Relatedness of the Holland-grouped Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory Occupational Scale placements.

The Occupational scales of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) have been placed into broad interest categories that are based on J. L. Holland's (1973) system. These placements are important in the process of SCII interpretation; scales that are placed together may be interpreted as if they were related statistically as well as conceptually. The assumption of a statistical relationship may or may not be valid. The present study estimated the relatedness of those placements according to empirical and theoretical criteria for 87 female undergraduates. The empirical criterion was based on the Occupational scale intercorrelations within each Holland category. The theoretical criterion was based on Holland's occupational codes listed in the Occupations Finder. Occupational scales were identified as related or discrepant by one or both of the study criteria. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Equivalence of the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey and the Strong Vocational Interest Blank revisited.

Median within-S correlation of scores for a total of 332 Ss on the SVIB and Kuder Occupational Interest Survey was .57, representing an increase in congruent validity from that previously obtained by traditional procedure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Strong Vocational Interest Blank in-general samples.

Throughout the history of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB), the aggregation of "in-general" samples to represent an "average" has been of concern because an adequate in-general sample is necessary for the development of valid occupational scales for the SVIB. 6 in-general samples have been generated over the years to fit different developments of the SVIB. In the present study 20 experimental homogeneous scales were used to measure the similarities and differences among the 6 in-general samples. Generally, all samples were strikingly similar, with the greatest differences appearing between male and female in-general samples. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of response style on the Occupational Scales of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory.

When an answer sheet for the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory is marked with all likes (L), all indifferences (I), or all dislikes (D), the resulting Occupational Scale (OS) scores reflect the use of either L, I, or D responses on each scale. The word skeleton has been coined for such a profile because it shows the bare bones of the test construction. When a student's response style is also greatly skewed, the OS profile tends to reflect the pattern of the underlying skeleton rather than the student's own interests. In the present study, correlating the skeleton profiles with college students' profiles showed that the common variance may average around 35% when a predominance of any one response (L, I, or D) reaches 60%. Ns for the comparison sets ranged from 712 to 836. A factor analysis of a structured sample of 24 high-L, high-I, and high-D students from engineering, business administration, liberal arts and sciences, architecture, art, and urban planning resulted in factors related to response style rather than curricula. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stability of canonical relationships between the Strong Vocational Interest Blank and the Minnesota Counseling Inventory.

Used a double cross-validation design to study the stability of the canonical correlations between the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) and the Minnesota Counseling Inventory (MCI) for 459 male freshmen engineering students at one university and 687 at another university. Only the 1st canonical variates produced high correlations (ranging from .44 to .57) for the cross-validation samples. A relatively small percentage (2-12%) of the total variance for one instrument could be accounted for by means of the 1st canonical variate for the other instrument. The 1st canonical variates were correlated with original SVIB and MCI variables reflecting social leadership or social introversion-extraversion qualities. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Concurrent prediction from the Strong Vocational Interest Blank.

Compared the concurrent predictive accuracy of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Men (SVIB), Form T-399, for the same Ss (N = 163) on 3 sets of scales developed for the SVIB to reflect J. L. Holland's occupational-personality types: the SVIB-Holland scales, the Basic Interest scales, and the Occupational scales. Data are reported to provide comparison between the SVIB-Holland scales and Holland's Self-Directed Search with different Ss, between the Basic Interest scales and Occupational scales for the same Ss, between the criteria of single highest scale and scores above a cutoff, and between the 3 types of scales. When cutoff scores were used, the SVIB-Holland scales and the Basic Interest scales predicted occupation held for some 60% of these Ss; about 1/3 of these accurate predictions were considered to be attributable to chance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

High scales on the Strong Vocational Interest Blank and the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey using Holland's occupational codes.

