吸附法脱除大豆油中3-氯丙醇酯及缩水甘油酯的研究

以大豆油为原料,研究了吸附剂种类、添加量对大豆油中3-氯丙醇酯的脱除效果和吸附剂种类、吸附剂添加量、吸附温度、吸附时间对大豆油中缩水甘油酯的脱除效果。结果表明:不同吸附剂对大豆油中3-氯丙醇酯的脱除效果依次为H-1号活性炭活性白土 H-2号活性炭普通活性炭凹凸棒土,所有吸附剂对3-氯丙醇酯的脱除率均较低,脱除效果相对较好的H-1号活性炭的脱除率仅达到34. 42%(添加量为油质量0. 5%),3-氯丙醇酯含量从1. 107 mg/kg下降至0. 726 mg/kg;对缩水甘油酯的脱除效果依次为H-1号活性炭 H-2号活性炭普通活性炭活性白土凹凸棒土,在添加量为2%时,前3种吸附剂对缩水甘油酯的脱除率均达到80%以上,H-1号活性炭的脱除率达到90%以上。在H-1号活性炭添加量3%、吸附时间40 min、吸附温度100℃的优化条件下,大豆油中缩水甘油酯的脱除率为95. 59%,含量从初始的2. 810 mg/kg降低至0. 124 mg/kg,可以有效脱除大豆油中的缩水甘油酯。     

分子蒸馏脱除玉米油中3-氯丙醇脂肪酸酯和缩水甘油酯效果的研究

研究了分子蒸馏法脱除玉米油中3-氯丙醇脂肪酸酯(3-MCPDE)和缩水甘油酯(GE)的效果。结果表明:蒸馏温度和进油速度是影响3-MCPDE脱除效果的显著因素;在进油速度160mL/h、刮膜速率240 r/min的条件下,玉米油中3-MCPDE的含量随着蒸馏温度的升高而降低,当蒸馏温度达到230℃时,玉米油中3-MCPDE的含量即可从2. 90 mg/kg降低到0. 82 mg/kg,脱除效率达到71. 7%;在蒸馏温度210℃、刮膜速率240 r/min的条件下,玉米油中3-MCPDE的含量随着进油速度的减缓而降低,3-MCPDE的脱除效率在15. 9%～60. 3%之间;在蒸馏温度210℃、进油速度160 mL/h的条件下,刮膜速率的改变对玉米油中3-MCPDE的含量影响不显著。在所有实验中,分子蒸馏可以使玉米油中的GE含量从4. 73 mg/kg均降至0. 5 mg/kg以下,脱除效率均超过91. 8%。     

两级分子蒸馏深度脱除油脂中3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯

对3-氯丙醇（3-MCPD）酯和缩水甘油酯（GEs）含量超标幅度大的1个玉米油和2个稻米油样品分别进行两级分子蒸馏,研究两级分子蒸馏对油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs的脱除效果,同时测定其对油脂中VE、甾醇和谷维素含量的影响。结果表明：3个油脂样品中3-MCPD酯含量为6169~16.008 mg/kg,超出欧盟建议限量（1.25 mg/kg）的3.94~11.81倍,GEs含量为7.004~56.399 mg/kg,超出欧盟限量（1.00 mg/kg）的6.00~55.40倍;经一级分子蒸馏,油脂中3-MCPD酯的脱除率为49%~68%,GEs脱除率为42%~90%;经二级分子蒸馏,油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs的脱除率分别达到93%~96%和91%~98%,含量分别降低至0.368~0.932 mg/kg和0.545~0900 mg/kg,均明显低于欧盟限量;经二级分子蒸馏,3个油脂样品VE保留率为11%~14%,甾醇保留率为59%~75%,稻米油中谷维素保留率为88%~89%。采用两级分子蒸馏能实现油脂中高含量3-MCPD酯和GEs的深度脱除,但同时也会造成油脂中VE、甾醇等活性成分的较严重损失。因此,可根据油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs的超标程度合理选用一级分子蒸馏或两级分子蒸馏。     

