Sekund?re Geschlechtsmerkmale des Damhirsches (Dama dama L.). Vorstellung und Diskussion anhand photoperiodischer Manipulationen und physiologischer Grundlagen: Sch?del, Stirnzapfen und Rosen

Zusammenfassung Sekundäre Geschlechtsmerkmale und mit ihnen korrelierende physiologische Parameter wurden bei Damhirschen (Dama dama L.) sowohl unter dem Einfluß verschiedener experimenteller Photoperioden als auch hinsichtlich ihrer Resynchronisationsfähigkeit geprüft. Erstmals wurde ein Kollektiv adulter Großsäuger ohne Unterbrechung mehrere Jahre verschiedenen experimentell beschleunigten Photoperioden in einem künstlichen Lebensraum ausgesetzt, und im Anschluß daran unter natürlichen Bedingungen resynchronisiert. Sowohl die Schädelentwicklung als auch die Stirnzapfen- und Rosenparameter machten im Vergleich zum Normalfall eine frühere Reifung unter beschleunigten Photoperioden deutlich. Die offensichtliche Diskrepanz zwischen kalendarischem und biologischem Lebensalter der Hirsche wird diskutiert.Die Betrachtung der endokrinen Voraussetzungen für saisonale Veränderungen sekundärer Geschlechtsmerkmale nimmt breiten Raum ein. An gegebener Stelle werden ethologische Beobachtungen angeführt.

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Secondary sex characteristics among fallow deer (Dama dama L.). Presentation and discussion by means of photoperiodic manipulation and physiological foundations Skull, antler buds, roses

Summary Secondary sex characteristics and the correlated physiological parameters of fallow deer (Dama dama L.) were investigated under the influence of various experimental photoperiods as well as in respect to their resynchronization ability. For the first time a group of adult large mammals were subjected over a period of years without interruption to various experimentally accelerated photoperiods in an artificial environment, after which they were resynchronized under natural conditions. The development of the skull as well as of the antler buds and roses clearly demonstrated an earlier maturity under accelerated photoperiods compared to normal conditions. The apparent discrepancy between the calendar and biological ages of the deer is discussed.The consideration of the endocrinological pre-requisites for the seasonal changes in secondary sex characteristics includes a wide range of aspects. Where appropriate ethological observations are presented.

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Caractères sexuels secondaires chez le Daim (Dama dama L.). Présentation et discussion par référence à des manipulations photopériodiques et à des principes physiologiques Crâne, apophyses crâniennes et meules

Résumé Des caractères sexuels secondaires et leurs paramètres physiologiques corollaires ont été vérifiés chez des daims mâles (Dama dama L.) aussi bien sous l'influence de photopériodes expérimentales variées que sous l'angle de leur aptitude à la resynchronisation. Pour la première fois, un choix de grands mammifères adultes ont été soumis dans un espace artificiel, sans discontinuer et durant plusieurs années à différents régimes photopériodiques accélérés puis, dans un second temps, resynchronisés sous des conditions naturelles. Aussi bien le développement du crâne que celui des paramètres des apophyses crâniennes et des meules manifestèrent, sous régime photopériodique accéléré, une maturation plus précoce par rapport à la normale. La divergence évidente qui réside entre l'âgecalendrier et l'âge biologique des sujets étudiés fait l'objet d'une discussion. L'hypothèse de préalables endocriniens conditionnant les variations saisonnières des caractères sexuels secondaires est largement évoquée. Des observations éthologiques sont occasionnellement citées.

     

Application of liquid carbon dioxide to the extraction of essential oil of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) fruits

Summary The essential oil of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) fruits was extracted by liquid CO₂. A J&W high pressure extraction apparatus was modified by providing means of visual control of the extraction. The apparatus could be filled with the optimum amount of extractant without disassembling the extractor. The modification made it possible to select the Soxhlet unit to function either continuously or in siphon cycles. The liquid CO₂ extracts were compared with hydrodistillates and solvent extracts using capillary gas chromatography. Some 40 of the compounds were identified by mass spectrometry.

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Einsatz von flüssigem Kohlendioxid zur Extraktion des etherischen Öls aus Koriander (Conundrum sativum L.)

