锶硅铁孕育剂在双联熔炼灰铸铁中的应用

论述了孕育剂的孕育原理及特性,通过锶硅铁孕育剂和普通75硅铁孕育剂在双联熔炼中孕育效果的对比试验分析,锶硅铁孕育剂可显著提高铸件质量。     

感应炉熔炼与双联熔炼的灰铸铁力学性能的比较

运用数理统计的方法,统计分析了大量使用感应炉熔炼与双联熔炼灰铸铁的单铸试棒的力学性能数据,通过比较发现:尽管铸件和材料牌号相同,化学成分、孕育剂及其加入量基本相同,原材料的规格、质量标准和产地基本相同,但双联熔炼灰铸铁与感应炉熔炼灰铸铁相比,其单铸试棒的抗拉强度高约26.5 MPa,硬度高HBW6,冶金质量也好.     

双联熔炼生产冰箱压缩机灰铁件的实践

论述了用双联熔炼生产冰箱压缩机灰铁件的一些主要工艺问题,提出了生产中控制好铁水温度和成分的方法。     

双联熔炼中如何选用无芯感应炉

现在有许多厂家为了产品延伸,需要将高炉或冲天炉铁水作升温处理,常采用无芯感应电炉作为升温设备。由于我国无芯炉系列以熔化炉为主,其特点是:功率大,炉身细高,线圈高度也高。这些特点对熔化金属用是合适的,电效率高,启熔时有效加热层总面积大,有利于熔化。但若作为铁水升温用这三点都是不合适的。一、功率和容量的矛盾     

铸铁熔炼材料的选用及其对铸件质量的影响

对铸铁生产流程中的预处理及其它各前置工序中所用的熔炼材料作了归类。分述了生铁、废钢、增碳剂、脱硫剂、增硫剂、脱磷剂、净化剂、清渣剂、预处理剂和燃料焦炭等的品质、品种和选用等问题,并介绍了它们对铸铁件质量的影响情况,提出了选用原则建议。     

感应电炉熔炼与双联熔炼成本比较

采用感应电炉熔炼取代"冲天炉+电炉"双联熔炼工艺。2种工艺成本核算结果显示:采用电炉熔炼后材料成本节约475元/t,铸件单吨标煤消耗下降279.6 kgce/t,车间燃动成本降低521元/t,基本消除了CO2、SO2排放,减少了炉渣的排放,降低了工人的劳动强度,改善了工作环境。此外还介绍了该项改造及试产过程中出现的主要问题,包括冷却塔水蒸气、炉渣结壳、回炉料清理、球铁白口倾向增大等,以及相应的改进措施。     

双联熔炼过程中HT250成分的稳定控制

本文通过对双联熔炼过程的数据分析，探讨稳定控制化学成分的方法，以确保获得优良内在质量的发动机缸体铸件。     

现代灰铸铁熔炼技术

严格控制冶金因素提高灰铸铁性能，从炉料选材到熔炼操作，结合生产经验和认识做了论述。对铸铁质量提出应在结晶过程做深入研究，从而进一步提高性能。     

双联熔炼在我厂的实际应用

结合本单位的生产实际,提出了主要用于过热的炉容量之比在0.5以下,亦可实行双联熔炼匹配的观念,并在生产中采取各种办法使之实现,分析了采用双联熔炼时要注意的问题和取得的效果.     

冲天炉—工频炉双联熔炼效果的探讨

在相同配比条件下，对比了一汽铸造厂冲天炉－工频炉双联熔炼与冲天炉熔炼灰铸铁的效果，评价了双联熔炼灰铸铁的铁水质量。     

镍硬铸铁Ⅳ的热处理工艺

以镍硬铸铁Ⅳ为研究对象,进行了热处理工艺试验,并探讨了热处理工艺对其组织及硬度的影响,拟定了镍硬铸铁Ⅳ的最佳热处理工艺。试验表明,硬化处理时合适的奥氏体化温度范围为800～820℃,为消除应力可考虑硬化处理后进行450℃回火;550℃+450℃的双重退火工艺,但对于零件硬度要求在60 HRC以上者不可取,对硬度要求在58 HRC左右的,则可采用。镍硬铸铁Ⅳ具有良好的热处理工艺性能,生产中易于掌握。     

