Cyclic unequal error protection codes constructed from cyclic codesof composite length

The unequal error correction capabilities of binary cyclic codes of composite length are investigated. Under certain conditions, direct sums of concatenated codes have unequal error correction capabilities. By a modified Hartmann and Tzeng (1973) algorithm, it is shown that a binary cyclic code of composite length is equivalent to the direct sum of concatenated codes. With this, some binary cyclic unequal error protection (UEP) codes are constructed. Finally, the authors present a class of two-level UEP cyclic direct-sum codes which provide error correction capabilities higher than those guaranteed by the Blokh-Zyablov (1974) constructions     

Two-dimensional Fire codes

To improve the reliability of two-dimensional information, codes that can correct two-dimensional bursts (or spots) may be useful. In this paper a class of two-dimensional burst-correcting codes, called two-dimensional Fire codes, is proposed. The definition of these codes is a natural extension of that of the conventional Fire codes. The two-dimensional Fire code is a two-dimensional cyclic code designed for single two-dimensional burst correction. Several important properties such as the burst-correcting capability and the positions of the check symbols are presented. Also, encoding and decoding methods are presented. It is shown that the encoding and decoding are easily implemented by using two-dimensional feedback shift registers.     

On Construction of the$(24, 12, 8)$Golay Codes

Two product array codes are used to construct the (24,12,8) binary Golay code through the direct sum operation. This construction provides a systematic way to find proper (8,4,4) linear block component codes for generating the Golay code, and it generates and extends previously existing methods that use a similar construction framework. The code constructed is simple to decode     

DC-free error-correcting codes based on convolutional codes

A new construction of direct current (DC)-free error-correcting codes based on convolutional codes is proposed. The new code is constructed by selecting a proper subcode from a convolutional code composed of two different component codes. The encoder employs a Viterbi algorithm as the codeword selector so that the selected code sequences satisfy the DC constraint. A lower bound on the free distance of such codes is proposed, and a procedure for obtaining this bound is presented. A sufficient condition for these codes to have a bounded running digital sum (RDS) is proposed. Under the assumption of a simplified codeword selection algorithm, we present an upper bound on the maximum absolute value of the RDS and derive the sum variance for a given code. A new construction of standard DC-free codes, i.e., DC-free codes without error-correcting capability, is also proposed. These codes have the property that the decoder can be implemented by simple symbol-by-symbol hard decisions. Finally, under the new construction, we propose several codes that are suitable for the systems that require small sum variance and good error-correction capability     

PAPR Reduction of OFDM Signals Using Partial Transmit Sequences and Reed-Muller Codes

This letter proposes a modified PTS technique using binary Reed-Muller (RM) codes for error correction and PAPR control in BPSK OFDM systems. A RM code is divided into the direct sum of a correcting subcode for encoding information bits and a scrambling subcode for encoding PAPR bits. The transmitted signal of the resulting OFDM sequence is selected with minimum PAPR from a number of candidates which are codewords of a coset of the scrambling subcode. We consider the RM codes in natural and cyclic orderings. Numerical results show that RM codes in cyclic ordering achieve better performance in PAPR reduction than RM codes in natural ordering.     

Combined Selective Mapping and Binary Cyclic Codes for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems

In this paper, we consider reduction of PAPR in OFDM systems with BPSK subcarriers by combining SLM and binary cyclic codes. This combining strategy can be used for both error correction and PAPR reduction. We decompose a binary cyclic code into direct sum of two cyclic subcodes: the correction subcode used for error correction and the scrambling subcode for PAPR reduction. The transmitted OFDM signal is selected that achieves minimum PAPR, from the set of binary cyclic codewords. The received signal can be easily decoded without the need of any side information. Simulations show that the proposed scheme with simplex code as scrambling subcode achieves good PAPR reduction.     

On codes overZ_m(Corresp.)