Zusammenfassung Aus den Früchten des Korianders (Coriandrum sativum L.) wurde das etherische Öl mittels flüssigen Kohlendioxid extrahiert. Die Modifizierung des J&W Hochdruckextrakteurs ermöglichte das Betrachten und die Kontrolle der Extraktion. Der Apparat konnte mit einer optimalen Menge von CO₂ gefüllt werden, ohne den Extrakteur aufzumachen. Die Modifizierung ermöglichte entweder eine kontinuierliche oder eine siphonweise Funktion des Soxhletapparats zu wählen. Die CO₂-Extrakte wurden gaschromatographisch mit Wasserdampfdestillaten und Lösungsmittelextrakten verglichen. Etwa 40 Verbindungen wurden massenspektrometrisch identifiziert.

     

Book Reviews

Book Reviewed in this Article:
Vitamin C. Ed. by G. G. B irch and K. P arker .
Vegetable Protein Processing: Food Technology Review No. 16. By L. P. H anson .
Micro-organisms in Foods, Vol. 2. Sampling for microbiological analysis: principles and specific applications.
Affinity Chromatography. By C. R. L owe and P. D. G. D ean .
Bakery Products—Yeast Leavened: Food Technology Review No. 20. By D. J. D e R enzo .
Sugars in Nutrition. Ed. by H. L. S ipple and K. W. M cnutt .     

正交试验法优化马兰头叶蛋白的提取工艺研究

采用碱提酸沉法从马兰头中提取蛋白质。在单因素试验的基础上,采用L9(34)正交试验设计,研究pH、温度、水解时间和料液比对马兰头蛋白提取率的影响。结果表明,在各影响因素中,影响程度依次为:pH>温度>水解时间>料液比,碱法提取马兰头蛋白的最佳工艺条件为:pH 9.0、提取温度50℃、水解时间60min、料液比1︰25(g/mL),在此条件下测得马兰头蛋白提取率为75.86%。     

利用薯蓣皂素生产废水发酵生产谷胱甘肽

经过传统工艺酸解盾叶薯蓣得到的皂素生产废水是一类酸性高浓度有机废水,实验主要通过对皂素废水进行了3种不同方式的预处理,实现废水发酵生产谷胱甘肽,同时降低废水COD值的目的。实验表明,3种不同的预处理方式对谷胱甘肽产量影响不同,将纯糖液的谷胱甘肽产率记作100%,处理1,只调节废水pH值,发酵得到的谷胱甘肽产量为0.847 625 g/L,达到纯糖液发酵的54.79%,同时废水COD去除率达57.17%;处理2,先调节废水pH值,然后进行活性炭吸附之后发酵,得到谷胱甘肽产量为0.835 7 g/L,达到纯糖液发酵的55.02%,同时废水COD去除率达77.60%;处理3,先进行活性炭吸附,然后调节其pH之后发酵,得到的谷胱甘肽的产量为0.689 0 g/L,达到纯糖液发酵的44.55%,同时废水COD的去除率达到73.52%。从工业生产成本的角度出发,处理2的方式为最佳方式。     

正交设计法香菇菌丝体液体培养基的筛选

以香菇菌丝体生物量为主要指标,首先采用单因素试验筛选出适于香菇菌丝生长的最佳碳氮源,再进行不同比例碳氮源的正交试验,结果表明香菇菌丝液体培养的最适培养基为红糖30.00g/L、蔗糖30.00g/L、麦麸l 5.00g/L、牛肉膏3.00g/L、KH2PO43.00g/L、MgSO4· 7H2O 1.50g/L、VB10.008g/L,pH值自然.25℃培养14d,其生物量可达4.60g/L.     

Saponin content of soya and some commercial soya products by means of high-performance liquid chromatography of the sapogenins

Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography of the sapogenins was used to estimate the saponin content of soya beans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and commercially prepared soya flours, protein concentrate, protein isolate and soya milks. The level of saponin in whole soya beans as estimated (0.47%) was in agreement with other recent estimates. Saponins were also found in the various soya flours (0.43–0.67%), protein isolate (0.76%), soya milks (0.022–0.026%) but not in the protein concentrate.     

Flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of vegetables from Indonesia

Extracts from 11 vegetables of Indonesian origin were screened for flavonoid content, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity. The flavonols myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol and flavones luteolin and apigenin were quantified by HPLC. Flavonoid content in mg/100 g fresh weight (fw) was apparently initially reported for Cosmos caudatus H.B.K. (52.19), Polyscias pinnata (52.19), Pluchea indica Less. (6.39), Nothopanax scutellarius (Burm.f.) Merr (5.43), Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd. (3.93), Pilea melastomoides (Poir.) Bl. (2.27), and Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm (1.18). The flavonoid content of the vegetables studied were mainly quercetin and kaempferol and ranged from 0.3 to 143 mg/100 g fw, with the highest level found in Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr. C. caudatus H.B.K. had the greatest total phenols among the vegetables analysed, with 1.52 mg GAE/100 g fw. P. indica Less. and C. caudatus H.B.K. had the highest antioxidant activity as measured by ferric cyanide reducing power, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) scavenging, and inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. Therefore, S. androgynus (L) Merr, C. caudatus H.B.K., and P. pinnata were identified as potentially rich sources of dietary flavonoids and antioxidants.     

白苏叶黄酮的微波辅助提取及其纯化的研究

目的:研究白苏叶黄酮的微波提取与纯化工艺。方法:通过响应面设计和单因素实验法确定白苏叶黄酮的最佳提取条件;采用AB-8大孔树脂和制备色谱两种方式纯化白苏叶黄酮。结果:最佳提取条件为:乙醇体积分数63%、液料比41∶1（m L/g）、微波温度72℃、微波起始功率500 W和提取时间7 min,此条件下的黄酮提取得率为7.81%。最佳大孔树脂纯化条件为:吸附流速2 BV/h、样品液的p H为2、洗脱液乙醇体积分数为70%、洗脱流速3 BV/h,纯化后的总黄酮纯度由21.24%提高到53.10%。制备色谱可将白苏叶黄酮成分粗分为2个组分。结论:响应面法优化白苏叶黄酮提取工艺,方便有效,大孔树脂和制备色谱用于纯化白苏叶黄酮具有可行性。      

Antimicrobial Efficiency of Essential Oil and Freeze–Thaw Treatments against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica Ser. Enteritidis in Strawberry Juice

ABSTRACT:  This study investigated the antimicrobial efficiency of 3 essential oils (EOs), lemongrass, cinnamon leaf, and basil, and freeze–thaw treatment, alone or in combination, against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica Ser. Enteritidis inoculated in strawberry juice stored at 7 °C. EO of lemongrass or cinnamon leaf at 0.1 to 2 μL/mL and freezing at −23 °C for 24 or 48 h followed by thawing at 7 °C for 4 h all showed significant antimicrobial activities ( P < 0.05) against E. coli O157:H7 and S. Enteritidis in strawberry juice. The antimicrobial activity increased with increasing EO concentration and storage time, but extending freezing time from 24 to 48 h did not enhance the antimicrobial activity of freeze–thaw treatment ( P > 0.05). EO of lemongrass or cinnamon leaf at 0.1 μL/mL and freeze–thaw treatment alone obtained a 5 log₁₀ reduction in the population of S. Enteritidis, while EOs at 0.1 to 0.3 μL/mL or freeze–thaw alone could not achieve a satisfactory protection against E. coli O157:H7 in strawberry juice. Combined EO and freeze–thaw treatment enhanced the overall antimicrobial effect against E. coli O157:H7, with adding EO before the freeze–thaw treatment showed a faster decontamination rate than when added EO after the freeze–thaw. EOs of lemongrass and cinnamon leaf at 0.1 or 0.3 μL/mL followed by the freeze–thawing resulted in a 5 log₁₀ reduction in E. coli O157:H7 on the 5th and 2nd day of storage, respectively. This study suggested that combined EO and freeze–thaw treatment may be a suitable and inexpensive method to eliminate microorganisms that can be a hazard for the consumers of unpasteurized berry juices.     

沙棘籽粕原花青素制备、体外抗氧化及细胞活力评价

本实验优化了沙棘籽粕原花青素的提取方法,条件为80%乙醇,提取温度35℃,液料比8∶1 m L/g,时间1.5 h,p H3.0,在该条件下的原花青素提取率为（97.31±0.48）mg/g沙棘籽粕;对提取得到的原花青素提取物进行了DPPH自由基和羟自由基清除能力实验,并分析得到IC₅0,发现沙棘籽粕原花青素提取物的DPPH自由基清除能力较维生素C强;羟自由基清除能力较弱;MTT法测定了沙棘籽粕原花青素提取物对小鼠B16黑色素瘤细胞活力的抑制作用,分析得到24、48、72 h处理时间下提取物IC₅0分别为542.78、199.25、82.58μg/m L。结论:沙棘籽粕提取物对小鼠B16黑色素瘤细胞具有一定的抑制作用,随着剂量和时间的增加,呈逐渐增强的趋势。      

Epizootologie der HelminthenAscarops strongylina (Rud.) undPhysocephalus sexalatus (Molin) bei Gatter-Schwarzwild (Sus scrofa L.)

