Fetal Health Locus of Control scale: Development and validation.

Describes the development of the 18-item Fetal Health Locus of Control (FHLC) scale and demonstrates the scale's utility in predicting maternal health-related behavior during pregnancy using 63 pregnant women (aged 17–37 yrs). Normative data are presented, along with information on its factor structure and internal consistency. Evidence for discriminant validity of the FHLC in contrast to another measure of locus of control is also provided. Reported cigarette and caffeine consumption during pregnancy were related to locus of control expectancies. Ss' intentions to participate in prepared childbirth classes (a means of enhancing self-control over the labor and delivery process) were also related to their locus of control beliefs. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS) for women: Development and validation.

Four studies were conducted to develop and validate the Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS), a measure of sexual assertiveness in women that consists of factors measuring initiation, refusal, and pregnancy-sexually transmitted disease prevention assertiveness. A total of 1,613 women from both university and community populations were studied. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that the 3 factors remained stable across samples of university and community women. A structural model was tested in 2 samples, indicating that sexual experience, anticipated negative partner response, and self-efficacy are consistent predictors of sexual assertiveness. Sexual assertiveness was found to be somewhat related to relationship satisfaction, power, and length. The community sample was retested after 6 months and 1 year to establish test-retest reliability. The SAS provides a reliable instrument for assessing and understanding women's sexual assertiveness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The process of Retirement Planning Scale (PRePS): Development and validation.

Although a substantial proportion of the western population is approaching retirement age, little is known about how they are preparing for the future. Much attention has been paid to the consumption of educational material and retirement wealth in the present literature, but the process of retirement planning has been ignored. S. L. Friedman and E. K. Scholnick's (1997) theoretical model provided the basis for a comprehensive measure of retirement planning. According to their process theory, individuals develop an understanding of the problem, set goals, make a decision to start preparing, and finally undertake the behaviors needed to fulfill their goals. Fifty-two items were developed to assess each stage of the planning process for financial, health, lifestyle, and psychosocial retirement planning. These were tested on a population sample of 1,449 New Zealanders aged 49–60. Confirmatory factor analysis, bivariate correlations, and hierarchical regression provided support for the valid use of the measure. Necessary antecedents, such as the tendency to look to the future, and locus of control were significantly related to the Process of Retirement Planning Scale (PRePS). The PRePS also outperformed retirement planning measures used in the Health and Retirement Study (F. T. Juster & R. Suzman, 1995) after controlling for socioeconomic and psychological variables. This measure will enable social policy makers to determine which stages of retirement planning require support and intervention. The PRePS will also help to determine which domains of retirement planning predict well-being in later life and the factors which differentiate those who are planning from those who are not. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development and validation of the State Hope Scale.

Defining hope as a cognitive set comprising agency (belief in one's capacity to initiate and sustain actions) and pathways(belief in one's capacity to generate routes)to reach goals, the Hope Scale was developed and validated previously as a dispositional self-report measure of hope ( C. R. Snyder et al, see record 1991-17270-001). The present 4 studies were designed to develop and validate a measure of state hope. The 6-item State Hope Scale is internally consistent and reflects the theorized agency and pathways components. The relationships of the State Hope Scale to other measures demonstrate concurrent and discriminant validity; moreover, the scale is responsive to events in the lives of people as evidenced by data gathered through both correlational and causal designs. The State Hope Scale offers a brief, internally consistent, and valid self-report measure of ongoing goal-directed thinking that may be useful to researchers and applied professionals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development and validation of the Ostomy Adjustment Scale.

Describes the development of the Ostomy Adjustment Scale, which is designed to measure psychological adjustment to ostomy surgery. 53 19–83 yr old ostomy patients responded to a mail questionnaire used for development of the scale; 30 of these Ss also completed a retest approximately 1 mo later. A 34-item scale comprised of items to be responded to on a 6-point Likert scale was developed. The scale was found to be reliable, and discriminant validity from measures of self-esteem and social desirability was demonstrated. Scores on the scale were related to time since surgery, return to work, and the amount of choice and preparation given Ss regarding the surgery. The scale also discriminated between these Ss and 31 undergraduates asked to simulate ostomy patients' responses. Factor analysis of the scale and the development of 2 short forms are also discussed. It is concluded that the scale will be useful in clinical practice with ostomates and in further research on adjustment to ostomy surgery. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development and validation of the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale.

The accurate assessment of nicotine withdrawal is important theoretically and clinically. A 28-item scale, the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale, was developed that contains 7 reliable subscales tapping the major symptom elements of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Coefficients alpha for the subscales range from .75 to .93. This scale is sensitive to smoking withdrawal, is predictive of smoking cessation outcomes, and yields data that conform to a 7-factor structure. The 7 scales predicted intratreatment smoking, X2 (7, N?=?163)?=?15.19, p?=?.034. Moreover, the questionnaire is sufficiently brief so that it can be used in both clinical and research contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development and validation of the Enculturation Scale for Filipino Americans.

