Client perceptions of the therapeutic relationship as a function of client and counselor age.

32 women pseudoclients from each of 2 age groups (25–35 and 60–70 yrs) met with a woman crisis counselor from 1 of the 2 age groups for a 50-min face-to-face interview. Results suggest that age of clients and counselors did not exert a significant influence on clients' perceptions of counselor facilitative skills (e.g., empathy, congruence, regard) or client satisfaction with the therapeutic interview. Age similarity between the client and counselor did not necessarily improve the working alliance. Clients of a specific age group view some counselors of a particular age as more facilitative and empathic than other counselors of that same age. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Facilitative training: Acquisition, retention, and modes of assessment.

Examined 10 hr. of didactic-experiential training in facilitative functioning for acquisition, retention, and equivalence of modes of assessing levels of facilitative functioning. 20 prerated moderate-level and 20 low-level functioning counselors-in-training were assigned to treatment and control groups according to a randomized block design. Results confirm previous research indicating that levels of facilitation can be increased, whether assessed from written or oral modes of responding. Prerated moderate Ss appeared more able to use the training for formulating higher facilitative oral responses in a counseling interview than low-level Ss. Posttraining levels of functioning were maintained throughout the 4-wk latency period by both prerated moderate- and low-level Ss. Equivalence in levels of facilitative functioning between written and oral modes of responding was not found for any of the prerated subgroups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Carl Rogers during initial interviews: A moderate and consistent therapist.

Analyzes completely 2 initial interviews by Rogers using R. R. Carkhuff's (1969) scales, the Counselor Verbal Response Category System, and a brief grammatical analysis to establish the level and consistency with which Rogers provides facilitative conditions. Data were combined into quarters of each interview. It was found that Rogers manifested moderate levels of empathy, respect, and genuineness throughout both interviews and that his behavior as counselor, according to the 3 classification systems used, was stable and consistent within and across interviews. It is proposed that Rogers's moderate level may be typical of his approach to counseling. His stability and consistency are considered to be in keeping with his theoretical approach but at variance with literature indicating that the facilitative conditions should be offered in a variable manner contingent on the changing needs of specific clients. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Verbal therapeutic behavior of expert psychoanalytically oriented, gestalt, and behavior therapists.

Asked 18 expert psychoanalytically oriented, gestalt, and behavior therapists to submit representative, audiotaped therapy interviews. A content analysis of therapist verbal behavior was conducted by means of the System for Assessing Therapist Communications, an instrument developed by the authors. Comparisons across the 3 theoretical orientations were made on 6 dimensions of behavior: type of therapeutic activity, temporal focus, interview focus, initiative, communication, and therapeutic climate. Results indicate that according to prediction, these expert therapists were similar in their communication of empathy, the basis for their therapeutic relationships. Theoretical orientation, however, differentially influenced the use of direct guidance and facilitative techniques, interview content focused on the client, therapist self-disclosure, therapist initiative, and supportive therapy climate. Gestalt therapists were most dissimilar from the other therapists. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interviewer use of positive and negative self-disclosure and interviewer-subject sex pairing.

Investigated the effect of interviewer use of positive or negative self-disclosure and interviewer-S sex pairing on Ss' perceptions of the interviewer and of their own behavior. 36 male and 36 female undergraduates served as Ss; 3 male and 3 female doctoral students served as interviewers. Results indicate that (a) interviewers who disclosed negative information about themselves were perceived as significantly more empathic, warm, and credible than interviewers who disclosed positive information about themselves; (b) Ss interviewed by a negatively disclosing interviewer perceived that they procrastinated significantly less after the interview than before, while the opposite was true for subjects in the positive disclosure condition; (c) Ss in both disclosure conditions were significantly more confident of their procrastination estimates after the interview; and (d) none of the effects due to interviewer-S sex pairing reached significance. The need for further studies investigating interviewer self-disclosure as both a means of generating a facilitative atmosphere and a counseling intervention to effect perceived or behavioral client change is noted. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Discovering African American parents' perceptions of play therapy: A phenomenological approach.

A qualitative investigation illuminating the perceptions of eight African American caregivers of elementary school-age children. In particular, this study explored questions that pertained to African American parents' (a) thoughts about counseling, (b) beliefs about the purpose of play, and (c) perceptions about play as a therapeutic agent in counseling. Analysis of African American caregivers' responses to interview questions revealed information about two main themes: (a) value of play and (b) receptivity to counseling. Participants identified developmental learning and energy release as two of the main values surrounding play. They also indicated that receptivity to counseling was directly related to specific facilitative factors, or lack thereof. Implications for play therapists' work with parents and directions for future research are explored. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Advance organizers: Delay hypotheses.