Zusammenfassung Beim Schwarzwild im Wildgatter Kvtov wurde die Epizootologie der MagennematodenAscarops strongylina (Rud.) undPhysocephalus sexalatus (Molin) mit Hilfe helminthologischer Untersuchungen, Feststellungen der Eierausscheidungsdynamik und Invasion der Zwischenwirte im Verlauf des Jahres untersucht. Bei den Nematoden wurden drei Höhepunkte der Eierausscheidung, und zwar von Dezember bis Januar, im April und im August bis September festgestellt. Zu Invasionen beim Schwarzwild kommt es vor allem im Spätsommer und im Frühjahr, bei koprophagen Käfern fanden sich zu dieser Zeit Larven fast aller Entwicklungsstadien der beiden Nematoden. Ascarops-Larven wurden in den KäfernGeotrupes stercorarius (84,6%),G. stercorosus, aberr, monticola (Heer.) (44,0%),G. vernalis (37,5%) undAphodius sticticus Panz. (1,28%) festgestellt. Larven vonPhysocephalus sexalatus wurden in den KäfernG. stercorarius L. (26,49%) undG. stercorosus, aberr. monticola (Heer.) (9,09%) nachgewiesen. Die Larven des II. und III. Stadiums überwinterten in den Käfern. Während der Sommermonate überwogen in den Zwischenwirten die Larven des II. Stadiums.

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Summary Caged wild boar in Kvtov were examined in the course of a year to study the epizootology of the stomach nematodes named above. The results were based on dissections, discharge of eggs and invasions of intermediate hosts. Peak egg discharges were found for both nematodes in the months December to January, in April, and from August to September. Boar were invaded most frequently in late summer and in spring. Larvae of both nematodes were found in almost every stage of development in coprophagous beetles. Ascarops larvae were found in the following beetles:Geotrupes stercorarius (84,6%),G. stercorosus, aberr. monticola (Heer.) (44.0%),G. vernalis (37.5%) andAphodius sticticus Panz. (1.28%). Larvae ofPhysocephalus sexalatus were found in the following beetles:G. stercorarius L. (26.49%) andG. stercorosus, aberr. monticola (Heer.) (9.09%). Larvae in the II. and III. stages of development wintered in the beetles. During the summer months larvae of the II. stage were found to be in the majority in the intemediate hosts.

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Résumé On a étudié l'épizootologie des Nématodes stomacaux Ascarops strongylina (Rud.) et Physocephalus sexalatus (Molin) au moyen d'autopsies helminthologiques, de la dynamique de l'expulsion des oeufs et de l'élimination des hôtes intermédiaires tout au long de l'année. Des pics d'expulsion d'oeufs ont été observés chez les deux Nématodes de décembre à janvier, en avril et d'août à septembre. L'invasion chez le Sanglier s'observe surtout à la fin de l'été et au printemps. Des larves de coléoptères coprophages à presque tous les stades de développement ont été trouvées chez les deux espèces de Nématodes: des larves d'Ascarops ont été observées chez Geotrupes stercorarius (84,6%), chez G. stercorosus, aberr. monticola (Heer.) (44,0%), G. vernalis (37,5%) et Aphodius sticticus Panz. (1,28%); des larves de Physocephalus sexatatus ont été observées chez G. stercorarius L. (26,49%) et G. stercorosus aberr. monticola (Heer) (9,09%). Les larves des 2èmes et 3èmes stades hivernent dans ces coléoptères. Au cours des mois d'été les larves du 2ème stade dominent dans les hôtes intermédiaires.

