Relationship between managerial values and managerial success of Black and White managers.

Recent research has shown a relationship between personal values and the success of managers. The present study attempted to determine if a relationship exists between the managerial success of Black managers and their personal values. 64 Black male and 64 White male managers from a variety of business organizations completed the Personal Values Questionnaire developed in 1967 by G. W. England. The managerial success index was a measure of pay relative to age. For Whites results were similar in direction and magnitude to findings in previous research. For Blacks results were similar in direction but not quite so strong as the previous data collected on White samples. Thus, results of the present study do not refute the basic thesis that personal values can be used in the selection and placement process. Additional research is needed, however, to firmly establish this point. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sex differences in predictions of college grades from scholastic aptitude test scores.

Appraised 2 explanations for sex differences in over- and underprediction of college grades by the Scholastic Aptitude Test: sex-related differences in (1) the nature of the grade criterion and (2) the variables associated with academic performance. An entire freshmen class at a large state university was studied. Women's GPA was underpredicted (and men's GPA was overpredicted), but only by a small amount. When the GPA was adjusted for differences in grading standards for individual courses, over- and underpredictions were not affected, but when sex differences were controlled for in individual-differences variables concerned with academic preparations, studiousness, and attitudes about mathematics, over- and underprediction were reduced. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The decline and rise of scholastic aptitude scores.

In response to the article by R. B. Zajonc (see record 1987-02628-001) on the prediction of the turnaround in the decline of Scholastic Aptitude Test scores, the present author comments that the major part of the solution to the SAT puzzle still remains unexplained. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Teachers' stereotypes of Asian, Black, and White students.

This research uses two different measurement operations to examine contemporary stereotypes of Asians, Blacks, and Whites held by an ethnically diverse sample of teachers. Data were drawn from a sample of 188 teachers representing over 160 schools in Southern California. Consistent with previous research, participants endorsed a "model minority" stereotype of Asians with regard to intelligence, academic striving, introversion, and rule compliance. Contrary to expectation, there was substantial congruence in the degree of uniformity and favorableness of the stereotypic traits associated with Blacks and Whites, with participants' revealing both strong positive and negative trait associations. The use of both open-ended and fixed-format measurement strategies revealed some method variation in the assessment of participants racial beliefs, with the open-ended format suggesting more complex and heterogeneous racial representations. Results are discussed in terms of methodological issues in stereotype assessment and implications for reducing the impact of racial biases in psychoeducational evaluations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sociometric differences between mildly handicapped and nonhandicapped Black and White students.

We investigated sociometric differences between mainstreamed mildly handicapped and nonhandicapped Black and White students in a factorial design by using three indexes of peer acceptance. Results indicated differential patterns of peer acceptance between Black and White mildly handicapped children. We noted no main effects for race or sex; there was, however, a significant multivariate Sample?×?Race interaction effect. Race accounted for little variance in the sociometric status of mildly handicapped and nonhandicapped students. We discuss the implications of this study in terms of the degree of disparity between White and Black mildly handicapped and nonhandicapped students. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Asian American, Black, and White college students' preferences for help-giving sources.

250 undergraduates (18 Asian Americans, 116 Blacks, and 116 Whites) were asked to rank order 12 help givers for educational/vocational and emotional problems. Rankings of help sources under the 2 problem types did not differ significantly for the group as a whole or for any subgrouping by sex or ethnic group. Although none of the obtained differences between groups or problem type were significant, the directions of the small intergroup variations in help source rankings did support other studies' findings regarding Blacks and Asian Americans. Additionally, the total groups' rankings had implications for formal campus help-giving agencies in that students identified parents, nonstudent friends, relatives, and counseling centers as among the 5 most preferred help sources. Implications for refinements in such research are discussed. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A comparison of the academic aptitude of university extension degree students and campus students.

The scores of 68 extension students in business administration on the ACE Psychological Examination and the Coop Reading Comprehension Examination were compared with scores of 119 business administration freshmen. Slight, statistically significant differences in favor of the extension students were found for two of the reading subtests. "… it might be assumed that extension students… were capable of doing college level work and hence entitled to credit for that work." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationship of racial stressors to blood pressure responses and anger expression in Black college students.