The factorization of Abelian codes overZ_{m}, i.e., ideals inZ_{m},G,Ga finite Abelian group, corresponding to a factorization ofmand that of G as a product of cyclic groups are considered. Quasi-Abelian codes overZ_{m}are considered and it is shown that every quasi-Abelian code overZ_{m}is a direct sum of Abelian codes overZ_{m}. A factorization of Gray codes overZ_{m}is also considered.     

Cyclic Lowest Density MDS Array Codes

Three new families of lowest density maximum-distance separable (MDS) array codes are constructed, which are cyclic or quasi-cyclic. In addition to their optimal redundancy (MDS) and optimal update complexity (lowest density), the symmetry offered by the new codes can be utilized for simplified implementation in storage applications. The proof of the code properties has an indirect structure: first MDS codes that are not cyclic are constructed, and then transformed to cyclic codes by a minimum-distance preserving transformation.      

Construction and decomposition of cyclic codes of composite length (Corresp.)

A construction of cyclic codes in which an "inner" cyclic code is concatenated with appropriately chosen "outer" cyclic codes is presented. An example of the construction that improves on BCH codes of low rate is provided. Conversely, any cyclic code of lengthn_1 n_2can be constructed by this construction, wheren_1andn_2are relatively prime.     

光通信中一种基于有限域循环子群的QC-LDPC码构造方法

基于有限域循环子群方法提出了一种结构简单,可以灵活选择码长、码率,并且编译码复杂度低的准循环低密度奇偶校验(QC-LDPC)码构造方法。利用此方法构造出适合光通信系统传输的规则QC-LDPC(5334,4955)码。仿真结果表明该码型利用和积迭代译码算法在加性高斯白噪声信道中取得了很好的性能,比已广泛应用于光通信中的经典RS(255,239)码具有更好的纠错性能。因此所构造的QC-LDPC(5334,4955)码能较好地适用于高速长距离光通信系统。     

On extremal self-dual quaternary codes of lengths 18 to 28. I

A general decomposition theorem is given for self-dual codes over finite fields that have a permutation automorphism of a given form. Such a code can be decomposed as a direct sum of subcodes that may be viewed as shorter-length codes over extension fields where the dual of each direct summand is also a direct summand. Situations in which it is easy to distinguish such codes are also presented. These results are used to enumerate some of the extremal quaternary self-dual codes of lengths 18, 20, 22, 26 and 28     

A New Unitary Space-Time Code with High Diversity Product

In this paper, we propose new full diversity unitary space-time codes based on Hamiltonian constellation designs. Our proposed constellations can be used for any number of antennas and for any data rate. For two transmitter antennas, the constellations are constructed from cyclic group codes. For a larger number of transmitter antennas, the design employs the direct sum of 2 times 2 Hamiltonian matrices and roots of unity. We give some examples of proposed constellations, and also show that they outperform known design techniques in the literature     

一种利用大衍数列构造多码率原模图QC-LDPC码的方法

针对准循环低密度奇偶校验(Quasi-Cyclic Low-Density Parity-Check,QC-LDPC)码存在码长码率不能灵活选择的问题,提出了一种基于大衍数列构造多码率的原模图QC-LDPC码的新颖方法,该方法利用计算机搜索算法得到原模图基矩阵,然后基于大衍数列的循环移位矩阵对原模图基矩阵进行循环扩展,以此得到校验矩阵.该方法构造的校验矩阵围长至少为6,只需要简单的移位寄存器就可以实现编码,并且具有良好的纠错性能.仿真结果表明,在误码率(BitError Rate,BER)为10-6时,所构造的码率为0.5的P-DY-QC-LDPC(4000,2000)码和码率为0.75的P-DY-QC-LDPC(4000,3000)码与同码率近似码长的其他码型相比较,其净编码增益均有一定提高.     