Construction and analysis of dynamic solidification curves for non-equilibrium solidification process in lost-foam casting hypoeutectic gray cast iron

Most lost-foam casting processes involve non-equilibrium solidification dominated by kinetic factors, while construction of a common dynamic solidification curve is based on pure thermodynamics, not applicable for analyses and research of non-equilibrium macro-solidification processes, and the construction mode can not be applied to nonequilibrium solidification process. In this study, the construction of the dynamic solidification curve (DSC) for the nonequilibrium macro-solidification process included: a modified method to determine the start temperature of primary austenite precipitation (TAL) and the start temperature of eutectic solidification (TES); double curves method to determine the temperature of the dendrite coherency point of primary austenite (TAC) and the temperature of eutectic cells collision point (TEC); the "technical solidus" method to determine the end temperature of eutectic reaction (TEN). For this purpose,a comparative testing of the non-equilibrium solidification temperature fields in lost-foam casting and green sand mold casting hypoeutectic gray iron was carried out. The thermal analysis results were used to construct the DSCs of both these casting methods under non-equilibrium solidification conditions. The results show that the transformation rate of non-equilibrium solidification in hypoeutectic gray cast iron is greater than that of equilibrium solidification. The eutectic solidification region presents a typical mushy solidification mode. The results also indicate that the primary austenite precipitation zone of lost-foam casting is slightly larger than that of green sand casting. At the same time, the solid fraction (fs) of the dendrite coherency points in lost-foam casting is greater than that in the green sand casting.Therefore, from these two points, lost-foam casting is more preferable for reduction of shrinkage and mechanical burntin sand tendency of the hypoeutectic gray cast iron. Due to the fact that the solidification process (from the surface to center) at primary austenite growth area in the lost-foam cylinder sample lags behind that in the green sand casting,the mushy solidification tendency of lost-foam casting is greater and the solidification time is longer.     

定向石墨灰口铸铁的拉伸行为

提出了一种新的灰口铸铁(GCI)热加工工艺,即包覆压缩(CCC)。采用该工艺,经大于45%热变形压缩,制备了定向石墨灰口铸铁。经80%热变形的GCI拉伸性能显著提高,抗拉强度从117MPa提高到249MPa,伸长率从0提高到5.2%;热变形量超过45%的GCI,拉伸断口有分层现象,出现了一些韧性断裂的特征。     

Laser surface hardening of gray cast iron used for piston ring

The process parameters for laser surface-hardening has been experimentally established for improving the wear life of piston rings used for marine diesel engines by the formation of a proper hardened layer on it. The parameters of interest were the laser power and travel speed. Various hardened layers of gray cast iron were analyzed with respect to microstructure, hardness value, hardening depth, surface roughness, and wear resistance. The hardness of the laser-hardened layer was in a range between 840 and 950 Hv0.1, regardless of the laser power and travel speed range studied. Both the surface roughness and hardening depth increased in an almost linear manner with the increase in the heat input applied. Thus, the hardened layers formed with heat input ranges between 30 and 45 J/mm satisfied the piston ring application requirements for surface roughness (<6.3 μm in Ra) and the minimum effective hardening depth of 0.3 mm (>450 in Vickers number). Wear-test results obtained using a pin-on-disk-type wear-test machine showed that the wear life of the laser-hardened layer was almost twice that of the untreated one. This was directly attributed to the formation of the martensitic microstructure.     

Control of the casting process of grey cast iron by means of the wedge-penetration test

The graph of force versus penetration-depth from a wedge-penetration test gives information on the structure of the phases of the material under test. The simplicity of this test makes it ideal for on-line quality control of cast pieces. When strength is not satisfactory, knowledge about this structure permits a fast correction of the solidification conditions, increasing production capacity. Finally, it is proposed to adopt wedge strength as a standard, instead of converting this strength to tensile strength.     

