硼元素对18Ni合金在固溶处理中析出行为的影响

本文研究了硼元素对18Ni(2400MPa 级)马氏体时效钢在固溶处理加热和保温过程中,析出行为的影响。研究结果表明,硼元素不仅促进合金在固溶化加热过程中第二相质点从α相中析出,而且在奥氏体状态下保温时,也发生硼化物的析出,聚集长大和重新溶解过程。     

淬火时间对硼钢板热冲压的作用

现代汽车制造中越来越多地应用硼钢板热冲压技术来减轻车身重量并提高碰撞安全性,淬火时间对该过程中板料热力学行为和组织转变有重要作用。以汽车热冲压件的典型特征结构——U形梁为对象,将马氏体相变动力学模型嵌入硼钢板热冲压全过程热力耦合三维有限元模型中,实现了对该过程中板料热力学行为和马氏体相变的有效预测,预测结果与实验结果吻合良好。揭示了淬火时间对硼钢板热冲压的影响,结果表明,随淬火时间的延长,板料温度和温降速率均降低,温度分布越均匀;马氏体转化率增加,分布趋于均匀,但淬火时间超过22s后,马氏体转化率的大小和分布不再发生变化;最大回弹值减小。     

硼对刃具钢组织与性能的影响

为研制开发适合水淬的新型刃具钢,采用显微组织观察、力学性能测试、热处理试验和磨粒磨损试验等技术手段,对比研究了含硼中碳钢与不含硼的65Mn钢热轧后与热处理后的显微组织和应用性能.结果表明:热轧态中碳含硼钢中存在较多铁素体相,强硬性更低,韧塑性更好;中碳含硼钢水淬回火后组织为回火马氏体,硬度可达50 HRC以上,高于油淬回火的65Mn钢,韧塑性和耐磨性也明显好于65Mn钢.中碳含硼钢完全适合水淬工艺,减少了工业污染,符合环保要求.     

热冲压过程中冷速对高强塑积硼钢性能的影响

通过对比通有保护气、无保护气、仿工业化热冲压的热冲压件的性能,研究了热冲压过程中冷速对硼钢22MnB5组织性能的影响规律。结果表明,在三种工艺条件下实验件的冷却速度均大于马氏转变的临界冷却速度,组织均为板条状马氏体,抗拉强度在1500 MPa以上。冲压模具的温度升高,板料表面存在氧化皮,都会使板料的冷却速度减小,马氏体片层变粗,性能下降。通过降低模具温度,增加板料加热时的起保护,可使得板料冷速增加,马氏体组织细小,获得强度为1600 MPa以上,强塑积接近20,000 MPa·%的热冲压硼钢件。     

动态碳配分对先进高强钢组织与力学性能的影响

目的 为了使钢表现出更好的吸能特性,以具有较高的强度以及较好的塑性。方法 提出了一种新型一步法成形碳配分一体化工艺,即热冲压-动态碳配分(HS-DP)工艺。所提出的HS-DP工艺采用盐浴热处理的方式进行物理模拟。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和拉伸试验等方法,研究了新工艺中的冷却速率对低碳先进高强钢的微观组织和力学性能的影响。针对冷却速率对残余奥氏体含量的影响进行了分析,重点研究了残留奥氏体的体积分数和碳含量对钢伸长率的影响。结果 经过HS-DP工艺处理的钢显微组织主要由初始淬火态马氏体相、最终淬火态马氏体相和残余奥氏体相共存组成。结论 实验钢表现出优异性能,说明了热冲压动态碳配分工艺前景广阔。     

预奥氏体化对中Mn TRIP钢组织及力学性能的影响

为了提高钢的综合力学性能,用盐浴法对中Mn TRIP钢进行了热处理.采用SEM、TEM、XRD和拉伸测试研究了预奥氏体化处理对中Mn TRIP钢显微组织及力学性能的影响.实验结果表明:全马氏体冷轧态组织经两相区退火处理后,会析出大量渗碳体颗粒,随着退火时间延长,渗碳体颗粒逐渐溶解,马氏体组织逐渐转变为奥氏体和铁素体双相片层状组织;而在两相区退火处理前添加两相区预奥氏体化处理后,渗碳体析出被有效抑制,双相片层组织迅速形成;相比于常规两相区退火处理,预奥氏体化处理能够提高组织中残余奥氏体体积分数和综合力学性能.     