A Vandermonde code construction

We use a Vandermonde matrix to construct a code of length mn from m codes of length n. A distance estimate for the construction is given. When the starting codes are suitable constacyclic codes, the constructed code is cyclic and from this we obtain new cyclic codes. The results generalize those of Hughes (see ibid., vol.46, p.674-80, 2000) on the u+υ|u-υ construction     

基于改进2-DGRS码的QC-LDPC码高效构造

利用GRS(generalized reed-solomon)码的生成多项式提出了基于改进的2-D GRS(two-dimensional GRS)码设计和构造QC-LDPC(quasi-cyclic low density parity-check)码的方法,使所构造的码具有较好的译码性能。同时在码的构造过程中,考虑到了准双对角线结构和合适的度分布。不同码率的LDPC码用于和新设计的QC-LDPC码进行测试和比较。实验结果表明,所提出的码构造方法可加快LDPC码校验矩阵的构造,同时基于所提出方法构造的QC-LDPC码可提高译码性能,并降低编码复杂度。     

Fast software implementation of error detection codes

Software implementations of error detection codes are considered to be slow compared to other parts of the communication system. This is especially true for powerful error detection codes such as CRC. However, we have found that powerful error detection codes can run surprisingly fast in software. We discuss techniques for, and measure the performance of, fast software implementation of the cyclic redundancy check (CRC), weighted sum codes (WSC), one's-complement checksum, Fletcher (1982) checksum, CXOR checksum, and block parity code. Instruction count alone does not determine the fastest error detection code. Our results show the computer memory hierarchy also affects performance. Although our experiments were performed on a Sun SPARCstation LX, many of the techniques and conclusions will apply to other processors and error detection codes. Given the performance of various error detection codes, a protocol designer can choose a code with the desired speed and error detection power that is appropriate for his network and application     

Decomposing and shortening codes using automorphisms (Corresp.)

Codes possessing certain types of automorphisms are examined. In one case, the code can be decomposed as a direct sum of two subcodes, which can be viewed as shorter length codes. In a second case, the code itself corresponds to a shorter length code. Related results and applications are given.     

The Z4-linearity of Kerdock, Preparata, Goethals, andrelated codes

Certain notorious nonlinear binary codes contain more codewords than any known linear code. These include the codes constructed by Nordstrom-Robinson (1967), Kerdock (1972), Preparata (1968), Goethals (1974), and Delsarte-Goethals (1975). It is shown here that all these codes can be very simply constructed as binary images under the Gray map of linear codes over Z₄, the integers mod 4 (although this requires a slight modification of the Preparata and Goethals codes). The construction implies that all these binary codes are distance invariant. Duality in the Z₄ domain implies that the binary images have dual weight distributions. The Kerdock and “Preparata” codes are duals over Z₄-and the Nordstrom-Robinson code is self-dual-which explains why their weight distributions are dual to each other. The Kerdock and “Preparata” codes are Z₄-analogues of first-order Reed-Muller and extended Hamming codes, respectively. All these codes are extended cyclic codes over Z₄, which greatly simplifies encoding and decoding. An algebraic hard-decision decoding algorithm is given for the “Preparata” code and a Hadamard-transform soft-decision decoding algorithm for the I(Kerdock code. Binary first- and second-order Reed-Muller codes are also linear over Z₄ , but extended Hamming codes of length n⩾32 and the Golay code are not. Using Z₄-linearity, a new family of distance regular graphs are constructed on the cosets of the “Preparata” code     

Finite field construction for quasi-cyclic LDPC convolutional codes with cyclic 2-D MDS codes

The parity-check matrices for quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check convolutional (QC-LDPC-C) codes have different characteristics of time-varying periodicity and need to realize fast encoding. The finite field construction method for QC-LDPC-C codes with cyclic two-dimensional maximum distance separable (2-D MDS) codes is proposed using the base matrix framework and matrix unwrapping, thus the constructed parity-check matrices are free of length-4 cycles. The unwrapped matrices are constructed respectively based on different cyclic 2-D MDS codes for the case of matrix period less than or greater than constraint block length, and construction examples are given. LDPC-C codes with different periodicity characteristics are compared with QC-LDPC-C codes constructed with the proposed method. Experimental results show that QC-LDPC-C codes with the proposed method outperform the other codes and have lower encoding and decoding complexity.