基于PMSM驱动的柔性关节空间机械臂轨迹跟踪控制方法

针对目前柔性关节空间机械臂轨迹跟踪控制方法忽略了不同重力影响下的机械臂驱动力变化,导致柔性关节空间机械臂轨迹跟踪控制效果较差的问题,提出了基于PMSM驱动的柔性关节空间机械臂轨迹跟踪控制方法。基于构建PMSM驱动数学模型,采用PMSM的矢量控制方法,分析驱动力矩矢量。根据驱动力矩矢量分析结果,分析不同重力环境下有、无摩擦时的驱动力矩。构建柔性关节模型,分析其在不同重力环境下遇到的重力释放问题,使用自适应反演滑膜控制方法,设计控制率,保证机械臂能够按照既定的方向运动,使机械臂具有鲁棒性。根据柔性关节空间机械臂动力学特性,分析不同重力环境下基于PMSM驱动力矩,确定重力项是随之发生改变的。设计控制器,构建动力学模型,确保空间阶段能够最大限度跟踪运动轨迹。实验结果表明,所提方法X轴、Y轴的末端跟踪结果均与实际运动轨迹一致,误差为0。关节控制力矩在时间为3s时,出现了最大为0.5N.m的误差,说明所提方法的跟踪控制效果较好。     

无杆气缸驱动的柔性机械臂振动控制

提出了一种无杆气缸驱动的柔性机械臂定位和振动抑制系统,采用脉冲码调制(pulse code modulation,PCM)方法实现.首先,推导了气动驱动柔性臂的系统模型,对采用的复合定位和振动抑制控制算法进行理论分析.其次,气缸行程长、气体具有压缩性以及气动驱动存在非线性和阀门开关有时延等因素会引起控制作用的滞后问题,容易激发高阶模态的极限环振荡,导致观测和控制溢出,这将影响控制系统的稳定性.为了克服上述问题,在控制算法中引入时延补偿、低通滤波法.最后,进行气动驱动柔性臂同时定位和振动抑制的试验研究.试验结果表明,采用的气动驱动控制方法可以有效地抑制柔性臂的低频模态振动,并同时实现定位.     

基于DSP/FPGA的反步法阻抗控制柔性关节机械臂

针对柔性关节机械臂与环境接触时的柔顺控制问题,提出一种反步法阻抗控制方法,并基于李雅普诺夫稳定性理论证明了控制器的稳定性.该方法是在建立柔性关节机器人模型的基础上,将李雅普诺夫函数选取与控制器设计相结合的一种回归设计方法.它从系统的最低阶次微分方程开始,逐步设计满足要求的虚拟控制,最终设计出真正的控制器.轨迹跟踪和阻抗控制实验结果表明,该方法是有效而可行的.     

Modeling and robust adaptive iterative learning control of a vehicle‐based flexible manipulator with uncertainties

In this brief, this paper deals with a robust adaptive iterative learning control (ILC) problem for a flexible manipulator attached to a moving vehicle with uncertainties. To begin with, considering the infinite dimensionality of the flexible distributed parameter system, a coupled ordinary differential equation and partial differential equation model is established without any discretization. Then, it is followed by a presentation of an adaptive ILC strategy, which can drive the vehicle and joint to the desired positions based on a proportional‐derivative feedback structure with unmodeled dynamics and external disturbances. The deformation of the flexible manipulator can also be suppressed simultaneously under the proposed control laws. By using Lyapunov's direct method, the stability of the closed‐loop system is demonstrated. The simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control laws.     

Robust Control of a Two-Link Flexible Manipulator with Quasi-Static Deflection Compensation Using Neural Networks

A robust control method of a two-link flexible manipulator with neural networks based quasi-static distortion compensation is proposed and experimentally investigated. The dynamics equation of the flexible manipulator is divided into a slow subsystem and a fast subsystem based on the assumed mode method and singular perturbation theory. A decomposition based robust controller is proposed with respect to the slow subsystem, and H ^∞ control is applied to the fast subsystem. The overall closed-loop control is determined by the composite algorithm that combines the two control laws. Furthermore, a neural network compensation scheme is also integrated into the control system to compensate for quasi-static deflection. The proposed control method has been implemented on a two-link flexible manipulator for precise end-tip tracking control. Experimental results are presented in this paper along with concluding remarks.     

Robust adaptive controller design for flexible joint manipulators

In this paper the control problem for robot manipulators with flexible joints is considered. A reduced-order flexible joint model is constructed based on a singular perturbation formulation of the manipulator equations of motion. The concept of an integral manifold is utilized to construct the dynamics of a slow subsystem. A fast subsystem is constructed to represent the fast dynamics of the elastic forces at the joints. A composite control scheme is developed based on on-line identification of the manipulator parameters which takes into account the effect of certain unmodeled dynamics and parameter variations. Stability analysis of the resulting closed-loop full-order system is presented. Simulation results for a single link flexible joint manipulator are given to illustrate the applicability of the proposed algorithm.     