Cu对9Ni钢强度和低温韧性的影响

研究了Cu含量(质量分数)对9Ni钢强度和低温韧性的影响,并结合显微组织观察和精细结构分析了含铜9Ni钢的强韧化机理.结果表明,经过淬火+两相区淬火+回火(QLT)处理,Cu含量由0提高到1.5%,9Ni钢的室温屈服强度和抗拉强度分别提高约150和105 MPa;随着Cu含量的提高-196℃低温冲击功呈现先增加后降低的趋势,Cu含量为1.0%时达到最高值157 J,而所有含铜9Ni钢的冲击功均保持在较高的水平。随着Cu含量的增加,钢中二次回火马氏体增加而铁素体减少;颗粒或短杆棒状Cu析出物在基体上析出,组织强化与析出强化共同使钢的强度提高。同时,Cu的加入提高了二次回火马氏体板条边界上的逆转奥氏体含量,并富集于逆转奥氏体中提高其稳定性,从而提高了钢的低温韧性。     

EQUILIBRIUM AND NONEQUILIBRIUM SEGREGATION OF SOLUTE AT GRAIN BOUNDARIES

在含硼约15ppm 的Fe-30wt-%Ni 合金中,硼在奥氏体晶界存在平衡与非平衡两类偏聚。等温偏聚动力学曲线上出现极大值,是晶界非平衡偏聚的重要特征。在较低温度下等温,非平衡偏聚促进了晶界硼相的析出和平衡偏聚的建立。在连续冷却的试样中,硼在晶界的偏聚是保温时形成的平衡偏聚和冷却时形成的非平衡偏聚的叠加。加热温度升高,其控制因素由前者转变为后者;冷却速度降低,后者增强。     

溶质在晶界的平衡与非平衡偏聚

在含硼约15ppm 的 Fe-30wt-%Ni 合金中,硼在奥氏体晶界存在平衡与非平衡两类偏聚。等温偏聚动力学曲线上出现极大值,是晶界非平衡偏聚的重要特征。在较低温度下等温,非平衡偏聚促进了晶界硼相的析出和平衡偏聚的建立。在连续冷却的试样中,硼在晶界的偏聚是保温时形成的平衡偏聚和冷却时形成的非平衡偏聚的叠加。加热温度升高,其控制因素由前者转变为后者;冷却速度降低,后者增强。     

深冷处理对低碳高合金马氏体轴承钢力学性能及组织的影响

利用洛氏硬度计、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜等研究了低碳高合金马氏体轴承钢深冷处理后的硬度变化及组织演化。结果表明:深冷处理促使部分残留奥氏体转变为马氏体,导致深冷处理后实验钢的硬度较淬火态硬度有所升高。经深冷处理后实验钢在0~100 h回火过程中的硬度均比未深冷处理实验钢的硬度高。深冷处理促使钢中碳原子偏聚并在回火过程中以碳化物的形式析出,与未经深冷处理的实验钢相比,经深冷处理的实验钢回火后马氏体基体中的含碳量更低,表明实验钢经深冷处理后在回火过程中析出更多的碳化物。透射电镜分析表明,实验钢在回火过程中析出的大量弥散分布的纳米级M2C和M6C型碳化物是实验钢长时间回火后保持高硬度的主要原因。     

Effect of boron on the hot ductility of 2.25Cr1Mo steel

The effect of boron on the hot ductility of 2.25Cr1Mo steel is investigated by means of a Gleeble 2000 thermomechanical simulator. There is a trough in the hot ductility–temperature curve, which is located between 1000 and 700 °C. The ductility trough shifts to lower temperatures with increasing boron content and the hot brittle range becomes shallow and narrow. In general, boron may improve the steel hot ductility in that it may retard the formation of pro-eutectoid ferrite and increase grain boundary cohesion. These effects may be related to the segregation of boron to austenite grain boundaries.     

Hot flow behavior of boron microalloyed steels

This research work studies the effect of boron contents on the hot flow behavior of boron microalloyed steels. For this purpose, uniaxial hot-compression tests were carried out in a low carbon steel microalloyed with four different amounts of boron over a wide range of temperatures (950, 1000, 1050 and 1100 °C) and constant true strain rates (10⁻³, 10⁻² and 10⁻¹ s⁻¹). Experimental results revealed that both peak stress and peak strain tend to decrease as boron content increases, which indicates that boron additions have a solid solution softening effect. Likewise, the flow curves show a delaying effect on the kinetics of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) when increasing boron content. Deformed microstructures show a finer austenitic grain size in the steel with higher boron content (grain refinement effect). Results are discussed in terms of boron segregation towards austenitic grain boundaries during plastic deformation, which increases the movement of dislocations, enhances the grain boundary cohesion and modificates the grain boundary structure.     

Effect of crystal defects on solute atoms segregation during cooling

Different quantity and configurations of crystal defects were obtained in an austenite of Fe-30%Ni alloy and an ultra low carbon bainitic steel by different deformations and annealing times at high temperature. The boron segregation at grain boundaries and subgrain boundaries during air cooling were revealed by means of particle tracking autoradiography technique. It was found that the non-equilibrium segregation was resisted in the deformed grains after recovery and polygonization, the boron depletion was more in the recrystallized grains than in the deformed original grains during the cooling. The subgrain boundaries and polygonized dislocation cells had a significant effect on the boron non-equilibrium segregation during the air cooling, but the quantity of dispersed dislocations had not. The result indicated that during segregation process the interaction of boron atoms with dislocations was sensitive to the dislocations configuration rather than the total number of defects in grain.     