植物油精炼过程中缩水甘油酯和3-氯丙醇酯的形成及脱除研究进展

缩水甘油酯(GEs)和3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPDE)是植物油精炼过程中产生的主要污染物之一。GEs和3-MCPDE伴随食用油摄入人体后,经脂肪酶水解产生的缩水甘油和3-氯丙醇具有肾脏毒性和遗传毒性。植物油中GEs和3-MCPDE主要产生于油脂精炼脱臭工段,脱臭温度、脱臭时间对GEs和3-MCPDE的生成影响巨大。从油脂精炼加工过程中GEs和3-MCPDE的形成及脱除等方面进行了综述,指出脱色和脱臭工段可促进GEs和3-MCPDE的生成,当前可通过抑制及脱除其前体物质、优化植物油脱臭条件、脱除精炼油中的GEs及3-MCPDE等方式降低植物油中GEs和3-MCPDE含量。酶制剂具有安全、无污染等优点,通过酶法酯交换降低待脱臭油脂中的甘油二酯和甘油单酯,进而减少脱臭过程中GEs及3-MCPDE的生成是降低GEs和3-MCPDE的发展趋势。     

玉米油脱臭条件对3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯影响的研究

以玉米油为原料,研究水蒸气蒸馏脱臭过程以及脱臭条件对玉米油中3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯生成的影响。结果表明:脱臭过程造成3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量的大幅升高,脱臭温度越高、脱臭时间越长,3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的增加量越大,其中脱臭温度比脱臭时间对二者生成的影响更大;在脱臭温度不超过230℃时,60~120 min的脱臭时间,3-氯丙醇酯含量仅增加了0.047~2.581 mg/kg,缩水甘油酯含量仅增加了0.300~3.883 mg/kg,当脱臭温度达到250℃时,即使脱臭时间仅为60 min,3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量均显著升高了5.039 mg/kg和8.354mg/kg,尤其在270℃、120 min的极限脱臭条件下,3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量更是分别上升至13.004 mg/kg和34.864 mg/kg,达到待脱臭玉米油中其含量的4倍和15倍左右。为防范和控制玉米油脱臭过程3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的生成,降低脱臭温度是非常必要的。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定食品中的氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯

建立了一种气相色谱-串联质谱仪(GC-MS/MS)同时测定多种油脂类食品中3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPDE),2-氯丙醇酯(2-MCPDE)和缩水甘油酯(GE)的检测方法。通过试验对样品提取、酯交换、衍生化,以及GC-MS/MS检测条件进行了优化,采用建立的GC-MS/MS方法对植物油、焙烤类食品、油炸膨化类食品以及奶粉四类食品中3-MCPDE,2-MCPDE和GE进行检测,方法的定量限在四类食品中分别为10、20、50和100μg/kg。方法的总体平均回收率范围为68.9%~116.5%,相对标准偏差(RSDn=6)为2.11%~13.90%,结果表明样品在较宽的线性范围内,呈良好线性相关,相关系数(R)大于0.99。本方法提取效率高,净化效果好,检测灵敏度和准确度高,能够满足日常工作中植物油类、奶粉类、油炸膨化食品类和焙烤食品类等基质中3-MCPDE、GE和2-MCPDE的定性定量检测。     

食用油中3-氯丙醇酯的研究进展

氯丙醇酯污染是近年来国际上出现的食品安全热点问题之一,尤其是3-氯丙醇酯污染更为突出,各种食用油或油脂食品中都含有一定量的3-氯丙醇酯。总结了国内外对3-氯丙醇酯的研究现状,介绍了3-氯丙醇酯来源、毒理和安全性、可能的形成机制、检测方法、污染水平、控制措施和精炼过程中形成的影响因素等方面的内容,并提出了目前急需解决的问题。旨在推动我国油脂食品行业的健康发展。     

油脂脱臭过程氯离子含量对3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的影响

对油脂脱臭用直接蒸汽水源中氯离子含量和待脱臭油脂中氯离子含量进行检测分析,并采用不同氯离子含量的直接蒸汽对油脂进行蒸馏脱臭,检测脱臭前后油脂中3-氯丙醇酯（3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol ester,3-MCPD酯）和缩水甘油酯（glycidyl esters,GEs）含量及氯离子含量,研究油脂脱臭过程氯离子含量对脱臭油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs的影响。结果表明：油脂脱臭用直接蒸汽中氯离子含量随其水源中氯离子含量增加而升高,水源中氯离子含量在对应饱和蒸汽中的保留率约为0.1%;当油脂脱臭用直接蒸汽水源中氯离子质量浓度达到50～200?mg/L时,脱臭油脂中3-MCPD酯含量大幅升高至低质量浓度氯离子水源（1～10?mg/L）脱臭油脂中含量的2.6?倍,但脱臭油脂中氯离子含量并未升高;待脱臭油脂中氯离子含量升高会导致脱臭后油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量的升高。在待脱臭油脂中添加质量浓度为100?mg/L的氯化钠溶液0.5～5?mL时（相当于油脂中添加量1～10?mg/kg）,脱臭后油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs生成量分别为4.49～7.84?mg/kg和14.88～19.84?mg/kg,是待脱臭油脂含量的5.5～9.5?倍和5.8～7.7?倍。因此,控制和减少油脂脱臭过程氯离子含量对降低脱臭油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量有重要作用。     

