Internal-external control of reinforcement and the Strong Vocational Interest Blank: A comparison study.

Studied the relationship between the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB), Form T399, and Rotter's Internal-External Control Scale (I-E scale). A previous study by D. G. Zytowski (see record 1967-07353-001) suggested a relationship between locus of control and occupational interest. To verify this, he correlated the SVIB with the I-E scale and concluded that such a relation did exist. Because the SVIB has been revised since Zytowski's study, a comparable study using the newer SVIB form was completed. Using a college freshman sample of 736, Pearson correlation coefficients were computed between the I-E scale and the SVIB; several correlations were significant at the .10 level; however, the largest correlation was -.16. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Same-sex and cross-sex reliability and concurrent validity of Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory.

Reliability and concurrent validity data for the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) were developed for a total of 180 high school and college students, scored on appropriate sex norms and scales. These data were compared with data for the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB), data reported in the SCII Manual, and data for the same sample scored on the opposite sex's norms and scales and scored disregarding sex. 2-wk test-retest reliability correlations were approximately .90. Agreement between high scores and self-reported curriculum and occupational preferences ranged from 32% to 60%. The SCII had same-sex reliability and concurrent validity near those of the SVIB. Cross-sex scores were not significantly less reliable and valid. Scoring on all Occupational scales produced significantly higher concurrent validity. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Validity studies of the Strong vocational interest inventories.

The concurrent validity of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) and the predictive validity of the SVIB were studied in an 18-yr follow-up of a university counseling center group of male college graduates. Results were compared with a previous 12-yr follow-up of the same Ss using C. McArthur's method (1954). The SCII had concurrent validity greater than the SVIB (T399) even after correction was made for a higher percentage of high standard scores on occupational scales. Predictive validity for 18 yrs was not quite as good as for 12 yrs. Although group data were similar for the predictive validity studies, classifications of individuals between studies varied substantially. A 6-yr predictive validity study for the SVIB (T399) had validity comparable to predictive studies using an earlier edition of the SVIB. Job satisfaction and satisfaction with type of work were statistically different, but resulted in no practical difference when used as a correlate with standard occupational scale score. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ten-year follow-up of the Tyler Vocational Card Sort and the Strong Vocational Interest Blank.

The Tyler Vocational Card Sort (TVCS) and SVIB for men were completed by 67 university students in 1965. The 1975 occupations held by 47 of these Ss were identified. The TVCS was more accurate than the SVIB, by a very small amount, in predicting occupation held 10 yrs after original testing; both methods achieved about 50% accuracy. Of the 47 Ss, 23 took the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) 10 yrs after the original testing. The reliability of the SVIB (1965) scores and the SCII (1975) scores was greater by a very small amount than that of the SVIB (1965) and the TVCS (1975) scores and that of the TVCS (1965) and TVCS (1975) scores. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

High scales on the Strong Vocational Interest Blank and the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey using Holland's occupational codes.

Compared the arrays of high-interest occupations produced by the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, T-399, and the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (Form DD) when the instruments were administered to the same Ss (60 male college students). Holland-type summary codes were devised from the arrays of occupations and were analyzed by correlated t tests and Pearson r correlations. A frequency percentage count showed 85% of the pairs of summary codes had 2 identical characteristics, and some support was found for J. L. Holland's hexagon. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interpreting other-sex scores on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory.

To promote understanding of other-sex scores on the new Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory, correlations between occupational scales common to both forms of the old Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) with "masculinity" of interests were studied in a sample of 116 female counseling clients. Differences in mean scores for scales appearing on both SVIB forms were highly related to the masculinity of interests of the people in those occupations, compared to others of the same sex. Recommendations are included for using Masculinity-Femininity scores to guide clients with high scores on occupational scales normed on the other sex. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Concurrent prediction from the Strong Vocational Interest Blank.