27 Black college students viewed 3 excerpts showing racist situations involving Blacks; anger-provoking, nonracist situations; and neutral situations. After each scene, blood pressure (BP) was taken; a mood checklist, the Framingham Anger Scale (S. Haynes et al; see PA, Vol 68:10702), and the Anger Expression Scale of C. Spielberger et al (1985) were administered. Analyses revealed that BP significantly increased during the presentation of racist stimuli but not of anger-provoking or neutral stimuli. Self-reports of state anger, as measured by the mood checklist, were significant for both the anger-provoking and racist stimuli. BP scores were significantly correlated to the 2 trait anger measures. Exposure to racist stimuli was associated with BP increases among Blacks. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relation of scholastic aptitude to socioeconomic status and to a rural-to-urban continuum.

The study was an attempt to identify factors that might bias performance on a college aptitude test. For a group of 100 southern white college freshmen, three measures were collected: ACE Psychological Examination scores, scores on a socioeconomic status scale, and scores on a residence history scale. No significant correlation was found between scholastic aptitude and socio-economic status. A significant low (.245-.308) correlation was found between residence history and scholastic aptitude, students with more urban backgrounds tending to earn higher scholastic aptitude scores. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Black militancy, affective attachment, and the fear of success in black college women.

Examined the fear of success in 252 black college women at 4 campuses. The proportion of fear of success found in TAT imagery of black women was consistently lower than has been found in studies of such imagery of white women. However, Ss endorsing the more militant black attitudes expressed more of this avoidance motive than Ss who endorsed less militant attitudes. Black militancy and fear of success were most closely associated for those Ss who did not report a permanent attachment to a man. This finding is interpreted as reflecting motivational dynamics similar to those of white women. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Loneliness, attachment, and the perception and use of social support in university students.

This study examined factors related to family, social, and romantic loneliness in 173 undergraduate students (66 males, 107 females). Participants completed measures of attachment style, perceived availability of social support, use of social support coping, and loneliness. Results indicated that participants with greater attachment security reported lower levels of all types of loneliness compared to those with less attachment security, and this was partially mediated by perceived social support but not the use of social support coping. When examining underlying attachment constructs, a more positive model of others was related to less family and social loneliness, and these associations were mediated by greater perceived social support. Model of others also was associated with less romantic loneliness and model of self was associated with less loneliness in all domains, and these relations were partially mediated by perceived social support. Findings are discussed with respect to possible interventions to increase students' perceptions of available social support and to decrease overall loneliness levels. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Casual attributions for success and failure for psychiatric rehabilitees and college students

College students and psychiatric rehabilitees performed a manual dexterity task in which consistent success or failure was maipulated over four consecutive task trials. Contrasting predictions for the use of casual attributions (luck, task difficulty, effort, and ability) following Trial 1 and Trial 4 for the two populations were derived from Heider's balance theory and "naive theory of action". Consistent with native theory, students who succeeded and rehabilitees who succeeded used unstable attributions only college students who failed used stable attributions to account for these trial outcomes, whereas students who failed and rehabilitees who failed made significant changes in their attributional patterns from Trial 1 to Trial 4. Results are discussed regarding intervention with psychiatric rehabilitees and other groups with severe achievement difficulties.     

Psychological maladjustment among Asian and White American college students: Controlling for confounds.

Differences in psychological maladjustment among foreign-born Asian-, U.S.-born Asian- and White-American college students were examined, after controlling for variables that have been confounded with ethnicity (i.e., demographics, response set, and personality style) in previous studies. Psychological maladjustment was measured in terms of both intrapersonal and interpersonal distress. Results indicated that foreign-born Asian-American students differed from White-American students on levels of social desirability, other-directedness, and extraversion. However, even after controlling for differences on these variables, greater levels of intrapersonal and interpersonal distress were found for foreign-born Asian-American students. The findings suggest (1) that for Asian-Americans there are ethnic differences in psychological maladjustment that covary with generation level, and (2) that these differences cannot be solely attributed to cultural variations in response or personality styles. Implications for counseling with Asian-American students are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-efficacy and academic success among ethnically diverse first-generation community college students.

A longitudinal analysis of self-efficacy for education and sociodemographic characteristics was conducted among an ethnically diverse sample of first-generation college students (FGS) attending an urban community college. Baseline rates of self-efficacy for education and first-generation immigrant status significantly predicted increased cumulative grade point average at 1-year follow-up. These findings suggest that self-efficacy for education is an important cognitive resource among ethnically diverse FGS attending community colleges, whose immigrant generation status might have an impact on their educational success. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Disclosure between college students and their siblings.