分子蒸馏脱除美藤果油游离脂肪酸及其对3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的影响

目的 研究采用分子蒸馏技术脱酸处理后对美藤果油中3-氯丙醇酯(3-chloropropanol esters,3-MCPDE)和缩水甘油酯(glycidyl esters,GEs)的影响.方法 在蒸馏温度、进料速率、刮膜转速等单因素实验的基础上,对美藤果油分子蒸馏脱酸工艺进行正交实验优化.结果 最佳工艺条件为:蒸馏温度...     

不同油脂精炼过程中氯离子、3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量的变化

从6个油脂加工企业的精炼生产线采集各工序油脂样品,对其中氯离子、3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPD酯)和缩水甘油酯(GEs)含量进行检测分析,研究不同油脂精炼过程这3种成分的变化规律和差异。结果表明:所有毛油样品中均含有不同程度的氯离子、3-MCPD酯和GEs,氯离子含量为0.412～1.087 mg/kg,3-MCPD酯含量为0.084～0.863 mg/kg,GEs含量为0.028～0.721 mg/kg;经精炼过程的脱胶、脱酸和吸附脱色工序,油脂中氯离子含量基本呈下降趋势,经水蒸气蒸馏脱臭后含量或升高或降低,没有明确的规律性,脱臭油中仍含有0.088～0.310 mg/kg氯离子;在油脂脱臭之前的各工序,3-MCPD酯和GEs含量均保持在较低水平波动,经脱臭后油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量均大幅升高,其含量分别达到1.306～10.021 mg/kg和0.978～4.774 mg/kg,分别为待脱臭油的2.48～25.89倍和2.26～24.30倍,待脱臭油中氯离子含量最高的花生油也是经脱臭过程3-MCPD酯和GEs含量升幅最大的油脂品种(分别从0.060、0.053 mg/kg增加至1.543、1.288mg/kg)。脱臭是导致成品油中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量大幅升高的最关键工序,脱臭过程中待脱臭油中氯离子含量会影响3-MCPD酯和GEs的形成量,此外脱臭用直接蒸汽中氯离子含量、待脱臭油的甘油酯组成(甘一酯和甘二酯含量)及脱臭工艺条件等因素也对3-MCPD酯和GEs形成量产生影响,为了有效防范和控制油脂脱臭过程3-MCPD酯和GEs的形成、减少脱臭油中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量,必须对上述各因素及各因素之间的相互作用进行持续系统研究,这是基于食用植物油质量安全提升的油脂精炼工艺技术发展的重要内容。     

花生油煎炸不同食材过程中3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量变化的研究

对花生油进行油条、薯条、鸡翅、豆腐以及空白煎炸试验,对不同煎炸时间所取油样中3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量进行检测分析,研究花生油煎炸不同食材过程中3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量的变化。结果表明:在间歇煎炸开始后的3 h,油条、薯条、鸡翅、豆腐煎炸油及空白煎炸油中3-氯丙醇酯含量明显升高,由最初的0.84 mg/kg分别增加至9.96、2.17、6.86、4.60、5.41mg/kg;至间歇煎炸15 h,上述对应煎炸油中3-氯丙醇酯含量分别为3.51、1.58、9.88、12.88、3.72mg/kg,缩水甘油酯含量由最初的2.43 mg/kg分别增加至46.47、9.06、40.36、9.00、47.15 mg/kg。随煎炸时间的延长,3-氯丙醇酯增幅最大的是豆腐煎炸油和鸡翅煎炸油,缩水甘油酯增幅最大的是鸡翅煎炸油、油条煎炸油和空白煎炸油。至煎炸15 h,5种煎炸油样的极性组分和酸值均未超出国标限量,但3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量的升高对煎炸食品安全的影响应引起高度关注。     

Dietary exposure of Hong Kong adults to fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol

A total of 290 individual food samples were collected in Hong Kong, China, for 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) fatty acid esters analysis. Most samples were processed food and in ready-to-eat form. The results show that the levels of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters were high in biscuits, fats and oils, snacks and Chinese pastry with mean bound 3-MCPD levels of 440, 390, 270 and 270 μg kg^?1, respectively. The dietary exposures to bound 3-MCPD of average and high adult consumers were estimated to be 0.20 and 0.53 μg kg bw^?1 day^?1, respectively. The primary toxicological concern of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters is its potential to release 3-MCPD in vivo during digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. 3-MCPD would affect the kidney, the central nervous system and the male reproductive system of rats. Assuming that 100% of the 3-MCPD was released from 3-MCPD fatty acid esters by hydrolysis in the digestive system, the dietary exposures to 3-MCPD for average and high adult consumers were only 10% and 26% of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 3-MCPD established by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) (2 μg kg bw^?1 day^?1), respectively. The results suggest that both average and high adult consumers are unlikely to experience major toxicological effects of 3-MCPD.     

橄榄二酯油烘焙苏打饼干中3-氯丙醇酯、缩水甘油酯产生规律及其质构分析

以橄榄甘油二酯油为原料,制作苏打饼干,考察甘油二酯（diglycerides,DAG）含量、烘焙温度、盐添加量、烘焙时间对饼干中3-氯丙醇酯（3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters,3-MCPDE）和缩水甘油酯（glycidyl esters,GE）及饼干硬度和黏度的影响。结果表明,苏打饼干中3-MCPDE和GE的最高含量分别为1.05 mg/kg和0.37 mg/kg,且烘焙过程中3-MCPDE含量与烘焙温度和盐添加量呈正相关,在170℃以上时GE含量随烘焙温度升高而增加。但烘焙时间和DAG质量分数对3-MCPDE和GE的产生无显著影响（P>0.05）。综上,橄榄甘油二酯油应用于烘焙苏打饼干具有良好的安全性和改善产品质构的效果,同时控制烘焙温度和盐添加量能在一定程度降低苏打饼干中3-MCPDE和GE的含量。     

Updated occurrence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPD) and glycidyl esters in infant formulas purchased in the United States between 2017 and 2019

ABSTRACT

Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and glycidol are potentially carcinogenic and/or genotoxic processing contaminants that are formed during the process of edible oil refining. Because of their toxicological properties, the presence of these compounds in refined oils and foods containing these oils, particularly infant formula, poses a potential food safety concern. For this reason, recent research efforts have focussed on the development of methods for the analysis of MCPD and glycidyl esters in infant formula in order to estimate levels of exposure. This work presents occurrence data for 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in 222 infant formulas purchased in the United States between December 2017 and January 2019. The results of this study show a wide range of contaminant concentrations across four different manufacturers, with average bound 3-MCPD concentrations ranging from 0.035 µg g^?1 to 0.63 µg g^?1 and average bound glycidol concentrations ranging from 0.019 µg g^?1 to 0.22 µg g^?1. The data suggest that manufacturers B and C source palm oil produced with mitigation measures, leading to reduced amounts of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in their infant formulas. Additionally, comparison with a previously published study in our laboratory of the occurrence of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in infant formula purchased in the U.S. between 2013 and 2016 revealed that, since 2016, contaminant concentrations have decreased in products produced by manufacturers A, B, and C, while contaminant amounts in formulas from manufacturer D have slightly increased.     

Occurrence of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol and its esters in coffee

Fifteen coffee samples comprising green, roasted, decaffeinated and instant coffees were analysed for their content of free and bound 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD). Green coffees contained only traces of the free 3-MCPD. 3-MCPD in roasted coffees was found at the level of 10.1–18.5 µg/kg. The highest 3-MCPD level of 18.5 µg/kg was found in one instant coffee sample and in coffees with very long time application during roasting. The final colour of the roasted coffee beans was directly linked to the 3-MCPD formed, the darker beans having the greatest concentration, and arabica coffees contained lower 3-MCPD levels than robusta coffees. The level of bound 3-MCPD varied between 6 µg/kg (soluble coffees) and 390 µg/kg (decaffeinated coffee) and exceeded the free 3-MCPD level 8–33 times. Arabica coffees contained higher levels of the bound 3-MCPD than robusta coffees. The recognised precursors of 3-MCPD (salt, glycerol, lipids) were also determined and their influence on the formation of the free and bound 3-MCPD was discussed.     