High resistance boron treated steels for railway applications

Abstract

The present study analyses different boron contents (between 10 and 160 ppm) on the structure of a 0·2C–2Mn–1Si (wt-%) steel deformed at a starting temperature of 1050°C in a T. J. Pigott laboratory rolling mill. The steel was made in a laboratory open induction furnace using high purity raw materials and cast into metallic moulds. This experimental steel has proved to have tribological properties, under dry rolling/sliding contact, as good as those for the 0·8% pearlitic steels used in railway applications. Before thermomechanical processing, the steel ingots (70 × 70 × 70 mm) were homogenised at 1100°C for 1·5 h. The thermomechanical treatment was carried out by a reversed multipass process to reach a level of deformation of 60%. Plastic deformation was finished at ～920°C for all the rolled steels and the plates (70 × 150 × 20 mm) were then water quenched and/or air cooled to room temperature. Results show more bainitic structures as boron content increases in the air cooled steel after hot rolling. For the quenched steels, the structure becomes more martensitic as boron content increases. The best combination of mechanical properties was obtained for the air cooled 76 ppm boron containing steel, which had a lower bainitic structure. This steel had the yield strength of 750 MPa, 15% elongation and the hardness of 40 HRC. Materials characterisation was carried out by optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results are discussed in terms of the boron segregation towards grain boundaries, the effect of boron on the steel hardenability, as well as on the boron carbonitrides (CNB) precipitation.     

Hot cracking susceptibility of boron modified AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel welds

Abstract

The hot cracking susceptibility of welds made on AISI 304 stainless steel modified with from 0·2 to 1·0 wt-%B has been investigated. Varestraint tests showed that the hot cracking susceptibility is high for boron additions of about 0·2%, but is decreased when the boron content is increased to ≥0·5%. Steels containing about 0·2%B were found to have a wide solidification temperature range and their high temperature ductility was low compared with boron free AISI 304 steel and the other boron modified steels. Ferrite precipitation was inhibited in the 0·2%B steels and the formation of low melting point grain boundary films was thereby promoted. Increasing the boron content to ≥0·6% reduces the coefficient of thermal expansion and narrows the solidification temperature range. In addition, crack refilling was observed, resulting in improved hot ductility and high resistance to hot cracking. It is concluded that in structures where weld restraint forces are not high, hot cracking is not likely to occur if boron additions of >0·6% are made to AISI 304 stainless steel. In T-type and Fisco weld cracking tests, in which the weld restraint forces are close to those experienced by actual structural welds, the boron modified stainless steels show a low hot cracking susceptibility which is not significantly different from that of boron free AISI 304 steel.

MST/1548     

Effect of boron on phosphorus-induced temper embrittlement

Combined equilibrium and non-equilibrium grain boundary segregation of solute atoms in dilute ternary alloys is modelled through consideration of site competition between two solutes. Model predictions are made for a low-alloy steel containing boron. The predicted results indicate that the kinetics of phosphorus segregation are dramatically facilitated by quenched-in vacancies, and the magnitude of the segregation, however, is substantially suppressed by the competition of boron with phosphorus for segregation sites, and in turn the phosphorus-induced embrittlement may be alleviated.     

Non-equilibrium intergranular segregation in ultra low carbon steel

Abstract

Impurity segregation to grain boundaries in ultra low carbon steel was investigated by Auger electron spectroscopy and SEM during isothermal annealing at 900°C and continuous cooling. The results of isothermal annealing at 900°C show that a concentration peak appears at different times for phosphorus, sulphur, and boron, which is contrary to the equilibrium segregation theory of McLean. The phenomena could be satisfactorily explained by the non-equilibrium segregation theory based on the impurity–vacancy complex mechanism. Under continuous cooling, the segregation concentration at the grain boundary largely depends on the cooling rate. At a low cooling rate the concentration of phosphorus and boron at the grain boundary is higher than that of sulphur, while at the higher cooling rate the concentration of sulphur is higher.     

Q235B钢热轧板带孔洞及边裂缺陷成因分析

采用宏观分析、化学成分分析、金相检验以及能谱分析等方法,对某钢铁公司生产的Q235B钢热轧板带中部孔洞和边裂缺陷的成因进行了分析。结果表明：该类热轧钢板的中部孔洞和边裂缺陷是由于连铸工艺出现异常,造成连铸板坯边部产生表层气孔以及中部产生较严重的硫偏析,从而使钢板中部生成了大量的条带状硫化物,特别是低熔点FeS的生成导致了中部孔洞缺陷的产生;而连铸板坯边部的表层气孔在轧制过程中导致了边裂缺陷的产生。     

Effect of boron on hot ductility oflow carbon low alloyed steel

Abstract

The influence of boron on the hot ductility of C-Mn-Al-Cr steel has been investigated. At <980°C M(CB)₃ precipitated out and about half of the boron content was in solution in austenite at >900°C. It was found that solute boron atoms segregate to austenite grain boundaries and occupy the vacancies induced by deformation. This prevents the formation and propagation of microcracks at boundaries and results in improved hot ductility and a reduced dynamic recrystallisation temperature.