双连杆柔性臂轨迹跟踪的鲁棒控制

研究了双连杆柔性臂轨迹跟踪的鲁棒控制问题·基于假设模态法和奇异摄动法,导 出了双连杆柔性臂系统的动力学方程,并将系统模型分离为慢变和快变两个子系统.针对柔 性臂的特点,提出了关节角的补偿控制思想,并且给出了补偿控制算法.对两个子系统分别采 用滑模变结构控制和H∞控制,由此得到的组合控制使系统精确跟踪目标轨迹.研制了双连 杆柔性臂实验台,并对文中提出的方法进行了实验.     

基于压电陶瓷的柔性机械臂主动振动控制实验研究

柔性机构因其工作效率高,能量消耗低和结构简单等优点被广泛应用于机器人领域.但柔性机构由于刚度较低,易产生弹性振动,使机器人的定位精度和运动精度降低.为了验证在前期的工作中提出的柔性机械臂主动振动最优控制位置分析的正确性,搭建了一个基于Labview的测试系统.在柔性臂上不同位置粘贴压电片来实现对柔性臂不同位置的主动振动控制,通过测试系统得到最优控制位置处和最优控制位置附近的柔性机械臂振动的传感电压,根据控制前后传感电压的变化分析柔性臂抑制的强弱.根据实验结果显示,柔性臂在前三阶振动下,分别在其最优控制位置上获得最高的抑振率,从而验证了最优控制位置的有效性.     

Partial differential equation modeling and vibration control for a nonlinear 3D rigid‐flexible manipulator system with actuator faults

In this paper, modeling and controlling problem for a two‐link rigid‐flexible manipulator in three‐dimensional (3D) space is studied under actuator faults. For modeling, the dynamics of the 3D mechanical system is represented by nonlinear partial differential equations, which is first derived in infinite dimension form. Based on the nonlinear model, the controller is proposed, which can achieve joint angle control and vibration suppression control in the presence of actuator faults. The stability analysis of the closed‐loop system is given based on LaSalle invariance principle. Numerical simulations illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller. This study will promote the development of nonlinear flexible manipulator systems in 3D space.     

End‐Point Regulation and Vibration Suppression of a Flexible Robotic Manipulator

In this paper, end‐point regulation and vibration suppression are investigated for a flexible robotic manipulator subject to the external disturbances. The dynamics of the flexible robotic manipulator is represented by one partial differential equation (PDE) and five ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Based on the Lyapunov's direct method, boundary control is developed to drive the manipulator to the desired set‐point and simultaneously suppress the vibrations of the flexible manipulator. Considering the unknown spatiotemporally varying disturbance, uniform boundedness of the closed‐loop system is achieved. The control performance of the closed‐loop system is guaranteed by suitably choosing the design parameters. Simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control.     

工业机器人在特殊位形下的瞬时运动

本文具体分析了工业机器人在特殊位形下的瞬时运动，以ＳＴＡＮＦＯＲＤ机器人为例，分析其在特殊位形下约束运动的性质及允许移动的方向和转动时轴线存在的子空间，得出反螺旋的螺距为零时，处地特殊位形的６种组合形成，并给出了每种特殊位形在参考价值 标的反螺旋及存在的运动螺旋的一般表达式和相应的运动图谱。     

两柔性机器人协调操作的动力学模型及其逆动力学分析

柔性机器人动力学是当前机器人研究的热点,而其协调操作问题目前仍为空白．本 文首次建立了柔性机器人协调操作刚性负载的动力学模型,利用有限元法和Lagrange方程, 在柔性机器人协调操作的运动学和动力学协调约束条件基础上,推导出系统的动力学方程, 提出了其逆动力学问题的解决方案,并成功给出了平面两3R柔性臂协调操作的数值算例．     

Partial differential equation boundary control of a flexible manipulator with input saturation

In this study, we consider the boundary control problem of a flexible manipulator in the presence of input saturation and input disturbances. The dynamics of the flexible system are represented by partial differential equations (PDEs). Based on disturbance observers, a boundary control scheme is designed to regulate angular position and suppress elastic vibration simultaneously. The proposed control scheme allows the application of smooth hyperbolic functions, which satisfy physical conditions and input restrictions, easily be realised. It is proved that the proposed control scheme can be guaranteed in handling input saturation and external disturbances. The stability is achieved through rigorous analysis without any simplification of the dynamics. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

基于分布参数模型的柔性臂变结构力控制

提出一种基于受约束柔性臂分布参数模型的麦结构力控稍方法,避免了集中参数模型的缺陷,解决了系统存在模型不确定性和外部干扰影响下的力控制问题.通过Lyapunov函数设计了系统的变结构控制器,其中滑模面设计为系统转动角、转动角速度和柔性臂根部应变的线性组合.利用线性算子半群理论和LaSalle不变集原理,证明了闭环系统的渐近稳定性.仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性.     