Compared the arrays of high-interest occupations produced by the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, T-399, and the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (Form DD) when the instruments were administered to the same Ss (60 male college students). Holland-type summary codes were devised from the arrays of occupations and were analyzed by correlated t tests and Pearson r correlations. A frequency percentage count showed 85% of the pairs of summary codes had 2 identical characteristics, and some support was found for J. L. Holland's hexagon. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Factor analysis of Strong Vocational Interest Blank items.

Attempted to identify independent interest dimensions that were equivalent across different S samples, as a first step toward mapping the vocational interest domain. The responses to 347 female form items and 357 male form items from the SVIB were obtained, using the appropriate form for the following 5 single-sex samples: women in general, men in general, female occupational, male occupational, and male rehabilitation client (Ns?=?1,000; 1,000; 2,500; 3,600, and 1,874, respectively). The SVIB items were intercorrelated separately for each sample and the correlation matrices were factored by a principal axes technique, using the highest off-diagonal correlations as communality estimates with rotation to a varimax criterion. Factors between same-sex samples were compared using Tucker's coefficient of congruence. The analyses resulted in 11–23 factors, depending on the sample, of which 9 and 8 were judged to be equivalent across the 2 female and 3 male samples, respectively. (38 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stability of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank for men.

Inspection of test-retest reliability studies for the SVIB revealed that 2 factors were important when considering the stability of this instrument: Ss' initial test ages and length of test-retest intervals. To further investigate these 2 factors, median test-retest correlation coefficients were computed for over 1400 college educated males who had been tested with the SVIB at various ages and retested at varying intervals. Greater stability resulted the older the S at initial testing and the shorter the time lapse to retesting. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stability measures of Strong Vocational Interest Blank profiles.

For a sample of 242 freshmen, test and retest profiles on the SVIB were compared on grade changes, and letter grade and group pattern shifts, using Powers' D-score method, rank correlation, and ratings of the extent of interest changes by counselors (validity criterion). The stability measures were all significantly intercorrelated with the validity criterion (.55 to .68). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Occupational preference and the validity of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory for college men and women.

Validity studies of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank have produced consistent results with male samples; to compare validity for females and males on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII), 232 female and 386 male undergraduates took the SCII and a satisfaction measure 3? yrs after initial testing with the SCII. Using the McArthur method (see record 1955-06355-001), excellent predictive validity (good hit) was evidenced for 42.5% of females and 59.3% of males in the direct-hit category. Concurrent validities were 58.0% and 64.0%, respectively. A MANOVA revealed differences among good-hit, poor-hit, and clean-miss groups on satisfaction, perceived congruence, and J. L. Holland's theoretical signs (see Pa, Vol 58:6452). Limitations with respect to the comparability of male and female validity data and the selection of a follow-up criterion for females are discussed. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interpreting other-sex scores on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory.

To promote understanding of other-sex scores on the new Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory, correlations between occupational scales common to both forms of the old Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) with "masculinity" of interests were studied in a sample of 116 female counseling clients. Differences in mean scores for scales appearing on both SVIB forms were highly related to the masculinity of interests of the people in those occupations, compared to others of the same sex. Recommendations are included for using Masculinity-Femininity scores to guide clients with high scores on occupational scales normed on the other sex. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Proposed scoring changes for the Strong Vocational Interest Blank.

A study of the effect of replacing with new items 102 items in the current SVIB on the validity and reliability of the SVIB. 8 occupational groups were used. The results showed that the validity and reliability remained essentially the same after dropping the items. Also, the weighting system of the SVIB was compared with scales using unit weights. The results indicated that the unit weights keys were virtually identical to the weighted keys on 3 criteria: validity, reliability, and scale intercorrelations. Thus, the SVIB when revised should be scored using unit weight scales. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparability of cross-sex scores in the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory.

