蛋黄油脂质组分的提取分离与脂肪酸组成分析

为将蛋黄油分为不同性质的脂质组分,并建立一种从蛋黄粉中提取分离蛋黄油的方法,利用溶剂萃取法从蛋黄粉中提取蛋黄油,以出油率、碘值和皂化值为指标筛选蛋黄油提取萃取剂、去磷脂蛋黄油提取萃取剂以及去磷脂蛋黄油分离萃取剂;对除磷脂外的3种蛋黄油组分进行脂肪酸组成分析。结果表明：以无水乙醇作为一次提取萃取剂从蛋黄粉中得到醇提蛋黄油与醇提蛋黄粉,用石油醚对醇提蛋黄粉进行二次提取得到石油醚蛋黄油,采用丙酮以料液比1∶12分离醇提蛋黄油中磷脂并得到去磷脂醇提蛋黄油,以乙腈-乙醇(体积比1∶1)分离去磷脂醇提蛋黄油得到上层蛋黄油与下层蛋黄油;蛋黄粉中的脂质被分为4个组分,其中上层蛋黄油占18.43%,下层蛋黄油占40.62%,石油醚蛋黄油占9.78%,磷脂占31.16%;3种液态蛋黄油中,上层蛋黄油不饱和度最高,多不饱和脂肪酸占比最大(20.52%),还含有较多ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸等具有保健功效的脂肪酸。该方法可分离出蛋黄油中高多不饱和脂肪酸和较高保健功效脂肪酸占比的液态脂质。     

微波辅助提取丝瓜籽油工艺的研究

利用微波萃取丝瓜籽油,考察最佳工艺条件。采用正交设计研究温度、时间、料液比和无水乙醇与石油醚体积比对丝瓜籽油提取率的影响。结果表明,影响丝瓜籽油提取率的因素的主次顺序为:溶剂体积比料液比温度时间;最佳工艺参数:无水乙醇∶石油醚为1∶2(V/V)、温度55℃、时间14 min、料液比1∶11(m/V),丝瓜籽油最大提取率为10.90%。     

微波辅助提取薏苡仁油的工艺优化

为了从薏苡仁中提取薏苡仁油,分别考察提取方法、有机溶剂、乙醇浓度、微波时间、料液比、薏苡仁粉粒径对薏苡仁油提取率的影响。通过单因素和正交试验,确定采用微波法提取薏苡仁油的最佳工艺为以无水乙醇作为提取剂,微波时间10min,料液比1∶12(m∶m),薏苡仁粉粒径100目。该条件下薏苡仁油提取率为7.58%,薏苡仁油提取效率达84.7%。     

油莎豆淀粉提取工艺研究

研究了油莎豆淀粉的提取工艺。以淀粉提取率为指标,探讨料液比、浸泡时间、石灰水浓度对淀粉提取率的影响,并采用正交实验确定油莎豆淀粉提取的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:影响油莎豆淀粉提取率的因素主次顺序为:料液比>浸泡时间>石灰水浓度。最适宜的提取工艺条件为:料液比1:4,浸泡时间4h,石灰水浓度0.5%,淀粉提取率为89.9%。     

花椒籽油提取工艺的优化

试验以花椒籽为原材料,研究无水乙醇浸提法提取花椒籽油的工艺。通过单因素试验和三因素三水平响应面分析试验,优化无水乙醇浸提法提取花椒籽油工艺的工艺参数。研究分别对影响花椒籽油提取工艺的影响因素(料液比、提取温度、提取时间、提取次数)进行单因素试验,获得较优水平因素后选用提取温度、料液比、提取时间进行响应面分析试验,确定了影响花椒籽出油率的大小顺序:提取温度、料液比、提取时间。无水乙醇浸提法提取花椒籽油的最适工艺条件参数:料液比1∶5 (g/mL)、提取温度59℃、提取时间2.7 h,在最佳工艺参数下花椒籽的出油率为23.38%。经过对比,验证值与理论值的相对误差小于5%。该试验为开发花椒籽油的生产提供一定的理论依据。     

新型溶剂提取文冠果种仁油的研究

以文冠果种仁为原料,选用乙酸乙酯、异丙醇及无水乙醇有机溶剂提取文冠果种仁油。研究了有机溶剂的种类、料液比、提取温度和提取时间对文冠果种仁油提取率的影响,并通过正交试验优化文冠果种仁油的最佳提取工艺,对提取的文冠果种仁油的脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明:乙酸乙酯和异丙醇按体积比4∶1复配成混合有机溶剂可提高文冠果种仁油提取率;文冠果种仁油最佳提取工艺为:料液比1∶6,提取温度50℃,提取时间2.5 h;在最佳提取工艺条件下,提取3次的文冠果种仁油提取率达97.20%;文冠果种仁油脂肪酸以亚油酸(44.25%)和油酸(31.62%)为主。     

超声波提取山楂籽油的技术研究

以山楂籽油的提取率为考察指标,在单因素实验基础上,研究提取时间、料液比、浸提温度以及超声功率4个因素对山楂籽油提取率的影响,并通过正交实验得出最佳提取条件。实验结果表明:影响山楂籽油提取率的四个因素的主次顺序为:超声功率>浸提温度>料液比>提取时间,最佳提取条件为提取时间30 min,料液比1∶10,浸提温度45℃,超声功率200 W。在此条件下通过验证实验得到山楂籽油的提取率为10.61%。     

溶剂浸提法从生姜中提取姜辣素的研究

以生姜为原料,用有机溶剂提取生姜中的姜辣素,研究姜辣素提取的优化工艺条件。实验结果表明:采用无水乙醇作溶剂效果较好;各因素对姜辣素提取率影响大小为料液比>浸提温度>浸提时间;当生姜目数为80目,提取温度为70℃,提取时间为75min,料液比为1∶70时,姜辣素提取率可达到2.14%。     

超声波辅助提取葡萄籽油工艺条件的优化

以葡萄籽为原料,利用超声波提取葡萄籽油。在单因素试验的基础上,采用二次通用旋转组合试验,确定了超声波辅助提取葡萄籽油的最佳工艺条件,建立了提取回归数学模型。结果表明,以石油醚(60~90℃)为浸提剂,在物料粒度60目条件下,提取条件对葡萄籽油出油效率作用的大小顺序为:提取温度超声频率液料比提取时间;超声波辅助提取葡萄籽油的最佳工艺条件为:液料比为6.7 mL/g、提取温度80℃、提取时间50 m in、超声频率53.3 kHz,出油效率54.50%;所建立的数学回归模型能较准确预测葡萄籽油的出油效率。     

杏仁脂肪油的提取工艺与精炼

用石油醚(60-90℃)做为溶剂,通过料液比、进料温度、超声波提取时间对杏仁脂肪油提取率的影响,在单因素实验的基础上,做正交实验,并对所提取出的杏仁油进行精炼和理化指标检查。结果表明,各因素对超声波提取杏仁油的影响次序为:料液比>提取时间>进料温度,工艺参数为:料液比为1:7,提取时间为30min,进料温度为60℃,杏仁油的提取率为46.50%,超声波提取所用的时间少。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the