Three experiments examined the utility of inserting a delay between the reading of an advance organizer and its related text. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that the insertion of a delay resulted in a more facilitative effect on readers' passage recall than reading the organizer and then immediately turning to the to-be-learned passage. Experiments 2 and 3 examined two competing hypotheses put forth to account for the facilitative effects of the delay. The results of both experiments supported an "accessibility" hypothesis based on the work of D. Dellarosa and L. E. Bourne (see record 1987-09369-001) but did not support a "rehearsal" hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of instructions and modeling on trainees low in interpersonal-communication skills: Erratum to Uhlemann et al.

Reports an error in the original article by Max R. Uhlemann, Gary W. Lea, and Gerald L. Stone (Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1976, Vol. 23, pp. 509-513). There is an error in Table 2 (p. 512). The value given for the mean change score for the control condition is -.01; it should be changed to .01. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1977-06314-001.) Examined the effects of instructions and modeling in the reflection-of-feeling training of individuals low in interpersonal-communication skills. Participants with low scores on R. Carkhuff's Communication Index (25 males and 25 females) were randomly assigned by sex to 1 of the 5 training groups so that there were 5 males and 5 females in each group. After viewing videotaped training material, each participant conducted a 15-min interview with a volunteer "client" and completed the Communication Index a second time. Interviews were scored for frequency of reflection-of-feeling responses and level of empathic communication displayed. Analysis of the reflection-of-feeling data indicated that instructions and instructions-plus-modeling were facilitative procedures. Ratings of written and verbal empathy demonstrated the effectiveness of the 2 combined conditions: instructions-plus-modeling and modeling-plus-instructions. Calculation of correlations among scores on criterion measures revealed a positive correlation between reflection-of-feeling scores and ratings of empathic communication. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of instructions and modeling on trainees low in interpersonal-communication skills.

Examined the effects of instructions and modeling in the reflection-of-feeling training of individuals low in interpersonal-communication skills. Participants with low scores on R. Carkhuff's Communication Index (25 males and 25 females) were randomly assigned by sex to 1 of the 5 training groups so that there were 5 males and 5 females in each group. After viewing videotaped training material, each participant conducted a 15-min interview with a volunteer "client" and completed the Communication Index a second time. Interviews were scored for frequency of reflection-of-feeling responses and level of empathic communication displayed. Analysis of the reflection-of-feeling data indicated that instructions and instructions-plus-modeling were facilitative procedures. Ratings of written and verbal empathy demonstrated the effectiveness of the 2 combined conditions: instructions-plus-modeling and modeling-plus-instructions. Calculation of correlations among scores on criterion measures revealed a positive correlation between reflection-of-feeling scores and ratings of empathic communication. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Empirically derived client typologies: A missing link to the evaluation of the rehabilitation counseling process.

Identified 3 client typologies, based on the content analysis of expressed concerns and problems of 82 clients (average age 31 yrs), collected in conjunction with an 11-state rehabilitation agency project that focused on counselor–client interactions and client outcomes. Using an inverse factor analysis, 3 statistically independent client typologies or subgroups were delineated: (a) Vocational–Educational, (b) Physical/Environmental Coping, and (c) Personal–Social. In turn, the typologies were found to differentiate the interpersonal styles of 45 counselors (mean age 39 yrs), in terms of their pattern of percentage of use of counseling interview subrole behaviors and levels of facilitative conditions communicated. Implications are discussed for the inclusion of content analysis of clients' problem discussion topics in counseling process and outcome investigations and the differential effectiveness that varying counseling styles have for clients who present different problem-solving situations in counseling settings. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evidence for Intact Selective Attention in Alzheimer's Disease Patients Using a Location Priming Task.

Researchers examining selective attentional mechanisms in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) often report impairment in patients' ability to inhibit irrelevant or distracting information. However, in many studies reporting such failures, researchers used tasks that require semantic processing, which a large body of literature documents to be disrupted in AD. The authors of this study used a spatial location-priming task that minimized semantic processing to examine the phenomena of negative priming and facilitative priming in 13 AD patients and 13 healthy older adults. AD patients demonstrated facilitative and negative priming proportionately equivalent to that of older adults. These findings suggest that both the facilitative and inhibitory mechanisms involved in selective attention are preserved in patients with AD and can be revealed in tasks that minimize semantic processing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of rater level of functioning and experience upon the discrimination of facilitative conditions.

Analyzed the ratings of 80 Ss, at 4 different levels of experience, at each of 2 levels of facilitative interpersonal functioning (moderately high and low). Both level of functioning and experience were found to have significant effects on accuracy of ratings, with level of functioning a more critical index of ability to discriminate levels of facilitative conditions. (20 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical radiopharmacy: principles and practices