Enculturation is the degree to which a person adheres to the values and behaviors of an indigenous or ethnic culture. This study was conducted to develop the Enculturation Scale for Filipino Americans (ESFA). Items were generated from a literature review, interviews with 5 Filipino American academic experts, and a survey of 24 cultural informants. Two community samples of Filipino Americans (Ns = 281 and 269) and 1 sample of non-Filipino Americans (N = 84) completed the ESFA. The Filipino American samples also completed existing enculturation/acculturation measures for Asian Americans and measures of subjective well-being. In factor analyses, 3 general enculturation dimensions—Connection With Homeland, Interpersonal Norms, and Conservatism—replicated well across samples. Internal consistency reliability estimates for the ESFA subscales were high, and construct validity was supported by the pattern of relationships with alternative, but less culture-specific, enculturation/acculturation measures, as well as immigration, generational status, and cultural identity variables. Item response theory methods were used to develop a short form of the ESFA. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development and validation of the Smoking Expectancy Scale for Adolescents.

This study assessed the factor structure, internal consistency, and concurrent validity of the Smoking Expectancies Scale for Adolescents (SESA) using 717 Australian adolescents (87% nonsmokers, 11% current smokers, and 2% ex-smokers). Exploratory factor analysis of SESA yielded 8 factors. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the 8-factor model, and also a 2nd-order cost-benefit model, fit the data significantly better than 4 alternatives. Validation analyses revealed the 8-factor model explained 26% to 32% of the variance in adolescent cigarette use, smoking intentions, smoking subjective norms, and peer smoking. The 2nd-order model explained 12% to 17% of the variance in these same variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and validation.

In Study I, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) was administered to 425 undergraduates. Analyses yielded a three component solution comprising (a) rumination, (b) magnification, and (c) helplessness. In Study 2, 30 undergraduate participants were classified as catastrophizers (n?=?15) or noncatastrophizers (n?=?15) on the basis of their PCS scores and participated in a cold pressor procedure. Catastrophizers reported significantly more negative pain-related thoughts, greater emotional distress, and greater pain intensity than noncatastrophizers. Study 3 examined the relation between PCS scores, negative pain-related thoughts, and distress in 28 individuals undergoing an aversive electrodiagnostic medical procedure. Catastrophizers reported more negative pain-related thoughts, more emotional distress, and more pain than noncatastrophizers. Study 4 examined the relation between the PCS and measures of depression, trait anxiety, negative affectivity, and fear of pain. Analyses revealed moderate correlations among these measures, but only the PCS contributed significant unique variance to the prediction of pain intensity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Situational determinants of performance on the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale.

Data from 90 female camp counselor job applicants in 2 studies show that Rotter's scale may be easily faked in an actual employment situation when Ss are given either minimal information concerning job responsibilities or explicit instructions to alter their responses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development and validation of the Stephenson Multigroup Acculturation Scale (SMAS).

This article describes the development and psychometric evaluation of the Stephenson Multigroup Acculturation Scale (SMAS). Three studies were conducted to describe its development and refinement, examine its psychometric properties with 436 participants from 5 ethnic groups, and examine the robustness of the factor structure with a new sample. Exploratory factor analyses generated a 2-factor solution: ethnic society immersion and dominant society immersion. Item refinement resulted in a 32-item version of the SMAS. Findings indicated a robust factor structure across groups. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the 2-factor model provided a close approximation to the observed data. Studies indicated high reliability and validity indexes. Findings support the role of acculturation as a mediator between ethnic group affiliation and standardized assessment results. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development and validation of the Pediatric Oncology Quality of Life Scale.

This study describes the development of a 21-item, parent report measure for assessing the quality of life (QOL) of children with cancer. The Pediatric Oncology Quality of Life Scale (POQOLS) provides a total score and three factor scores that assess physical function and role restriction, emotional distress, and reaction to current medical treatment. Internal consistency reliabilities of the total scale and the three factors were high, as was interparent agreement. In addition, POQOLS scores demonstrated good concurrent and discriminant relationships with scores on measures of adjustment hypothesized to covary with the dimensions of QOL assessed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Older Adult Disability Scale: Development and validation.

Examined the development and validity of the Older Adult Disability Scale (OADS), a self-report instrument designed to measure attitudes toward older adults (aged 60 yrs and older) with physical disabilities. Data from a community sample (n ?=?207) were used for alpha coefficients, subscale intercorrelations, demographic correlations, and factor analyses. Data from a reliability sample (n ?=?27) were used for a 2-week test-retest reliability check; and data from an identified "positive attitude" sample of health care professionals and students (n ?=?57) were used to test construct validity. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed resulting in a 36-item instrument with four subscales of Cranky Dependency, Discomfort with Aging, Positive Attributes of Aging, and Negative Expectations of Disability. Satisfactory internal consistency, high test-retest reliability, and moderately high subscale intercorrelations were found. Validity was supported by the highly significant differences in OADS scores between the "positive attitude" and community samples. In conclusion, the OADS provides a promising measure of attitudes toward older adults with disabilities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development and validation of the Miami University Diversity Awareness Scale (MUDAS).