基于扰动和摩擦补偿的柔性机械臂系统非奇异快速终端滑模控制

本文针对系统中存在的关节摩擦、动力学参数不确定性和外部负载干扰等因素引起的柔性机械臂系统控制性能下降的问题,提出了一种基于扰动和摩擦补偿的非奇异快速终端滑模控制方法(NFTSMC-DE-FC).首先,设计扰动估计器(DE)对系统未知动态参数和负载干扰进行估计.然后,针对扰动估计器不能精确估计的关节摩擦力矩进行辨识.最后,利用滑模控制技术设计非奇异快速终端滑模控制器,并将扰动估计值和摩擦力辨识值以前馈的方式进行补偿,实现对柔性机械臂系统给定参考轨迹跟踪的准确性以及对外界扰动的鲁棒性.值得注意的是,与传统只使用扰动估计器的方法相比,本文考虑到了摩擦力等非线性因素的影响,并利用辨识技术对摩擦力进行辨识,提高了控制精度.利用Lyapunov稳定性定理从理论上证明了所设计的控制器可以保证闭环系统的稳定性.实验结果表明,相较于非奇异快速终端滑模控制方法(NFTSMC)和基于扰动估计器的非奇异快速终端滑模控制方法(NFTSMC-DE),所提方法提高了柔性机械臂系统的轨迹跟踪性能.     

Hybrid Control Scheme for Robust Tracking of Two-Link Flexible Manipulator

The hybrid control scheme is proposed to stabilize the vibration of a two-link flexible manipulator while the robustness of Variable Structure Control (VSC) developed for rigid manipulators is maintained for controlling the joint angles. The VSC law alone, which is designed to accomplish only the asymptotic decoupled joint angle trajectory tracking, does not guarantee the stability of the flexible mode dynamics of the links. In order to actively suppress the flexible link vibrations, hybrid trajectories for the VSC are generated using the virtual control force concept, so that robust tracking control of the flexible-link manipulator can also be accomplished. Simulation results confirm that the proposed hybrid control scheme can achieve more robust tracking control of two-link flexible manipulator than the conventional control scheme in the presence of payload uncertainty.     

Control of a flexible manipulator with noncollocated feedback: time-domain passivity approach

A new method to control a flexible manipulator with noncollocated feedback is proposed. We introduce a method to implement the time-domain passivity-control approach to a flexible manipulator with noncollocated feedback, which could not be treated with the previous time-domain passivity-control framework due to a possible active transfer function from the input to the noncollocated output. The proposed method is simulated with a single-link flexible manipulator, and a good control performance is obtained.     

Hybrid Control Scheme for Robust Tracking of Two-Link Flexible Manipulator

A hybrid control scheme is proposed to stabilize the vibration of a two-link flexible manipulator while robustness of Variable Structure Control (VSC) developed for rigid manipulators is maintained for controlling the joint angles. The VSC law alone, which is designed to accomplish only the asymptotic decoupled joint angle trajectory tracking, does not guarantee the stability of the flexible mode dynamics of the links. In order to actively suppress the flexible link vibrations, hybrid trajectories for the VSC are generated using the virtual control force concept, so that robust tracking control of the flexible-link manipulator can also be accomplished. Simulation results confirm that the proposed hybrid control scheme can achieve more robust tracking control of two-link flexible manipulator than the conventional control scheme in the presence of payload uncertainty.     

Position/vibration control of two-degree-of-freedom arms having one flexible link with artificial pneumatic muscle actuators

A manipulator with a light and thus flexible link would be advantageous over a rigid link in the sense that it is physically safer when it comes into contact with its environment than a manipulator with a rigid and thus heavy link, even though it is harder for a flexible link manipulator to be robustly controlled. On the other hand, if an actuator can deliver enough force while maintaining proper compliance, it would be advantageous for the sake of safety. An artificial pneumatic muscle-type actuator is an adequate choice in this case. In this work, position control problem of a two-degree-of-freedom arm system having a flexible second link with artificial pneumatic muscle-type actuators is addressed. A composite controller design method is proposed in the framework of the singular perturbation method. Various robust control schemes are designed in order to meet with payload variation, parameter uncertainty, unmodeled vibration mode, actuator dynamics both in the slow and the fast subsystems.