Two hundred twelve undergraduates reported their disclosure to 1 of their siblings by completing a 31 -topic disclosure questionnaire. Respondents indicated whether they disclosed about each topic, their depth of disclosure, and their motivations for disclosure. Analyses indicate that individuals disclose about fewer topics and do so in less depth to siblings more than 5 years younger than themselves but that there are no differences in disclosure rates or depth to siblings of other ages. Neither participant nor sibling gender significantly affected disclosure rates. Younger siblings reported more disclosure in order to seek advice and emotional support than did older siblings; conversely, older siblings reported more disclosure aimed at teaching younger siblings. Venting was most commonly directed at siblings close in age to oneself. Sisters more often reported disclosing to siblings for the purpose of seeking emotional support than did brothers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Counselor intake judgments about White and Black clients in a university counseling center.

Compared counselor intake judgments about White and Black clients at a university counseling center. 1,078 White and 42 Black clients were randomly assigned to 1 of 13 counselors (11 Whites, 2 Blacks), who rated the clients on 11 variables. Counselors reported significantly higher ratings only on the judged potential for change in Black clients when compared with that in White clients. Ratings in the type and severity of presenting problem, client anxiety level, ease of expression, motivation, realism of goals, and physical appearance were not significantly different. Counselors' feelings about clients and the predicted number of counseling sessions were also similar for Black and White clients. (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationship between patient-doctor compatibility, mutual perception, and outcome of treatment.

An investigation was designed to study the effects of patient-doctor Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation Behavior (FIRO-B) scale compatibility upon outcome of hospital treatment and upon perceptions developed of each other in the dyadic relationship. The latter variable was measured by administration of a Semantic Differential Scale under differing instructonal "sets." A total of 25 voluntarily hospitalized female patients and 3 psychiatric residents participated. The degree of compatibility existing between patient and doctor was found to have been positively correlated with outcome of treatment. This effect upon outcome of treatment appeared to have occurred through the differential effect the compatibility variable had upon the way the resident was perceived by the patient. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Binge drinking in Chinese, Korean, and White college students: Genetic and ethnic group differences.

Studies of Asian college students have found that rates of binge drinking are associated with variation in the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene. Chinese and Koreans have different prevalence rates of the ALDH2?*?2 allele, alcohol use, and alcoholism. The association of ALDH2 status and ethnic group with binge drinking was examined in 328 Chinese, Korean, and White college students. Ethnic group differences were found, with Whites having the highest rate of binge drinking, followed by Koreans and then Chinese. Among Asian participants, ALDH2 status and ethnicity related to binge drinking in an additive manner. Possessing an ALDH2?*?2 allele and being Chinese were protective factors, and being White and being Korean without an ALDH2?*?2 allele were risk factors for binge drinking. These results suggest that ALDH2 status, as well as other factors that differ in Koreans and Chinese, but do not interact with ALDH2, are associated with binge drinking among Asians. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality differences between adjusted and maladjusted college students.

A "maladjusted" group (100 college Ss) were compared to a sample of the university student body (206 Ss) and to the adjusted counseling group (100 Ss) using an adjective check list (Gough) on which each S described himself. The ACL results were compared with psychologists' judgments and showed considerable agreement. Sex differences were noted and related to a possible social desirability factor. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sources of ethnic differences between Asian American and White American college students on measures of depression and social anxiety.

This study tested an affect-specific explanation for the Asian and White American differences in depression and social anxiety. Construal of the self as independent or interdependent in relation to others (H. R. Markus & S. Kitayama, see record 1991-23978-001) was hypothesized to be 1 possible way in which culture may be expressed in individuals' psychological functioning, which in turn was hypothesized to be linked specifically to social anxiety. College students (N?=?348; 183 White Americans and 165 Asian Americans) completed self-report measures of depression, social anxiety, and self-construals. Asian Americans scored significantly higher than White Americans on measures of depression and social anxiety. When the covariance between depression and social anxiety was statistically controlled, ethnicity and self-construal variables were found, as predicted, to be associated with measures of social anxiety but not depression. These findings suggest a more differentiated perspective on the relations between culture, ethnicity, and emotional distress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)