     

Feasibility study of utilization of commercially available polyurethane resins to develop non-biocidal wood preservation treatments

Evaluation of commercially available polyurethane resins used up to now for coating applications to develop non-biocidal wood preservation treatments has been conducted. A simple method of vacuum impregnation of these resins into beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) and pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) samples followed by varied curing processes at ambient temperature, 103, and 200 °C has been performed. Based on the analysis of weight percent gain before and after leaching, treatment resistance to leaching, anti-swelling efficiency, wettability and decay durability measured for treated and untreated blocks after leaching with the white-rot fungus Coriolus versicolor for both wood species and the brown-rot fungi Poria placenta and Gloeophyllum trabeum for pine wood, it can be concluded that such treatment can be considered as potential valuable non-biocidal treatments.     

Influence of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. helveticus on proteolysis, organic acid profiles, and ACE-inhibitory activity of cheddar cheeses ripened at 4, 8, and 12 degrees C

ABSTRACT:  The influence of adjunct bacteria on composition of cheeses, organic acid profiles, proteolysis, and ACE-inhibitory activity during ripening at 4, 8, and 12 °C for 24 wk was investigated. cheddar cheeses were made with starter lactococci (control), Lactobacillus acidophilus L10, and starter lactococci (L10), and L. acidophilus L10, L. helveticus H100, and starter lactococci (H100). The counts of L. acidophilus in L10 cheeses remained at >10⁶ colony forming units (CFU)/g after 24 wk of ripening at 4, 8, and 12 °C. Concentrations of lactic, acetic, and propionic acids of the L10 and H100 cheeses were significantly higher than those of the control cheeses after 24 wk of ripening ( P < 0.05). Proteolysis of the cheeses was improved as the ripening temperature increased. Water-soluble nitrogen, trichloroacetic acid soluble nitrogen, and phosphotungstic acid soluble nitrogen of L10 and H100 cheeses were significantly higher than those of the control cheeses ( P < 0.05). Increase in ripening temperature from 4 °C to 8 and 12 °C increased the percentage of ACE inhibition. The IC₅₀ value among cheeses ripened at 4, 8, and 12 °C, however, was not significantly different ( P > 0.05). Hence, probiotic L. acidophilus L10 can be added into cheddar cheeses to improve proteolysis and ACE-inhibitory activity.     

Statistical optimization of culture conditions for the production of enniatins H, I, and MK1688 by Fusarium oxysporum KFCC 11363P

The aim of this study was to optimize the culture conditions for the production of biological cyclic hexadepsipeptides (enniatins H, I and MK1688) from Fusarium oxysporum KFCC 11363P. Tests of 10 complete or chemically defined liquid culture media revealed that Fusarium defined medium was the best for the production of enniatins (produced amounts: enniatin H, 185.4 mg/L; enniatin I, 349.1mg/L; enniatin MK1688, 541.1mg/L; and total enniatins, 1075.6 mg/L). On the eighth day after inoculation, the maximal production of enniatins was observed at 25°C in Fusarium defined medium. The optimal carbon and nitrogen sources for producing biological cyclic hexadepsipeptides (enniatins H, I, and MK1688) were sucrose and NaNO(3), respectively, and their optimal concentrations were determined by the principle of response surface methodology. It was confirmed that using the optimized growth medium compositions increased the amounts of enniatins H, I, and MK1688, and total enniatins produced to 695.2, 882.4, 824.8, and 2398.5mg/L, respectively. These findings will assist in formulating microbiological media useful for enniatin research.     

共表达纤维素酶菌株发酵条件研究

目的:为了解决在发酵过程中酶活较低、成本高等问题,加快纤维素酶工业化生产。方法:采用PlackettBurman进行实验设计,对影响基因工程菌p ET30b-BGL产酶因素:接种量（A）、培养温度（B）、装液量（C）,诱导时间（D）、初始p H（E）、IPTG诱导浓度（F）进行筛选,进行方差分析,结果表明,培养温度、初始p H和装液量对产酶有重要影响。进一步用Box-Behnken的响应面方法,对这3个因素进行优化,结果:当温度为35℃,初始p H7.5,装液量为25m L（容积为100m L）,p ET30b-BGL产酶的酶活最高达到2080.5U/m L,较优化前的1196.8U/m L提高了将近一倍。结论:本研究为进一步研究纤维素酶提供了依据。      

Directed interesterification of a brazilian palm oil and analysis of the original and interesterified oil and its fractions

A commercial sample of the Brazilian palm oil from the north eastern State of Bahia after neutralisation, washing and drying was interesterified in the presence of sodium-potassium alloy (NaK) at 30°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. The catalyst was destroyed by addition of water in a carbon dioxide atmosphere and the interesterified oil was crystallised from light petroleum, yielding an olein and stearin fraction. The fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of the neutralised oil was determined by gas chromatography (g.c.) and high-performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) respectively and was shown to be similar to that of Malaysian and African palm oil. The compositions of the interesterified Brazilian oil and its liquid and solid fractions were also determined. The physicochemical characteristics of the olein obtained by interesterification with NaK, such as iodine value (96.8) and its softening point (below ?8°C) indicated its suitability for the use as salad oil.     