College students need to be prepared for a global environment, and assessing student awareness about issues of diversity is critical to this preparation. This study chronicles the validation of the Miami University Diversity Awareness Scale (MUDAS). This instrument is designed to measure the level of student awareness about issues of culture, intergroup interaction, social justice, and the degree to which students believe these issues are presented in the college classroom. An exploratory factor analysis suggested that the 29-item scale produced a 5-factor model showing good fit of the data. A follow-up instrument revision included the addition of 8 items resulting in a refined 37-item survey. Construct validity and reliability issues were addressed. Incoming first-year student MUDAS results are examined and implications for future research and practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development and validation of Perceptual Maturity Scale using figure preferences.

An attempt to develop a brief, objectively scored Perceptual Maturity Scale (PMS) to measure attributes similar to Rorschach genetic maturity scores is described. The PMS contains 72 paired items from the Welsh Figure Preference Test. Item analysis of child versus adult preferences was the basis of scale construction. Reliability is .90. Construct validity was shown by a positive relationship between PMS scores and chronological age from age 7 to adulthood. Using such criteria as teachers' ratings, psychiatric institutional status, and questionnaire scores, groups displaying behavioral immaturity obtained significantly lower PMS scores than matched age controls. (17 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development and validation of a computer-administered version of the Hamilton Rating Scale.

Developed a computer-administered form of the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS), designed to provide a high degree of correspondence with the clinician interview version of the HAS. Both computer and clinician forms of the HAS were administered to 214 psychiatric outpatients and 78 community-based adults (all Ss aged 18–77 yrs). The computer-administered HAS demonstrated high internal consistency and test–retest reliability. A correlation of r(290)?=?.92, p?≤?.001, was found between the computer and the clinician versions. The mean score difference between versions was small but significant. In Ss with anxiety disorders the mean score difference between computer and clinician versions was not significant. Results support the reliability and validity of the computer-administered HAS as an alternative to the clinician-administered version of this measure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of "status sets" on Rotter's Locus of Control Scale.

65 male and 25 female college students were given sets based on varying levels of social class to determine the susceptibility of Rotter's Internal–External Locus of Control Scale (I–E) scores to situationally induced frames of reference. Ss took the I–E twice: once while playing the role of a person who had just been hired for 1 of 6 ranked occupations and once from their own frame of reference. "In-role" I–E scores showed the expected positive relationship between levels of status and internality, and these scores differed from the S's "out-of-role" normal responses. Present results are in accord with recent findings that the I–E may be subject to faking and situational effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development and validation of the Internalized Racial Oppression Scale for Black individuals.

This article describes the development and validation of the Internalized Racial Oppression Scale (IROS) for Black individuals in 2 studies using a total sample of 468 Black college students. The IROS is intended to measure the degree to which racial oppression is internalized and replicated by Black individuals in the United States. An exploratory factor analysis suggested a five-factor solution: Belief in the Biased Representation of History (BRH), Devaluation of the African Worldview and Motifs (DAW), Alteration of Physical Appearance (APA), Internalization of Negative Stereotypes (INS), and Hair Change (HC). Confirmatory factory analysis supported an adequate model fit of a four-factor model: BRH, APA, INS, and HC. All factors of the IROS were positively correlated with the Pre-Encounter subscale of the Racial Identity Attitude Scale (RIAS-B; J. E. Helms & T. A. Parham, 1996), and 4 of the factors were negatively correlated with the Immersion/Emersion subscale of the RIAS-B. Four factors of the IROS were negatively correlated with all subscales and total scores of the African Self-Consciousness Scale (J. A. Baldwin & Y. R. Bell, 1985). These results provide some support of the validity of the IROS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

The White Privilege Attitudes Scale: Development and initial validation.

In this article, the authors describe 3 interrelated investigations among White undergraduate and graduate students that document the development and initial validation of the White Privilege Attitudes Scale (WPAS). The WPAS assesses the multidimensional nature of White privilege attitudes, reflecting affective, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions. In Study 1 (n = 250), exploratory factor analysis suggested a 28-item scale with 4 factors as follows: (a) Willingness to Confront White Privilege, (b) Anticipated Costs of Addressing White Privilege, (c) White Privilege Awareness, and (d) White Privilege Remorse. In Study 2 (n = 251), confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the 4-factor model was a better fit of the data compared with competing models. The authors also found support for convergent validity between scores on the WPAS factors and theoretically related measures. Study 3 (n = 40) documented test–retest reliability of each of the WPAS factors and nonsignificant associations with socially desirable responding. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Deaf Identity Development Scale: A revision and validation.

The Deaf Identity Development Scale (DIDS; N. S. Glickman, 1993) was revised on the basis of recommendations by N. S. Glickman and was validated on a sample of 323 hearing-impaired participants residing in the southwestern part of the United States. The DIDS is an instrument designed to measure 4 deaf identity constructs: hearing, marginal, immersion, and bicultural. The findings were tested according to the deaf identity development theory and the data were analyzed for internal consistency reliability, item-to-scale reliability, and interscale correlations. Results of these and factor analysis support the existence of 4 relatively independent deaf identities. Results of 4 separate analyses of variance with post hoc multiple comparisons reveal that onset and severity of hearing loss influences one's deaf identity development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)