It is shown that a series of colchicine-selected multidrug-resistant (MDR) human KB carcinoma cell lines displayed increasing 2-deoxy-D-glucose collateral sensitivity, which correlated with increasing multidrug resistance. The relative resistance of MDR cell lines to 2-deoxy-D-glucose was reduced to 0.73 (KB-8-5), 0.3 (KB-8-5-11) and 0.2 (KB-C1) when compared with parental KB-3-1 (1.0). 2-Deoxy-D-glucose accumulation was found to be reduced in the MDR cell lines in a manner that correlated with 2-deoxy-D-glucose collateral sensitivity. At 30 min 2-deoxy-D-glucose accumulation was reduced to 0.61 (KB-8-5), 0.41 (KB-8-5-11) and 0.22 (KB-C1) relative to KB-3-1 uptake (1.0). The efflux of 2-deoxy-D-glucose was not significantly different between resistant and sensitive cell lines. Analysis of 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake kinetics, by initial rate measurements, showed alterations in K(t) and J(max) for MDR when compared with KB-3-l cells. The levels of GLUT-1 facilitative transporter were found to be reduced significantly in the MDR cell lines in total cell homogenate and plasma membrane fractions by using Western blot analysis. Changes in the plasma membrane level of GLUT-1 correlated with 2-deoxy-D-glucose toxicity and uptake for MDR cell lines, where relative GLUT-i levels were reduced to 0.71 (KB-8-5), 0.43 (KB-8-5-1 1) and 0.27 (KB-Cl) relative to KB-31(1.0). It is concluded that the response of human KB MDR cells to 2-deoxy-D-glucose involved alterations in the level and activity of the facilitative glucose transporter, GLUT-1, in a manner that is associated with the degree of multidrug resistance.     

Relationship between a behavioral and several psychometric measures of test anxiety

Behavioral time-sampling was compared with various paper-and-pencil, self-report measures of test anxiety in an examination of the utility of the behavioral measure as an in situo index of test anxiety. The behavioral measure was significantly and positively correlated 0.45 with a paper-and pencil, self-report measure of "facilitative" test anxiety but not with measures of "debilitative" test anxiety (r = -0.15) or general anxiety (r = -0.33) for 12 males and 21 female undergraduates.     

Race differences, strategy training, and improper inference.

Criticizes B. Bridgeman and J. Buttram's (see record 1975-30982-001) article on the facilitative effects of verbal strategy training or race differences in nonverbal reasoning. It is argued that an experiment involving a Group * Training or No-training design does not logically permit conclusions concerning the genetic or nongenetic causes of the main effect of the group differences or their interaction with treatments; nor can such a design reflect on the culture-fairness of the measuring instrument. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Verbal and nonverbal communication of facilitative conditions.

Studied 1 verbal and 5 nonverbal cues in a multichannel communication paradigm to assess their effect on the communication of the facilitative conditions of empathy, respect, and genuineness. 15 trained counselors and 15 clients rated 32 videotaped interactions between counselor and client, each interaction portraying a different combination of verbal message, trunk lean, eye contact, vocal intonation, and facial expression. Results of empathy, respect, and genuineness ratings reveal that (a) nonverbal cues in the paradigm accounted for significantly greater message variance than did the verbal message; (b) counselors and clients differed significantly in their perceptions of the cues, and these differences (reflected in interactions) depended heavily upon the presence or absence of the remaining cues; (c) previously unstudied cues of vocal intonation and facial expression with these dependent variables proved to be significant contributors to the final judgments of facilitative conditions; and (d) the process of decoding the level of facilitative conditions is a factorially complex process which cannot be understood by factorially simple studies. Results are further discussed with respect to the role of nonverbal communication in the counseling process. (40 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Supervisor facilitative conditions and effectiveness as perceived by thinking- and feeling-type supervisees.

A nationwide survey investigated the relationship between supervisor (SPV) facilitative conditions and effectiveness as perceived by 152 supervisees of different personality types and theoretical orientations. Ss completed the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and 2 short forms of the Relationship Inventory. Ss rated SPVs who contributed most to their effectiveness as therapists as significantly higher in SPV regard, empathy, congruence, unconditionality, and willingness to be known than those rated as contributing least. Among SPVs rated high in facilitative conditions, Ss were more likely to pick an SPV of the same theoretical orientation as most helpful. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Counselor deliberate postural lean and communication of facilitative conditions": Correction.

Reports an error in "Counselor deliberate postural lean and communication of facilitative conditions" by Gary L. Hermansson, Alan C. Webster and Ken McFarland (Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1988[Apr], Vol 35[2], 149-153). The date of receipt indicated for the revision of this article was incorrect. The correct date of receipt is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1988-36435-001.) This experimental study examined the relation between counselor deliberate postural lean and the communication of intensity, empathic understanding, respect, and genuineness. Results, from 12 male counselors acting as their own controls under three postural lean conditions (forward, backward, and choice) in counseling interaction with female clients, suggested compensatory processes in operation. Making a required lean forward was associated with decreased facilitative levels and backward with increased levels. The latter effects were more marked, with significant differences in intensity and respect. The effects were also more marked with those counselors who, as revealed in their choice session, preferred to move forward rather than backward, with these counselors also being the most effective as assessed by communicated empathy levels. It was concluded that for effective counselors in particular, deliberate postural lean results in a subtle maintenance of an equilibrium of verbal–nonverbal communication behaviors judged as most appropriate to the moment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)