质,在水平管内湿气流型转换区对小孔分别呈圆形和矩形的2个多孔板的压降特性进行了实验。结果表明:圆孔、槽孔多孔板的湿气压降特性无明显差别;多孔板的气相压降倍率与气相、液相弗劳德数均密切相关;与实验结果相比,现有均相流模型的预报结果均偏高,现有分相流模型的预报结果均偏低;通过气相、液相弗鲁德数双参数对孔板湿气压降模型进行修正,可明显提高压降关联式的预报准确度;基于均相流模型双参数修正所得的多孔板压降关联式的预报精度最优,对圆孔多孔板、槽孔多孔板的预报偏差分别在±7%、±10%以内。     

垂直管煤粉高压密相气力输送特性的模拟研究

基于颗粒动力学理论,采用k-e-kp-e p湍流模式,对垂直管内高压密相上升流的三维流动行为进行了数值模拟,其颗粒浓度高达30%,并对部分模拟结果进行了实验验证。模拟过程中考虑了气固两相之间的湍流相互作用,得到了两相速度分布、浓度分布和湍流强度分布,考察了表观气速、输送压力和煤粉粒径对流动行为的影响。模拟结果显示：表观气速的增加导致压降梯度先减小后增加,导致煤粉浓度减小;输送压力的减小导致压降梯度减小;煤粉粒径的增加导致压降梯度增加。通过实验得到了表观气速和输送压力对压降梯度的影响。数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

缩放叶栅内高速凝结流动特性的数值研究

对汽轮机缩放叶栅内高速凝结流动进行初步的数值研究。气液两相采用NS方程求解,自发凝结液相凝结过程应用多阶复合参数积分方法求解。采用密度梯度等值图作为数值纹影图,显示了激波系和尾迹涡流的分布与强度。模拟得到了过热蒸汽流动和自发凝结流动中压力、马赫数、激波系流线分布情况以及叶栅的气动参数。分析了凝结过程对流动的影响,数值结果表明:汽轮机缩放叶栅中的凝结过程会使尾缘附近吸力面的边界层分离,增加尾迹流的紊乱程度,改变了叶栅的出口气流角,使流场恶化,对通流能力和做功能力均造成影响。     

气化炉洗涤冷却室内气液两相湍流流动特性的数值模拟

建立分别描述气相和液相湍流的两相湍流欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,模拟新型水煤浆气化炉洗涤冷却室内气体穿越液池过程中的气液两相流动特性。通过与试验结果的对比,表明该模型能对气化炉洗涤冷却室内的气液流动进行较好的预测。研究发现,气体在反折向上流动过程中,在冷却管外壁面聚集并主要沿冷却管边缘上升,且具有较大的上升速度;气液湍动能主要发生在冷却管出口及冷却管外壁面附近;洗涤冷却室内分隔板的存在促进了气体的扩散,使气相在液池内的分布更广,能有效抑制液面的波动,有利于装置的稳定运行。     

Numerical simulation of electric field distributions in electrohydrodynamic two-phase flow regimes

In electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flow boiling and condensation heat transfer applications an interdependence exists between two-phase flow patterns and the applied voltage, and subsequently the electric field distribution established. Unlike single-phase flow, in liquid/gas or phase change processes the electric field established is continuously changing as the flow pattern changes due to interfacial vaporization or condensation. To further complicate the variation in this dynamic field effect, the interaction between the electric field and the fluid introduce an electrical force that can also cause a redistribution of the phases. In an effort to understand and analyze this interaction, the electric field distribution must be determined. To contribute to this effort, the evaluation of the static electric field distribution is performed for various flow regimes to provide a qualitative assessment regarding the direction of phase migration and possible flow pattern transition and,to determine the net EHD force acting on the flow for an instant in time, i.e. for a given phase distribution.     

Stability of electrohydrodynamic induction pumping of liquid film in vertical annular configuration

Instability of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) induction pumps can manifest itself in a sudden drop/jump in pump output. The instability can also result in alternating/bidirectional flow. To understand and avoid this erratic behavior of the pump operation, a nondimensional stability analysis of EHD induction pumping of liquid film in a vertical annular configuration in the presence of an external load (i.e., pressure gradient and gravitational force) for repulsion mode is carried out. A general nondimensional stability criterion is presented, indicating that the stability of the pump depends on the nondimensional geometric parameters of the pump as well as the nondimensional electric properties of the liquid film. A stability map based on dimensionless electric conductivity and liquid-film thickness is presented. The effect of the dimensionless angular velocity on the nondimensional interfacial velocity under the influence of a pressure gradient and gravitational force is investigated. It is also shown that the erratic behavior of the unstable pump can be eliminated by a proper selection of geometric and liquid-film parameters, as well as the traveling electric-wave frequency.     

侧边机组故障对泵站前池流态的影响

为研究侧边机组故障对泵站前池流态的影响,本文建立了某泵站引渠、前池、进水池与吸入管三维数值模型,并基于VOF模型开展了数值计算。然后,根据计算结果分析了不同侧边机组故障情况对前池和引渠内流态的影响。最后,引入了流速分布均匀度作为量化指标,阐述了不同侧边机组故障情况对中间机组的吸入管进口流速分布的影响规律。结果表明:侧边单台机组故障时,前池内部流速分布相对无故障变化较小,但故障机组吸水池内产生大尺度漩涡,进而导致前池出口断面流速畸变,发生流速掺混现象;侧边机组全部故障时,前池内部产生大尺度涡系,造成前池出口断面流速严重掺混现象,且范围更大,并显著影响中间机组吸入管进口流态,造成进口流速不均匀分布,进而对中间机组运行产生不利影响。