Scores on the male and female scales of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory were compared for 310 male and 215 female entering college students to evaluate the claim that the male scales should be used with female counselees. For the 37 same-name occupations, results show many substantial differences between scores on the 2 scales; not more than half the correlations between scales could be considered high, and differences in scores for individuals ranged as high as 44 standard-score points. Both males and females tended to score higher on the opposite-sex scales, a phenomenon previously attributed only to women. The many complex relationships between scores on the 2 sets of scales support D. Campbell's (1974) statement that, technically speaking, only same-sex scores should be interpreted by a counselee. Results suggest that possible interest in an occupation should be inferred from high scores on similar occupations based on same-sex norms rather than from opposite-sex scores. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The specialization level scale for the Strong Vocational Interest Blank.

On a specialization scale developed for the VIB to separate medical specialists from physicians-in-general, mean scores were obtained for ten occupational groups in three non-medical areas and four medical specialities. Within each area, the occupational groups ranked in the same order by specialization level mean scores as by mean educational level of their members. Research with chemists indicated that those with the Ph.D. degree could be separated by this scale from those with less specialized training. The scale did not, however, differentiate students qualifying for the M.B.A. from those who entered this training but did not complete it. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ten-year follow-up of the Tyler Vocational Card Sort and the Strong Vocational Interest Blank.

The Tyler Vocational Card Sort (TVCS) and SVIB for men were completed by 67 university students in 1965. The 1975 occupations held by 47 of these Ss were identified. The TVCS was more accurate than the SVIB, by a very small amount, in predicting occupation held 10 yrs after original testing; both methods achieved about 50% accuracy. Of the 47 Ss, 23 took the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) 10 yrs after the original testing. The reliability of the SVIB (1965) scores and the SCII (1975) scores was greater by a very small amount than that of the SVIB (1965) and the TVCS (1975) scores and that of the TVCS (1965) and TVCS (1975) scores. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Probability and utility assumptions underlying use of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank.

Decision implications of E. K. Strong's (1955) assumption of equal base rates for his men-in-general and individual occupational groups are explored, using the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) Physician's scale as an example. It is demonstrated that when realistic base rates are assumed, total decision error rate using the SVIB-even when optimal cutting scores are employed-is at best about equal to that resulting from prediction using base rates alone. Use of the SVIB as recommended by Strong implicitly assumes that false negative errors are much more serious than are false positives. When "reasonable" utility or gain matrices are assumed, use of the SVIB can reduce total error rate despite the limitations imposed by low occupational base rates; this effect is greater when statistically optimal cutting scores, rather than those recommended by Strong, are used. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Use of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank for prediction in veterinary medicine.

Strong VIB scores (Veterinary Scale), ACE scores, and pre-veterinary grade-point averages for 61 veterinary students were compared with scores for a random sample of non-veterinary students. Within the veterinary group, there was no significant relationship between interest score and academic achievement, and academic training did not affect measured interest (based on retest with VIB after four years). Using discriminant function analysis, it was possible to predict curricular membership with a high degree of accuracy. The best predictors were the VIB Veterinary interest score and pre-veterinary grade-point average (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Same-sex and cross-sex reliability and concurrent validity of Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory.

Reliability and concurrent validity data for the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) were developed for a total of 180 high school and college students, scored on appropriate sex norms and scales. These data were compared with data for the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB), data reported in the SCII Manual, and data for the same sample scored on the opposite sex's norms and scales and scored disregarding sex. 2-wk test-retest reliability correlations were approximately .90. Agreement between high scores and self-reported curriculum and occupational preferences ranged from 32% to 60%. The SCII had same-sex reliability and concurrent validity near those of the SVIB. Cross-sex scores were not significantly less reliable and valid. Scoring on all Occupational scales produced significantly higher concurrent validity. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A verification scale for the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, Men's Form.

A new scoring procedure was constructed for the SVIB. Its purpose is to show the pattern of rare item-responses that differ from the chance pattern indicated by the shaded areas of the profile and from the scores typical of people in the various occupations. Ss were 192 freshmen at the University of Missouri. The cross-validation sample had 908 Ss. "At the present stage of development it is appropriate to recommend the V scale be included among the scales currently scored on the SVIB." From Psyc Abstracts 36:05:5LB18F. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)