The aroma of cloudberries (Rebus chamaemorus L.)

Summary The volatile components of cloudberries (Rebus chamaemorus L.) have been analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, and about 80 components, comprising 93% of the aroma concentrate, have been identified. The aroma of cloudberries is characterised by the presence of aromatic compounds, which constitute about 53% of the essential oil. The content of terpenes is only 1.5%. Percentage concentrations of the main components are given.

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Das Aroma von Moltebeeren (Rebus chamaemorus L.)

Zusammenfassung Die flüchtigen Aromastoffe der Moltebeeren (Rubes chamaemorus L.) wurden gaschromatographisch-massenspektrometrisch bestimmt und ca. 80 Bestandteile identifiziert, ie 93% des Aromakonzentrats umfassen. Typisch für das Aroma der Moltebeeren ist das Vorkommen zahlreicher aromatischer Verbindungen, die ca. 53% des ätherischen Öls ausmachen. Der Terpengehalt ist mit nur 1,5% sehr niedrig. Die relativen Konzentrationen der Hauptkomponenten sind angegeben.

     

Effect of dry-curing process parameters on pork muscle cathepsin B, H and L activity

Summary The effect of chemical agents (salt, nitrate, ascorbic acid and glucose), and process parameters (water activity, pH and temperature) on porcine muscle cathepsins B, H and L was studied. Salt strongly inhibited cathepsin H activity. Only 40–50% of the original activity was recovered in the presence of 4–5% salt, typical of dry-cured meat products, while cathepsins B and L were less affected, recovering around 65–75% of their original activity. Ascorbic acid (above 1 g/L) strongly inhibited cathepsin H whereas glucose (up to 2 g/L) activated (around 30%) cathepsin B. Nitrate did not affect cathepsin activity. A decrease in water activity affected cathepsin B and H activity and cathepsin H activity was almost negligible below pH 5.5, which is usual in dry-cured sausage processes. All three enzymes were very active in the temperature range, 20–30° C, typical of dry-curing processes. A study in vitro, representing three stages of the dry-curing process of hams, revealed that cathepsins B and L might play an important role throughout the complete process whereas cathepsin H only participated in the middle and at the end of the dry-curing.

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Einfluß des Trockenpökelns auf die Aktivität der Cathepsine B, H und L

Zusammenfassung Es wird die Wirkung von Salz, Nitrat, Ascorbinsäure und Glucose sowie die Wasseraktivität, pH und Temperatur auf die Wirksamkeit der Kathepsine B, H und L des Schweinefleisches untersucht. Das Salz hemmt das Kathepsin H sehr stark, denn nur 40–50% der ursprünglichen Aktivität wurde in Anwesenheit von 4–5% Salz erreicht, was typisch für ein Pökelmilieu ist, während die Kathepsine B und L weniger beeinflußt werden und ca. 65–75% der ursprünglichen Wirksamkeit wieder erlangen. Die Ascorbinsäure (1 g/L Lösung) hindert sehr stark das Kathepsin H, während die Glucose (über 2 g/L Lösung) zu ca. 30% das Kathepsin B fördert. Die Enzymtätigkeit wird vom Nitrat nicht beeinflußt. Bei abnehmen der Wasseraktivität werden die Aktivitäten der Kathepsine B und H reduziert, wobei letztere jegliche Aktivität bei einem pH-Wert unter 5,5 verliert, ein beim Reifen der Wurstwaren üblicher Wert. Die drei Enzyme waren sehr aktiv bei Temperaturen zwischen 20 °C–30 °C. Eine Untersuchung in vitro mit den drei Phasen des Reifens offenbart, daß die Kathepsine B und L insgesamt eine wichtige Rolle spielen, wohingegen das Kathepsin H nur ab Mitte des Pökelvorganges wirksam ist.