Carburiser properties transfer into the structure of melted cast iron

Heredity in the microstructure of cast iron produced solely from scrap (synthetic cast iron) was considered experimentally. The carbon deficiencies were adjusted using anthracite, synthetic graphite and petroleum coke as carburisers. The small flakes of anthracite resulted in smaller graphite flakes in the final microstructure, proving that heredity is affected by the carburiser as much as by the particular “pig iron-steel scrap-cast iron” combination.     

球铁基体组织对QPQ盐浴渗氮层深度和耐磨性的影响

对不同铁素体含量基体组织的球墨铸铁进行了QPQ盐浴渗氮试验,对渗层进行了显微组织观察和物相分析.试验结果表明,渗层组织中主要为Fe_3O_4和Fe_2N相,且基体组织中铁素体含量越高,渗层越厚.通过对不同基体组织的球墨铸铁进行QPQ处理前后磨损速率的比较,结果表明经QPQ处理后的球墨铸铁试样磨损速率为QPQ处理前的4.3%～19%.     

Influence of duplex melting process on melt quality and solidification of grey cast iron

Abstract

The quality of molten iron produced by two melting processes, the medium frequency induction furnace melting process and the shortcut duplex melting process with blast and medium frequency induction furnaces, has been studied comparatively. The shortcut melting process contributes to a higher undercooling tendency of base iron, and the extent of this tendency depends on other processing parameters such as ratio of charges, fluctuation in composition, superheating temperature and holding time, etc. When the shortcut melting process is used in the production of grey cast iron, there are no essential differences, with subsequent proper inoculation, in the microstructure and mechanical properties of castings compared with the conventional medium frequency induction melting process. Inoculation is a very effective method to alleviate and/or eliminate the negative effect when the shortcut melting process is used.     

The forty years of vermicular graphite cast iron development in China （Part Ⅰ）

In China, the research and development of vermicular graphite cast iron (VGCI) as a new type of engineering material, were started in the same period as in other developed countries; however, its actual industrial application was even earlier. In China, the deep and intensive studies on VGCI began as early as the 1960s. According to the incomplete statistics to date, more than 600 papers on VGCI have been published by Chinese researchers and scholars at national and international conferences, and in technical journals. More than ten types of production methods and more than thirty types of treatment alloy have been studied. Formulae for calculating the critical addition of treatment alloy required to produce VGCI have been put forward, and mechanisms for explaining the formation of dross during treatment were brought forward. The casting properties, metallographic structure, mechanical and physical properties and machining performance of VGCI, as well as the relationships between them, have all been studied in detail. The Chinese Standards for VGCI and VGCI metallographic structure have been issued. In China, the primary crystallization of VGCI has been studied by many researchers and scholars. The properties of VGCI can be improved by heat treatment and addition of alloying elements enabling its applications to be further expanded. Hundreds of kinds of VGCI castings have been produced and used in vehicles, engines,mining equipment, metallurgical products serviced under alternating thermal load, machinery, hydraulic components, textile machine parts and military applications. The heaviest VGCI casting produced is 38 tons and the lightest is only 1 kg.Currently, the annual production of the VGCI in China is about 200 000 tons. The majority of castings are made from cupola iron without pre-treatment, however, they are also produced from electric furnaces and by duplex melting from cupolaelectric furnaces or blast furnace-electric furnace. Examples of typical applications for VGCI castings are introduced in this paper. In China, the technologies such as rapid testing of the molten metal and non-destructive testing of casting microstructure still need to be improved. Several proposals are put forward in this paper in order to improve the production of VGCI.Generally speaking, in China, the research, production, and application of vermicular graphite cast iron are at the same level as in other developed countries and in some fields China even takes lead. (332 references and 5 Tables)     

铸铁的电化学腐蚀机理

在深入分析已有文献试验数据和用户使用经验的基础上，根据腐蚀的电化学原理，总结出铸铁中的石墨形态和基本组织对耐蚀性的不同影响取决地铸铁在腐蚀介质中所处的状态。铸铁在介质中处于钝化态时，石墨促进钝化，细片状石墨的珠光体灰铸铁耐蚀性最好。铸铁在介质中处于活化状态时，石墨加速铸铁的腐蚀，铁素体球墨铸铁耐蚀性优于其它组织的普通铸铁。