The effects of physical refining on the formation of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters in relation to palm oil minor components

The formation of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters in refined palm oil during deodorisation is attributed to the intrinsic composition of crude palm oil. Utilising D-optimal design, the effects of the degumming and bleaching processes on the reduction in 3-MCPD ester formation in refined palm oil from poor-quality crude palm oil were studied relative to the palm oil minor components that are likely to be their precursors. Water degumming remarkably reduced 3-MCPD ester formation by up to 84%, from 9.79 mg/kg to 1.55 mg/kg. Bleaching with synthetic magnesium silicate caused a further 10% reduction, to 0.487 mg/kg. The reduction in 3-MCPD ester formation could be due to the removal of related precursors prior to the deodorisation step. The phosphorus content of bleached palm oil showed a significant correlation with 3-MCPD ester formation.     

大豆油吸附脱色过程氯离子含量变化及对脱臭油中 3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的影响

参照土壤中氯离子检测方法,对常见油脂脱色吸附剂中氯离子的超声提取时间进行优化,并对其氯离子含量进行检测。利用常见的吸附剂对大豆油进行吸附脱色,检测吸附脱色前后油脂中氯离子含量,对不同吸附剂脱色后的油脂进行蒸馏脱臭,检测脱臭油中3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPD酯)和缩水甘油酯(GEs)含量,分析研究不同吸附剂对油脂吸附脱色过程氯离子含量的影响以及对脱臭油中3-MCPD酯和GEs的影响。结果表明:吸附剂中氯离子的最佳超声提取时间为30 min,10个吸附剂样品中氯离子含量为11. 93～187. 881 mg/kg,差异很大;几种吸附剂在油脂吸附脱色过程对氯离子有不同程度的脱除作用,其中脱除效果最好的YS-900活性炭能使油脂中氯离子含量降低83. 21%。对比未进行吸附脱色处理的大豆油,经吸附脱色的大豆油再经脱臭后3-MCPD酯与GEs生成量均有所降低,并且随吸附过程氯离子降低幅度不同,脱臭油中3-MCPD酯与GEs生成量不同:当脱色油中氯离子含量降幅较小时,经脱臭过程GEs生成量明显低于3-MCPD酯;当脱色油中氯离子含量降幅很大时,经脱臭过程3-MCPD酯的生成量低于GEs。以同时降低脱臭过程3-MCPD酯和GEs的生成量为目标,H-2活性炭作为吸附剂是最好的。     

3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯的代谢及毒理学研究进展

3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(3-MCPD酯)主要是植物油脱臭过程中产生的一类过程污染物, 其在生物体内经脂肪酶水解会生成3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(3-MCPD), 3-MCPD具有神经、肾脏、遗传毒性以及潜在的致突变性, 是国际公认的食品污染物。近年来国内外学者对于3-MCPD酯的毒理学研究逐渐增多, 研究发现3-MCPD酯的毒性作用范围与游离3-MCPD的毒性作用范围相同, 这支持酯键断裂形成游离3-MCPD, 并且主要由3-MPCD施加毒性的观点。虽然3-MCPD酯相比游离3-MCPD的急性毒性较低, 但2种化合物都产生广泛的肾组织病理学包括肾小球损害和肾小管上皮细胞增生及睾丸毒性。本文主要对3-MCPD酯的生物代谢及毒性研究进行了概述, 旨在给国内相关毒理学研究提供参考, 并有助于后续健康风险评估工作的开展。     

Change of fatty acid esters of MCPD and glycidol during restaurant deep frying of fish nuggets and their correlations with total polar compounds

This study examined the fatty acid esters of 2-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (2-MCPD), 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and glycidyl esters (GEs) in frying oils during fish nuggets deep frying. The 3-MCPD esters significantly increased in the first 12 h and then decreased, whereas 2-MCPD esters increased to a maximum at 24 h (0.69–0.81 mg kg⁻¹) and then decreased. The GEs decreased with frying time and degraded to approximately 0.05 mg kg⁻¹ after 36 h in all frying oils. The correlation results showed that the 3-MCPD esters had a positive correlation with 2-MCPD esters (R = 0.910), so 3-MCPD esters could be an indicator of the presence of MCPD esters in frying oils. Strong correlations were found between MCPD esters and the peroxide values and p-anisidine values, indicating that changes in MCPD esters may be related to oil oxidation. These results may improve our understanding of MCPD esters and GEs in frying oils and find ways to control them during frying.