Compared the concurrent predictive accuracy of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Men (SVIB), Form T-399, for the same Ss (N = 163) on 3 sets of scales developed for the SVIB to reflect J. L. Holland's occupational-personality types: the SVIB-Holland scales, the Basic Interest scales, and the Occupational scales. Data are reported to provide comparison between the SVIB-Holland scales and Holland's Self-Directed Search with different Ss, between the Basic Interest scales and Occupational scales for the same Ss, between the criteria of single highest scale and scores above a cutoff, and between the 3 types of scales. When cutoff scores were used, the SVIB-Holland scales and the Basic Interest scales predicted occupation held for some 60% of these Ss; about 1/3 of these accurate predictions were considered to be attributable to chance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality characteristics of adult women with low and high profiles on the SCII or SVIB occupational scales.

Investigated how women (aged 25 yrs and over) with low profiles (LP) on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) or SVIB female Occupational Scales differ from women who have high profiles (HP) with respect to measured personality characteristics (California Psychological Inventory [CPI]) and vocational needs (Minnesota Importance Questionnaire [MIQ]). 467 Ss for both SCII and SVIB groups, LP Ss differed from HP Ss on 35 CPI items and scored significantly lower on 9 CPI scales (e.g., Dominance, Capacity for Status, Sociability) and on 3 MIQ needs (Authority, Creativity, and Responsibility). LP and HP Ss differed significantly on 96 of the 110 SCII scales that are relevant to women and on 52 of the 85 female SVIB scales. At a response difference of at least 28%, 70 SCII and 61 SVIB items best separated LP and HP Ss. Compared with LP Ss, HP Ss liked activities that involved writing, public speaking, and leadership. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A review of female–male score differences on the Strong-Campbell twin occupational scales.

The current version of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) contains 37 occupational scales that are "twin" scales (TS), with one scale based on female norms and another based on male norms. (The general pattern of scores on the SCII TS is for test takers to receive higher scores on the other-sex scale than they do on their same-sex scale.) However, the various occupational scales differ from one another in their patterns of score differences. Four studies of the SCII TS—B. F. Laime and D. G. Zytowsky (1963), J. D. Stanfel (1970), P. H. Munley et al (1973), and P. W. Lunneborg (1975)—were reviewed, and correlations were developed to show the degree of similarity in the results. Various explanations for the phenomena have been advanced, relating the score differentials to the masculinity or femininity of the occupations. These explanations were tested with the SCII differential score data with only partial success. Findings indicate that counselors will need to know average female and male test-taker scores on other-sex occupational scales to make accurate SCII test interpretations. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stability of canonical relationships between the Strong Vocational Interest Blank and the Minnesota Counseling Inventory.

Used a double cross-validation design to study the stability of the canonical correlations between the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) and the Minnesota Counseling Inventory (MCI) for 459 male freshmen engineering students at one university and 687 at another university. Only the 1st canonical variates produced high correlations (ranging from .44 to .57) for the cross-validation samples. A relatively small percentage (2-12%) of the total variance for one instrument could be accounted for by means of the 1st canonical variate for the other instrument. The 1st canonical variates were correlated with original SVIB and MCI variables reflecting social leadership or social introversion-extraversion qualities. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Occupational preference and the validity of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory for college men and women.

Validity studies of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank have produced consistent results with male samples; to compare validity for females and males on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII), 232 female and 386 male undergraduates took the SCII and a satisfaction measure 3? yrs after initial testing with the SCII. Using the McArthur method (see record 1955-06355-001), excellent predictive validity (good hit) was evidenced for 42.5% of females and 59.3% of males in the direct-hit category. Concurrent validities were 58.0% and 64.0%, respectively. A MANOVA revealed differences among good-hit, poor-hit, and clean-miss groups on satisfaction, perceived congruence, and J. L. Holland's theoretical signs (see Pa, Vol 58:6452). Limitations with respect to the comparability of male and female validity data and the selection of a follow-up criterion for females are discussed. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Strong Vocational Interest Blank in-general samples.

Throughout the history of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB), the aggregation of "in-general" samples to represent an "average" has been of concern because an adequate in-general sample is necessary for the development of valid occupational scales for the SVIB. 6 in-general samples have been generated over the years to fit different developments of the SVIB. In the present study 20 experimental homogeneous scales were used to measure the similarities and differences among the 6 in-general samples. Generally, all samples were strikingly similar, with the greatest differences appearing between male and female in-general samples. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Concurrent validity of other-sex and same-sex twin Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory occupational scales.

Studied Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) results for participants whose "own" (most relevant) SCII occupational scale was a twin scale (with a female and a male scale for the same occupation). Two experiments were conducted with 80 male college graduates and 231 undergraduates. The concurrent validity of their own other-sex SCII twin occupational scale was compared with their own same-sex scale. Many differences were obtained among occupational, age, and gender groups. Overall, the other-sex own SCII twin scale was about as accurate a predictor as the same-sex scale. When the other-sex and the same-sex own SCII twin occupational scales both had high scores, the rate of accurate prediction was higher than when only one of the own twin scales had a high score. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Strong Vocational Interest Blank scores of high school seniors and their later occupational entry: II.

In order to study the predictive validity of the SVIB, 130 university graduates were identified who had received degrees in dentistry, mechanical engineering, architecture, or journalism, and who had taken the SVIB while seniors in high school. Interest scores and patterns of the 4 groups were compared and comparisons made between each of these 4 groups and 3 groups studied earlier. Each of the groups of graduates tended to obtain as high school seniors SVIB scores related to their later occupation and the relationships were both statistically and practically significant. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Differential response for female and male law students on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory: The question of separate sex norms.

Analyzed differential responses to Female and Male Lawyer scale items on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) for 67 male and 35 female law students. While there was systematic difference in responses between the sexes, the pattern of differential response on items unique to one or the other of the scales indicates that this difference would not affect scores if the scales were combined. Furthermore, the nature of the relation between the occupational groups and between the occupational and in-general groups on these items suggests that combined scales are feasible. Because there is an implicit bias in maintaining separate sex scales, it is suggested that the SCII be considered an intermediate step to a combined instrument. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Concurrent validity of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory for graduate students in counseling.

Examined the vocational interests of 114 graduate counseling psychology trainees and the concurrent validity of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) for this group. Ss were administered the SCII, and a subgroup of 43 Ss completed a questionnaire assessing satisfaction with their graduate program, interests in various types of coursework, and preferences for future professional employment. Results generally support the concurrent validity of the SCII in a group of counseling trainees but also indicate differences in the ordering of SCII Holland themes in this group vs psychologists in general. Relationships between certain SCII scores and Ss' preferences concerning coursework and future employment were found. Implications of the findings for both the training and the employment of counseling psychology trainees are discussed. (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Equivalence of the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey and the Strong Vocational Interest Blank revisited.

Median within-S correlation of scores for a total of 332 Ss on the SVIB and Kuder Occupational Interest Survey was .57, representing an increase in congruent validity from that previously obtained by traditional procedure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The stimulus value, treatment effects, and sex differences when completing the Self-Directed Search and Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory.

Assessed men's and women's immediate reactions to completing the Self-Directed Search (SDS) and the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) and the impact of this testing on their subsequent behaviors 1 mo later. A random sample of 96 college freshmen completed either the SDS, SCII, or both instruments. Results indicate that (a) the SDS had significantly more perceived stimulus value than the SCII alone or the SCII and SDS combined, immediately after testing; (b) the SCII was perceived to have greater clarity of directions than the SDS; (c) there were no significant differences between groups on responses to testing or certainty about career planning; and (d) no sex differences between men and women on their immediate reactions to testing were found. A 1-mo follow-up of the Ss indicated that there were no significant sex or treatment differences between groups in satisfaction with career planning, clarity and certainty of ideas about career planning, and time spent thinking about career planning process. (30 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stability of interests and the predictive and concurrent validity of the 1981 Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory for college majors.

116 of the 162 Occupational scales of the 1981 revision of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) were constructed with new criterion samples. This study (a) assessed the concurrent and predictive validity of the revised SCII and explored its usefulness for predicting college majors (Exp I) and (b) examined the differential effect of stable and unstable interests during college on the validity of the SCII (Exp II). Data were analyzed for 354 females and 261 males who completed the SCII as college freshmen; 81% were still enrolled in school at the time of this study. Results indicate that the revised SCII can be used to predict college majors, having concurrent and predictive validity comparable to previous forms of the SCII. It was slightly more predictive for females than for males. Findings also show that the majority of Ss had stable interests during their college careers. The revised SCII was significantly more predictive of college majors for Ss who were satisfied with their majors or who had stable interests than it was for those who were dissatisfied or had unstable interests. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)